Xinshun 1730

The reason why it is jokingly called "a big effort and a little fart" is because there is no such vigorous reform that is related to ownership and land equalization.

On the contrary, after the mourning funeral that the world anxiously waited and watched, the emperor only issued two edicts.

"The Implementation of the Three-Generation School System"

"Regulations for the selection of materials for the imperial school system"

As soon as these two edicts came out, although some nervous people breathed a sigh of relief, it also made some people who were excited before annoyed and angry.

In the capital city, in the Laijin Yuxuan Teahouse next to the original residence of Duke Xingguo, young people from the Confucianism Society of the Real School gathered here and discussed it a lot.

The person who came to the rain today is from Du Shaoling's self-report: In autumn, Du Zi was sick and traveled to Chang'an.

It means that those who come here to gather, regardless of their status, are all true friends.

This was built before Duke Xingguo "traveled from Chisongzi". Over time, the practical school came here to gather, give lectures and discuss.

This Confucian Society is an organization similar to the former Dynasty Academy established by a group of young people in the past few years. When it was named, it was intentionally provocative.

Of course, the School of Practical Learning and the School of Retro Confucianism and Li Yan had a lot of contacts before.The ultimate goal of Yan Li's school is to learn Confucianism, but this kind of friendship is not the reason why the radical talents of the practical school took the name "Tongru".

But in ancient times, Wei Liaozi said: wild animals are not for sacrifice, miscellaneous learning is not for learning Confucianism.

They call themselves practical learning, but in the eyes of the imperial examination school, they secretly call it miscellaneous learning.

This group of people took "Tongru" as the name of the club, obviously on purpose: since it is said that wild animals are not allowed to be sacrificed, you who study miscellaneous studies are also worthy of being called Confucianism?However, this group of people just took the name of Confucianism and provoked a lot.

Since there is such an allusion, based on this Confucianism society, it also takes the meaning of "miscellaneous learning and practice similarities and differences" in the "Han Feizi" Xianxue chapter, implying that the society is inclusive and different opinions can be expressed freely by friends. On the road.

Generally speaking, this is an elite small circle organization, but it is not a mysterious small circle like the Charcoal Burning Party or the Freemasonry. It is just that it is quite difficult to join the society. You must first take the world as your own responsibility, and then most of them are like Sungkyunkwan, etc. A student of a top school of practical studies.

The society talks a lot about political affairs and state affairs. When I was young, I even pointed out the country and stimulated the writing.

Just to be honest, there are many different internal political opinions, and it is inevitable to fight each other during heated debates, but after the fight, they forget it, at least on the surface.

There are so many different political opinions, and now the emperor has issued an edict, and it is another quarrel to make such a big fart.

"I think this Dashun Kingdom is about to come to an end! Nowadays, there are so many disadvantages and contradictions in the world. On this occasion, we welcome Duke Xingguo's coffin back with great fanfare. We thought we would make a big change. But we didn't want to It is the method of reforming imperial examinations, schools, and selection!"

"Ten years later, the old imperial examinations will be abolished, and practical studies will be added as the content of the examination, and it will be promoted throughout the country, and each province will be allocated a place in the university."

"It's not a bad thing, but a mistake in priority."

"The annexation of the world is becoming more and more fierce, just like the gentry and landlords, living on rent and profit, and exploiting the people."

"The land system remains the same and the land is not equalized. Does it really make any difference whether the gentry and landlord study the Analects or the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?"

"He reads the Analects of Confucius, but also collects rent for a living; he reads the mathematical principles of natural philosophy, and also collects rent for a living. It's just that the books in the school have been changed, and the test papers have been changed, but the most basic things have not changed at all."

"If you don't move the most basic thing, can the world be better? This is one of them."

"Secondly, look at the "Regulations for the Selection of Materials for the Imperial School System". Among them, the number of schools must be built in the county. At that time, the children of the rural landlords will go to the county to study. The children of the common people can still meet a few in the rural schools. If you don’t know how to write, you may be able to be selected as a scholar, and now all education has gone to the city, and the literacy rate of the villagers may drop sharply.”

"If you want to do it, most of it will be done. The villages and communities will set up schools, teach enlightenment, and the government will support them. But this requires money. Where does the money come from?"

