Daming Yuanfu

Chapter 1039 Policy
The east and west cities of Yehe tribe are actually not too far away from the original place, roughly not far from the southwest of Siping City in later generations (Yehe Town, Tiedong District, Siping City).

The West City was originally called "Yehei Village". Because it was built earlier than the East City and it is located on the west bank of the Yehe River, it is called the Old City or West City.It is the residence of Chu Kongge of Yehe tribe and his descendant Qingjia Niu.It was first built in the 13th year of Jiajing, and later expanded and strengthened by Qing Jianiu. It has become one of the symbols of Yehe.The city is divided into the outer city and the inner city. The outer city is surrounded by mountains on three sides and faces water on the other side. The plane is oval.The city wall is built of earth and stone, more than one foot high and about a thousand feet in circumference.The east and west gates are opened, and the terrain in the city is flat.

Dongcheng was originally called "Taizhuzhai". Because it was built later than Xicheng and it is located on the east bank of Yehe River, it is called Xincheng or Dongcheng.It is the residence of Taizhu, the eldest son of Chu Kongge of Yehe tribe (also known as Taichu or Taichu), Taitanzhu, the second son, and his descendant Yang Jipi.It was first built in the 25th year of Jiajing, and it was expanded and reinforced by Yang Jipi, and it became what it is today.The city is also divided into an inner city and an outer city. The outer city is surrounded by water on three sides and is surrounded by mountains on one side.

On this day, large armies gathered from the eastern and western cities, and the two Baylors each ordered a thousand cavalry, gathered some of their cronies and sons together, and flaunted their banners to go south, preparing to pass through the Beiguan Pass and enter the Ming Realm. Gao Pragmatic, the governor of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, discussed the issue of the Kaiyuan horse market under the new situation.

The so-called Beiguan is actually the city of Shangjianfu, also known as Shanyan Wohe City, that is, Baishi Mountain City.It was built by Niyaniyaka, the third son of Yehe tribe's old Beilechu Kongge.It is the residence of Niya Niyaka and his descendants Yanzhu, Nantai and others.Because it is close to the Zhenbei Pass of Daming, Ming people called it "Beiguan".

The reason why this city was built was to provide posthouses and intermediaries for the Jurchen tribes who lived far away in the Songhua River, Heilongjiang and Tumen River valleys to go to Kaiyuan Mashi market, and "obtain the benefits of living and staying masters" from it, so it is called Shangjianfu City .

In the early Ming Dynasty, the earliest horse markets in Liaodong included Guangning Horse Market (Tuanshan Fort, Yixian County), Beiguan Jurchen Horse Market in Kaiyuan Town, Kaiyuan Guangshun Guan Jurchen Horse Market, Kaiyuan Xinanguan Dadama City, Fushun Horse Market (east of Fushun City).

In the later period, Kuandian Horse Market, Aiyang Horse Market (Fengcheng), and Qinghe Horse Market (Shijiabao after Kaiyuan) were established.

Among the eight horse cities in Liaodong, Kaiyuan alone accounts for four of them.Among them, Zhenbeiguan, Guangshunguan, and Xin'anguan are the largest cities in Sanma, known as the "Three Passes and Three Cities" in northern Liaoning.

From this, it can also be said that the Kaiyuan Horse Market was the longest and largest border trade market in Liaodong during the Ming Dynasty.

Why did Yehe, Hada, and Jianzhou develop rapidly in the original history?The main reason is to benefit from Kaiyuan's three passes and three cities. Gao Yushi came here in the name of inspecting military equipment and the horse market. In fact, he was not just talking about it. He did have some thoughts about Kaiyuan's horse market.

The establishment time of Kaiyuan horse market is not the same. Among them, Zhenbeiguan horse market was established in the fourth year of Yongle, Xin'an Guan horse market was established in the second year of Chenghua, Guangshun Guan horse market was established in Chenghua 15 years, and Qinghe Guan horse market It was created in the early years of Wanli.In addition, the market outside the south gate of Kaiyuan City began in the second year of Chenghua.

"Market" is a modern economic term, but these two words have existed since ancient times. In ancient times, the trading of goods was called the market, and the place of trading was called the field.Therefore, a certain item is often named before the "city", such as Kaiyuan Horse Market, Fushun Wood Market, etc.

The horse market in Daming is controlled by the government as a rule, and the management is very strict.The Chief Secretary of Shandong, the Inspection Division (as mentioned earlier, the Liaodong Administration is under Shandong), Kaiyuan Bingbeidao, etc., all sent officials to supervise in person.

According to the regulations of Shiyi, it is not allowed to carry weapons, "only the horses and the main products are sent to the place where the officials inspect and enter the country."The horse market must be opened according to the prescribed time.

