My system is not decent

Chapter 1826 Wiping and drawing, spraying and dawdling
Bronze ware is made by making use of the ductility of copper, through processes such as beating, throwing, closing, stuffing, chiseling, and assembly welding. The same is true in repair technology.

Then there is the extension. If the bronze ware is missing a piece, first use paper to draw the shape and size of the missing piece on the inside (behind) of the missing piece.

Paste the paper pattern on a copper plate with the same thickness as the original, and cut it with a steel chisel.

In this process, sheet metal technology is also used.

The expanded copper plate is processed into a fixed patch after processing such as punching, throwing, and collecting.

Hitting is to use a flat hammer to thin a copper plate to achieve a suitable thickness;

Throwing is to patch the cut flat copper plate and hammer it into a drum shape with a round head and convex surface to meet the shape requirements of the original artifact;

If the toss is too thick, it can also be collected on the round-headed iron rod and anvil, and it can be thrown and collected until it meets the requirements of the original shape.

These are not available above the bronze making process, and some surface decorations, or the craftsmanship of making the decorations, will definitely be damaged after a long time.

For example, if the ornamentation made by chiseled flower technique is damaged, it must be repaired with the original technique.

Chiseling is a technique of engraving patterns on copper plates with steel chisels.

Of course, it is definitely not just because the production process requires chiseling.

There are many patterns on ancient bronze wares, and some have inscriptions.

For the supplementary matching of broken bronzes, it is not ideal to just inlay copper plates.

It is also necessary to carve out decorative patterns and inscriptions in the same style as the original, which requires chiseling.

In addition to mastering carving techniques, it is important to be familiar with and master the styles of bronze decorations in different periods of ancient times.

At the same time, it must be based on the depth, width and shape of the pattern.

Make all kinds of straight blades, curved blades, shovels, grooves, flats, steps, picks, wipes, eyes and other steel chisels by yourself.

With two hands, a hammer, and a few steel chisels, it is a skill to carve a variety of smooth patterns.

The process of chiseling flowers is different from that of making bronze wares. To repair the chiseling flowers of bronze wares is to first paint the patterns that need to be repaired on the patch of plain copper plate according to the original pattern.

Then use the chisel glue to glue the patch or pieces to be chiseled on the glue board;
If it is a hollow utensil such as a bottle or a pot, chiseled flowers can fill the utensil with glue.

After the glue has cooled and hardened, you can use a chisel to engrave the decoration.

After carving, the edges, corners and edges are sharp and must be polished, and finally smoothed with charcoal.

After heating, take out the chiseled glue, and a bronze patch is completed.

Another method of matching is over-molding.

When the missing piece of the utensil can still find its corresponding shape and decorative part on the original utensil, then it can be overcast on the original utensil.

In the past, the traditional craft was to use soil molds to move sand and cast sand for modeling, but later it was changed to use gypsum and red brick powder to remake molds.

Use a mixture of gypsum, red brick powder and refractory materials to mold the corresponding parts of the original.

Air-dry and burn red in the oven, take it out and pour copper water to form it.

The shaped block is then filed according to the missing size of the original, and the patterns are carved and arranged to be connected with the original, forming a complete bronze patch.

Whether it is making bronzes or repairing bronzes, this craft is considered a top craft.

Of course, the simplest process for repairing a bronze ware should be welding.

There are two types of welding in the traditional technology, one is "brazing" and the other is "tinning".

"Brazing" is relatively strong. In ancient times, there were cooked red, yellow, and white copper, etc., and the joints of forged copper ware were all brazed.

Brazing is fusion welding, and copper solder needs to be prepared in advance.

When welding, borax welding is required, and the technology mainly controls the heat.

Ancient bronzes do not use this process, generally soldered with tin.

It can weld copper, iron, gold, and silver. The welding temperature is relatively low, and the damage to the original parts can be controlled to a minimum.

Therefore, in the restoration technology of ancient bronzes, including supplementary matching and assembly welding, it is basically tin welding.

Soldering technology mainly uses welding tools to solder, pull, and hang, and its technology is concentrated on the tip of the soldering iron.

This can definitely be done better with modern technology, because welding technology has been carried forward until now.

On the contrary, it is some techniques that use handicrafts, which modern people are not very good at, such as matching blocks.

This is based on the shape and decoration of the broken copperware, finding pieces to match them, and marking them.

There is also a file mouth, which is generally selected to file the back with no pattern to form a groove.

File two-thirds of the section, and keep the stubble on the pattern surface.

This can ensure that the patterned surface after welding will fit perfectly.

For copper mirrors, the mirror surface (smooth surface) should be smooth and flat, so it should not be welded on the smooth surface during welding, but should be welded on the textured surface and the edge.

Use a knife to carve a prismatic opening on the patterned surface of the copper mirror for jump welding, that is, interval welding.

Due to the corrosion of copper ware, the properties of copper vary greatly.

Good copper can be welded, but poor copper is difficult to weld.

The stubble is red brick-colored, and it can also be soldered, but it needs to be hotter;
The stubble of blue brick color or light green can no longer be welded, and can only be bonded with adhesive.

For the copper mirror, since it is welded on the pattern surface, only spot welding can be used.

For the patch of gilt parts, it must be brazed, otherwise it cannot be gilded.

Soldered bronzes should be soaked in distilled water for one day to remove harmful substances brought by solder.

Once repaired, reinforcement is generally required.

That is to say, after the broken bronze wares were welded and formed, the welds had to be strengthened.

This process is to add adhesive to the weld seam to make the weld seam bond firmly.

Since it needs to be reinforced in the end, it will definitely need to be rusted under the condition of repairing the old ones.

Generally, the smooth layer at the bottom of the surface of copper ware is commonly called the ground in traditional restoration techniques, and the top of it is called a rust block.

The surface decoration of bronze ware starts with the ground, and then rust blocks are made layer by layer.

The ground of copper ware is actually a corrosion film closely attached to the copper surface formed by the burial of copper ware or the erosion of ambient gas.

The bronze ware includes black lacquer, green lacquer, gray lacquer, yellow lacquer, jujube red, mercury-impregnated, copper-turned and so on.

After being used and collected, ancient bronze wares have been touched and rubbed.

Therefore, the ground and pattern of the bronze ware are soft.

When making the ground, for the new patches, corrosion materials should be used to corrode the old color.

Then use adhesives and various mineral pigments to smear the surface.

After drying, wipe it with a coarse cloth to make it the same color and texture as the original floor.

It is better if the floor is made of enamel paint, and then use methods such as wiping, brushing, tracing, painting, rubbing, spraying, pointing, grinding, rubbing, etc., adhesives and mineral pigments to make rust blocks.

Restoration of a bronze is not complete until it is in harmony with the original.

(End of this chapter)