"Decades later, the selection of talents will be the same as before. Stereotypes have been replaced by mathematics, and poetry has been replaced by economics. However, in terms of their class, they are still the original gentry and landlords."

"At that time, if you can equalize the fields, it will be a dream."

"Now is the last chance."

"For one thing, we have a large number of practical students, millions of them, and they are officials and officials, which is enough to accomplish the affairs of the average farm."

"Secondly, most of the students of real school are not landlords or country gentry, and there is no conflict of interest."

"Thirdly, in terms of people's hearts, the students of practical learning can't help but feel that if they do the things of equalizing the land and reforming the law, the bureaucrats will learn from the real things, and if they replace the old people in the imperial examination, there will be a lot of official vacancies. Even if they want to fight, they are not afraid of him. After that, everyone has an official role, so why not support Juntian Industry?"

"But after such a change, after more than ten years, what else will be changed? What will be changed? Officials in the court, most of them are landlords, what is the difference?"

"Only nowadays, the school of practical learning has few landlords, and their livelihood is either in business, or in industry, or in the army, or in colonization, or in sailing, or in trade. This is the most benevolent government in the world."

"After it is completed, we will run schools and reform the imperial examinations, which will achieve twice the result with half the effort."

"Now that we do it like this, I think the officials are not going to do such a benevolent government at all!"

In the academy, some courageous and radical students came up with the words "there is no king and father, and there is no way".

He even bluntly stated that the Dashun is about to end, indicating that the current situation, contradictions, disputes between new learning and old learning, and the different class attributes of the two sides are just the opportunity to finally complete the land equalization reform.

Once this opportunity is missed, the landlord will change from reading the Analects of Confucius to studying mathematics in the future, but the economic attributes will not change.The landlord, Mr. Huang, is full of US knife music. Could it be that he has become an industrial factory owner?The ground advocates that the master knows geometry by talking about it, and still lives on rent. How is this different from someone who just talks about it?

As soon as he opened his mouth, someone in the academy immediately objected: "That's not what he said. Juntian may not be the only solution, let alone a panacea."

"Brother, don't worry, you might as well think about a question first."

"Nowadays, in county towns and state capitals, business is still flourishing."

"Xingguo said that industry and commerce are only a means of food distribution."

"However, where does the industry and commerce in county towns and state capitals distribute food? In other words, what is the industry and commerce in the mainland relying on?"

"Actually, it should be clear when you think about it."

"Nowadays, the industry and commerce in the mainland rely on rented food."

"The landlord collects the rent, and he can't eat so much food, so he has to sell it. He sells the food. Based on the food he sells, the industry and commerce of the inland state capital can develop. The industry and commerce of the inland state capital, the distribution of food , precisely because of the existence of landlords collecting rent.”

"If it's true Juntian..."

"You may wish to think about it. Originally, you have to pay [-]% to [-]% of the rent, and you can only eat the rest. You can't help but have to eat vegetables to survive. This will lead to a lot of food flowing into the city's industry and commerce."

"But if the land is really equalized, he doesn't have to pay rent, so he wants to change from sweet potatoes to wowo, and from wowo to steamed buns."

"After the land is equalized, the common people must eat enough before they are willing to trade the grain, and the remaining grain can become a commodity."

"Yes, I think that if the land is really equalized, the inland state capitals may not develop industries and commerce. On the contrary, it is very likely that industries and commerce will collapse, and there will be no food, and the cities will be in chaos!"

"Nowadays, the inland state capitals are actually supported by renters. The landlord collects the rent, and he can't eat so much. Only in this way can a large amount of grain flow into the market, so that industry and commerce can prosper and cities can be formed. Tianxia, ​​a city that originally relied on rent from landlords as commodity grain, is bound to collapse and lack food.”

"That is to say, I think this matter still needs to be carefully considered."

"The Celestial Empire is vast and spans thousands of miles, and it is not as small as Europa. What about Physiocratism, free trade, limited transportation, and limited logistics? After all, industry and commerce still have to go to the center of the state capital and spread all over the country."

"But to develop industry and commerce, there is no food, absolutely impossible. After equalizing the fields, there must be less food in the city..."

"Since the rejuvenation of the country says that industry and commerce are the future, then, in my opinion, the equalization of land will not promote the development of industry and commerce, but will hinder the development of industry and commerce, and even cause the city to collapse."