The original rule was, "Kaiyuan once a month from the first day to the fifth day of the first month."Later, it was stipulated that "it will be opened twice from the first day to the fifth day of each month, and from the 22th to the [-]nd".Those who enter the market, if they hold the "Book of Edict" issued by the Ming government, will get a letter from the horse market officials.

"Customs clearance preferential treatment".

Like Xuanda, although the horse market is controlled by the government, it is also divided into two types: the official market and the private market.The market where the Ming court bought military horses was called the official market; the non-governmental transactions between the border people and the Han people were called the private market.

The commodities it trades include horses, velvet antler, mink fur, ginseng and other products from the Jurchen; there are many products from the Han area, especially iron farm tools and other production materials and various daily necessities.

The horse market in the Kaiyuan area was managed and taxed by the horse market office in Kaiyuan City; the military guards and offices were responsible for maintaining order around the market.

At the beginning of the opening of the market, barter was used, and later currency transactions were gradually implemented. The currency was mainly copper coins of the Ming Dynasty, but also directly used silver.

For a long time, the Jurchens have participated in the horse market trade, not only the Yehe, Hada, Wula, Huifa and other tribes, but also the ethnic minorities in Heilongjiang, Songhua River, and Tumen River.In the early years, Jianzhou Jurchen also came here to enter the market. Later, because of the opening of other places, Kaiyuan specialized in the business of the fourth part of Haixi.

Well, Mongolia actually has them too, but the government doesn’t recognize them, or they just turn a blind eye and let the Mongols trade in Kaiyuan under the banner of Jurchen.

In fact, although Mongolia is nomadic, the areas adjacent to the Ming Dynasty also have varying degrees of farming tendencies. Not only do they need farm tools such as plowshares, but also living materials such as cotton cloth, salt, and iron pots.And the most important thing is that the cattle, horses, sheep, leather and other things they produce have nowhere to sell, so they also very much need Daming to open and close trade in the Kaiyuan West Territory.

This time, the reason why Nuantu and Huotai intervened in the war between Yehe and Hada has a very direct connection with the horse market trade.

The key point of this connection lies in the unreasonable distribution of the current edict.

Originally, according to the earlier regulations, the Haixi Jurchen had a total of 999 edicts, and the Jianzhou Jurchen had 500 edicts.

However, when Wang Tai was called "Wan Khan" in Hada, there were about 700 edicts in just one Hada—what does this mean? "There are two thirds of the world"?Almost ready to eat alone!
The strength of Ye He's tribe is no weaker than Hada at this time, but Ye He only has more than 100 edicts, how can this be tolerated?Whoever replaced Qing Jia Niu and Yang Ji Niu would have to fight Hada, right?

But this is only the reason why Yehe and Hada must start fighting, and the reason why the Mongols intervened has not been explained clearly.

Why did the Mongols intervene in this matter?Open the map and you can see that the Yehe tribe happened to be in the middle of Mongolia and Hada, and separated them, so the Mongols wanted to obtain the consent of the Hada tribe and use the Hada tribe’s edict to conduct horse market transactions with Daming. Difficult, the best and most trouble-free way for the Mongols is to follow the "way" of the Yehe tribe.

However, the imperial edict in Ye He's hands is limited, not even enough for his own use, so how can he "rent" it to Mongolia?There are a lot of edicts on Hada, but they can’t be given to the Mongols. Besides, the Hada department relied on Daming’s care before, and their spirits were relatively high. , so the Mongols are not very willing to take the road of Hada.

So what to do?There are two ideas: the first idea is simple and rude, directly defeat Ye He, and then trade with Daming under the guise of Ye He.

This method may seem like a joke, but it is actually completely feasible-the current Duoyan Sanwei is no longer the former Wuliangha Sanwei, but it still uses the old guise to trade with Daming from time to time. If you don’t know—Da Ming is not stupid, you always don’t trade with others, and if they can’t survive, you can only come to grab them, which is causing trouble for yourself for no reason.

So from Daming's point of view, it doesn't matter who comes to the mutual market, what is important is to control the scale and frequency of the mutual market, so that people can barely live without making people live too well.

Of course, Gao Yushi disagrees with this point of view. When Xuanda controlled Tumed through the mutual market, he did not rely on these at all. He relied on his strong economic strength to directly affect Tumed's life and death to achieve his goal. .

It's just that this method has high requirements for "capital", and Liaodong really couldn't do it before Jinghua made a large-scale entry.It's like a "financial monopoly capitalist empire" in later generations. That country can search the world, but not everyone can do a "financial monopoly capitalist empire", and it requires extremely strong capital.

In the eyes of high pragmatism, the capital of the official market in Liaodong is far from enough.

"If you want to start a horse market trade, you must first look for people to enter the market." Needless to say on the Han side, the imperial court allocated funds to Taipusi, an organization that manages horse affairs, and distributed funds for the purchase of horses to horse markets such as Guangning and Kaiyuan. The scale is average. It is tens of thousands of taels of silver, up to 10 taels or 20 taels.