Since there are similarities and differences in miscellaneous studies and practices, it is normal to have different opinions internally.

Although what they say is what Liu Yu said, but as the saying goes, Liu Yu has said a lot, from the most progressive to the most reactionary, from equalizing the land to supporting mergers, it seems that they can find corresponding words.

Both sides regard industry as the future, but in the end, there are still disputes over whether the equalization of land is beneficial or not.

Can you say that what the latter said makes no sense at all?

That's not it.

Some inland cities with inconvenient transportation are indeed based on the compulsory possession of agricultural products such as "zuzi".

It is also true that after equalizing the fields, farmers will definitely choose to eat their fill first, and then they are willing to trade the remaining grain as commodity grain in the city.

Under the old system, Dashun is not without cities.On the contrary, there are quite a few cities in Dashun.It can be said that these cities all rely on the commodity food of "renting".

Once the basic things are changed, I am afraid that the city will immediately fall into chaos, and it is unknown whether the industry and commerce will be greatly depressed.

However, those who supported Juntian's faction sneered and said, "These words were resolved when Duke Xingguo and Yan Li's faction had a dispute decades ago."

"Equalization is a means, not an end."

"After equalizing the land, the tax increase was only [-]% of the original rent, but [-]% of the tax. With this May [-]st tax, one billion mu of land in the world was borrowed, and the annual income was hundreds of millions, while shipbuilding, relocation, and finally made the family of five A home, a field of a hundred acres."

"Nowadays, the per capita land is only three or four mu of land, so naturally there is no commodity grain. What you said is not unreasonable. If you can feed yourself with three or four mu of land, there is not much left. It is far worse than when [-]% of the land is rented, and the landlord takes it. Exchange money in the city and be the cornerstone of industry and commerce in the city.”

"However, if you can relocate to Fusang and various places in the Southern Ocean, and a family of five has a field of [-] acres, is it possible that one person can eat the output of [-] acres of land?"

"At that time, if he can't eat it, he will naturally sell it."

"During this period, the city may collapse, it may slump."

"However, what cannot be broken cannot be built. After 30 years, the Great Eastward Movement is completed, and the city will naturally develop by then. Moreover, there will be sufficient food."

"So, in the past, Duke Xingguo fought with Yan Li's descendants, and they quarreled a lot on the matter of 'equalizing the land is the most benevolent government in the world'."

"Nowadays, it's a world of great contention. The world and the earth have been fixed, and there are only so many lands."

"Equalization of land, heavy taxation, emigration, and eastward expansion, this is the first real benevolent government. If only the land is equalized, it is not really a benevolent government."

"Taking advantage of the fact that the industry in the Mainland has not yet developed significantly, we must first destroy and then establish."

"It's a big deal. Abolish the cities in the interior and rebuild them after equalizing the land and relocating people. Yangzhou's thousand-year weathering can still be used as Qiu Ruins. Isn't it possible to pay the price elsewhere?"

"In the coastal areas, industries are developed first. It is not unacceptable for the industry and commerce in the interior to be rewashed and depressed."

"Yes, reforming the imperial examinations at this time is really meaningless and even extremely reactionary."

"The reform of the imperial examination at this time, the imperial court's intention, is mostly to keep it as it is, and let the city's industry and commerce gradually develop. But in this way, with congenital deficiencies and diseases in the womb, the more it develops, the more painful it will be to overthrow it and start over again in the future."

"Xing Guogong said that industry and commerce are a means of food distribution. Although you think so, you don't know the meaning."

"Gong Xingguo means that industry and commerce should be exchanged for grain at the very beginning. And the grain to be exchanged depends on the land rent that is forcibly deprived of by land annexation? Or is it the grain that the owner farmers can't eat after they produce it?"

"If it's the former, then there is an upper limit. Especially the upper limit of the market. How many feet of cloth can he wear with land rent and grain in exchange for industrial products?"

"In the end, the development of industry and commerce is nothing more than industry and commerce targeting these landlords and gentry."

"It's silk and silk, or fine wine and delicacies, or kabuki music, or things that are harmful to people, such as kabuki. This kind of industry and commerce is not the industry and commerce that Xingguo publicizes."

"The industry and commerce of Xingguo Gongyan is mainly based on industry, such as cotton cloth, ironware, production tools, machinery, etc."

"And these must be sold to producers, not pure rentiers."

"Therefore, the food producers must be liberated before the development of industry and then commerce. Only then can the potential be unlimited."

"Otherwise, the industry and commerce in the mainland will all revolve around the rent surplus, the industry and commerce with the rentier as the market, the informal industry and commerce, at least definitely not the kind of future industry and commerce that Xing Guogong said, and the upper limit is extremely low!"

"If you want to have a high ceiling, you must put agriculture first."

"But nowadays, don't the people of the Celestial Dynasty work hard? No, they are very hardworking."

"Is the yield per mu low in the Celestial Dynasty? No, it's very high."

"However, if there is no arable land, no matter how skillful and hardworking you are, it will be difficult for a clever woman to cook without rice."

"Yes, the key is relocation and cultivation. This is the top priority in the world."

"But to relocate and cultivate, a large amount of money, resources, and food are needed to forcibly develop shipbuilding, shipping, steel, coal, and other industries to support the needs of relocation."

"Where does the money come from? Equalize the land and collect taxes."

"Why do you have to equalize the land to collect taxes?"

"If the land is not equalized, taxes will be levied, [-]% to [-]% of the rent, plus heavy taxes, plus preferential exemptions, plus subordinate staff, etc., the world will turn against it!"

"If you can equalize the land, you can increase the May 30st tax, and you can still live. The people are stable, at least they will not rebel. After [-] to [-] years of support, the great cause of relocation is completed, and billions of mu of arable land in Fusang are reclaimed. A family of five A hundred mu of land, and then the industry and commerce develops, and the offspring will either cultivate the fields, or enter the city for industry and commerce, and the world will benefit greatly.”

"During this period, or as you say, most of the state capitals and counties will decline and slump."

"However, at that time, the rich will either move to the provincial capital, or go east to Sulu to invest in industry. As for the decline of the county seat, I think it is worthwhile to exchange the decline of the county seat for 20 years for the prosperity of industry and commerce in the future. Besides, during the period, coastal industries , is also developing, and the total wealth of the country is increasing.”

"And now, the imperial court has lost its head!"

"What kind of imperial examination reform is going to be carried out, and the establishment of schools is simply child's play!"

"In this way, cities, states and counties will absorb the heirs of landlords, and industries and commerce will revolve around them, relying entirely on the forced surplus of land rent to develop. There is no future, and the upper limit has been locked."

"Rural decline, wealth flowing to county towns, accelerated land mergers, and wealth not flowing back to the countryside to improve land are all consumed in county towns."

"False prosperity, if the land is equalized at that time, this false prosperity developed by relying on the forced surplus of land rent will return to its original shape in an instant, and it will become more chaotic at that time."

"Yes, long-term pain is worse than short-term pain. Take advantage of the fact that the prefectures and counties do not gather a large number of people like Sulu's industrial and commercial cities, and get things done."

"Besides, what we said just now is correct. Let's be realistic. Nowadays, the Real School doesn't like the Imperial Examination School, and it doesn't have much to do with the land. It's the right time to destroy them in one fell swoop and reform the land equalization. Impossible people Everyone has the world in mind, even if everyone in the Practical School has the mentality of eliminating landlords and gentry and we come to be officials, it is not impossible to get things done."

"Nowadays, what Duke Xingguo left behind, the real school seems to be a school, but it is actually a class. It is a class that uses the school as a cover, and a group of literate people of a different class from the landlords and gentry. This is the key."

"And if the imperial court continues, after more than ten years, the class flavor of the Real School will fade away, and all landlords and gentry will join it, and the struggle between classes that is covered by the school will disappear. At that time, the equalization of the land will be equal shit?"

"The most difficult thing in the world is to have me in you and you in me."

"Duke Xingguo spent decades, using practical knowledge as a cover, and finally solved the problem of me in you and you in me. If you lose this opportunity, it will never come again."

However, when the people on the opposite side heard the word "class", they immediately cursed: "Class, class, what class is there?"

"That's just a fake book written by someone in the name of Duke Xing! It's ridiculous for you to treat the fake book as a treasure, talk about class, and keep silent about struggle!"