In other words, the capital in Liaodong was at its highest at 20 taels.

20 taels seems to be a lot of money - if it is used to buy food, it is indeed a lot, this has been forgotten a long time ago, so there is no need to elaborate.But in fact, if 20 taels were only used to buy horses, it would not be much—only [-] horses.

Although [-] horses is not a small number, if compared with the current Xuanda, this number is not enough, because the three towns of Xuan, Da, and Shanxi alone were transferred from the two towns of Tumed and Ordos last year. There are as many as [-] horses in hand!

This is not counting cattle and sheep. If cattle and sheep are included, then the scale of Liaodong... really only deserves to eat farts.

So to put it simply, there is a problem with the system, which causes the actual trade volume to fail to meet the demanded trade volume standard. Therefore, whether it is Jurchen or Eastern Mongolia, they are all impatient on this issue, in order to compete for the point approved by Ming Dynasty. The volume of trade, you have to hit me, I hit you, the dog's brains are blown out.

Using imperial edicts to control trade quotas, and then control the difference in strength among the Jurchens, this idea is not out of mind, but it is too easy to "go out of tune" in the actual operation process, and many times, if it is not correct, it will drag yourself into the water ——For example, the beating of the Hada tribe this time dragged Daming into the water in the original history, forcing Liao Fu (first Li Song, then Gu Yangqian) and Li Chengliang to directly suppress Ye He, even in the end Send troops directly to attack Ye He.

At that time, Li Chengliang was still capable, and indeed he convinced Ye He, but that led to a series of changes. For example, Ye He defeated Hada first, so that Hada's strength never recovered, and Li Chengliang turned around again. The basic defeat of Ye He caused Nurhachi to take the opportunity to develop, and later defeated Ye He's "Nine Allied Forces"-the situation in Liaodong at this time was already out of control.

In fact, Ye He engaged in the Nine Allied Forces at that time, because Ye He found out that after being beaten up by Daming, his former younger brother Nurhachi actually grew up, and seemed to have a tendency to replace him. position, I have to meet with Nurhachi.

This incident happened during the period when Ming Dynasty was fighting against Japan and aiding Korea (the 21st year of Wanli). The Liaodong side was powerless about it, and could only watch the strength of the two sides reversed through a battle of Gule Mountain.

In that battle, Nurhachi defeated the Haixi Jurchen Yehe and other nine coalition forces in the area of ​​Gule Mountain (the northwest of Gulou Village, Shangjia Township, Xinbin County, Liaoning Province).It broke the Jurchen nine-part military alliance, changed the power balance between Jianzhou Jurchen and Haixi Jurchen, and indicated that the core of Jurchen power began to shift from Haixi to Jianzhou.

What's worse is that at this time, Daming had just fallen into the quagmire of North Korea. He fought back and forth for seven or eight years.

But at that time, Nurhachi was still afraid of Li Chengliang and Li Rusong's father and son-in fact, he might not know that the Li family army had suffered huge losses in the Korean battlefield at this time, so he continued to be humble to the Li family, and very shrewdly asked Li Rusong to focus on the Mongols. side.

As a result, Li Rusong had an accident and died in a battle with the Mongols. At this time, Nurhachi was ready to move.

But after Li Rusong's death, the foundation of the Li family has been exposed. It is no longer the Li family army who can fight whoever he wants in Liaodong, so Daming has changed a lot of Liaodong generals, but the Li family is not convinced. , Several general soldiers were made to lose their temper, and in the end they had to move Li Chengliang out again to "restrain Liao for the second time".

Li Chengliang actually didn't have any momentum at this time, but fortunately, his reputation is still there. Nurhachi worked under him for several years when he was young, and he was very impressed, so he didn't dare to make mistakes. After Li Chengliang died, Nurhachi felt that this No one could suppress him anymore, so he raised troops with the Seven Great Hatreds, and the Liao affairs could not be done.

In the whole process, the key point seems to be that Nurhachi had good luck, while Daming had bad luck. In fact, this can only be said to be one aspect. In fact, there are problems in the system, or in the way Daming controls Jurchen.

The biggest problem with Daming’s control plan is that he needs to do it himself at every turn. This is very irrational in Gao Yushi’s view. It is only convenient for the generals of Liaodong to “get credit”. If the strength is greatly damaged, this method will not work.

So this time, although Gao Yushi also wanted to attack Ye He, after all, Ye He is too strong now, but his fundamental purpose is to adjust the policy.

Suppression belongs to suppression. After a stick, sweet dates will also be given.
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Thanks to book friends "Diannian 1" and "Long in Disrepair nn" for their monthly support, thank you!
Spoiler alert, Nurhachi is going to kill his father-in-law soon... Hahaha!

(End of this chapter)