"I always laugh at Confucian scholars, saying that they turn a bunch of fake scriptures into real scriptures, and never forget Zhou Li and Zhou officials. The most ridiculous thing is the sixteen-character mantra, which turns out to be an interpretation of the scriptures when facing fake books. In the end, you are not the same. I don’t know which lunatic wrote a fake book under the pretext of being a real book, talking about classes and struggles, what’s the difference?”

The faction that supported Juntian also snorted coldly: "So what if it wasn't done by Duke Xingguo? It makes sense, but it makes people suddenly understand, it really makes sense."

"Today, the possibility of successful reform is still due to the fact that there is a school of new learning and a school of old learning. Although it is called an academic dispute, the attributes of the two classes are actually very different. Therefore, there is a possibility of successful reform."

"Today's new learning and old learning are nothing compared to the old and new disputes in the Song Dynasty."

"Song's new learning and old learning are all landlords and gentry, how can they be successful?"

"Nowadays, although it is called new learning and old learning, it is actually of different classes."

"It doesn't mean that if you and I learn geometry and arithmetic, we will support Juntian; if the imperial court reforms the imperial examination and the gentry and landlords also learn geometry and arithmetic, they will support Juntian just like us."

"It's like, a ox plows more land, not because it's yellow, but because it's a cow. And when a man sees a ox plowing the land, he thinks he can plow the land because it's yellow, so he goes back and dyes his black dog yellow. , thinking that the land can be plowed in this way. Isn’t this ridiculous?”

"I support Juntian not because we study arithmetic, geometry, physics and chemistry, but because we do not rely on land rent for a living; now that the imperial court wants to reform the imperial examinations, but the gentry study geometry, physics, chemistry and arithmetic, they still rely on land rent Alive, what's the difference?"

"Everything in the world can't be done without equalizing the land. Evening the land is not for the purpose of equalizing the rich and the poor. If only the rich and the poor are equalized, this is the opinion of a small husband. The purpose of equalizing the land is to collect taxes, organize forces, concentrate resources, and then make a big business Move civil affairs, shape the market for industry, and strive for a good life for hundreds of millions of people with a hundred acres of land."

"That is to say, the reform of the imperial examination at this time will not help the world, solve the predicament of the world, and solve the bleak future. On the contrary, it will add a lot of trouble in the future. At that time, there will be me in you, and you in me, and the class will be mixed. It will be difficult."

"If it is changed now, it will be much easier to handle. If you want money, you need people, you need soldiers, and there are tens of thousands of real students who are envious of the benefits of the imperial examinations for students. They want to replace them. People, even if there is one hundred thousand vacancies, it is enough to make up for it, as long as five taels of silver is enough every month, how many practical students are waiting in line for a job of five taels of silver a month."

"And the imperial court changed the school through the imperial examination. In the future, the students who study in the real school are probably the children of the gentry, merchants, and rich men. How can the common people have the money and leisure to go to the county to enroll? In the future, people will be given five taels of silver a year to measure the land of their families. How? Can you please?"

"Once upon a time, the king of Chu asked Tian Jiu: Mozi is a famous scholar. He is very strong in practice. However, his words are very vulgar, not pleasant to listen to, and his literary talent is not good. Why?"

"Tian Jiu used the story of buying a box to return a pearl as a metaphor, saying that the essence of Mozi is the pearl, not the box. It is precisely because he is worried that the literary talent is so good that people only see the beautiful box and ignore the pearl inside. That’s why speaking should not be pleasing to the ear or beautiful, but practical.”

"This is the story of the day."

"Now, this story of buying a basket and returning a pearl has come up again."

"The pearls left by Duke Xingguo in the past are real learning knowledge itself? Or are there too many real students to be officials in the imperial examination, and hundreds of thousands of real students can be competent for many low-level officials as long as they are given three or five taels of silver? This situation of the landless gentry and the rent-collecting class? Which one is the box? Which one is the pearl?"

"In my opinion, the situation that the students of real school have few rent-collecting classes of landlords and gentry, and cannot be an official through the imperial examination, but want to get a job that eats three or five taels of silver a month, is a pearl. However, practical school is too gorgeous and too beautiful. It’s so amazing that many people regard the box as the essence instead of the pearl as a treasure, and make an act of buying a box and returning the pearl!”