Daming Yuanfu

Chapter 1375 The Nancha Disturbance (卌[-]) Ideal and Reality

"Everyone is in the house? I remember learning it in middle school." Liu Xin thought for a while, with a thoughtful expression on her face: "But I only remember that the general meaning is that everyone has to pay taxes... right?"

Gao Yushi was very blunt this time, and rolled his eyes directly: "Either your teacher should punish you, or you should punish me, I don't even know what you learned in history class."

Liu Xin resentfully said: "Uh... It's been too long, and I've learned it and don't use it, so I will forget it." Then she pouted and said, "Okay, okay, I know you are an expert, so don't be fooled, just tell me something What does the whipping have to do with this smack in the mu?"

Gao Wushi said: "One whip method, in order to take care of your understanding, to put it crudely, it can be regarded as the early preparation stage for spreading the income into the mu."

"Why? There is an inheritance or development relationship between the two of them?" Liu Xin obviously didn't understand.

Gao Wushi rubbed his chin, thought about it and said, "Let me think about how to explain it to you."

Liu Xin didn't urge him, so she honestly waited for him to think for a while before she heard him say: "Let's put it this way, a whip method is mainly to solve the problem of 'service' collection. Our current saying in Ming Dynasty is that 'a county can be covered in total. The tax is calculated according to the amount of land, and all silver is collected, and the official is divided, and the hired labor pays.'

There are four main points here: First, all silver is levied, and land taxes and forced labor are all collected in silver.In this way, forced labor was abolished, and the imperial court or yamen hired people to fill the labor.

Second, part of the forced labor was allocated to land tax collection.But you have to pay attention, now not all the hard labor is allocated to the field tax, but only part of it.

Third, merge and simplify the expropriation items, and unify the allocation.At present, all kinds of taxes are converted into silver taels, part of which is apportioned by dice, and part of which is apportioned by land tax.

Fourthly, the collection and transportation of taxes and servitude was changed from government collection and government collection to government collection and government collection.I know that the government will inevitably have fraudulent cases when doing this, but the government, officials, and at least the Metropolitan Procuratorate and other institutions are supervising it, and the local gentry are even more lawless than the government. "

Liu Xin let out an "oh", as if trying to regain her place, and added, "Just like your Gao family is in Xinzheng?"

Gao Wushi hesitated for a while, and said angrily: "Our Gao family is in the hometown of Xinzheng. At least so far, we have a good reputation. Maybe some family members are more powerful in normal times, but at least they will not bully good people. Good, this style is enough to boast in the current situation."

Liu Xin covered her mouth with a smile, and nodded again and again: "Yes, yes, I know, I know. Because of you, your family doesn't look down on the local oil and water in Xinzheng. Not only did it not bully goodness, but it even gave a lot .

Your own reputation will be even better. The local coal mines and kiln factories in Xinzheng even pay the highest wages in the Jinghua Department, and they pay for construction at every turn. What about the embankment of the Shuangji River, what about Xinzheng To the official road in Kaifeng, and so on and so on, and so on.It's the God of Wealth descending to earth, no one will boast. "

Gao Wushi glared at her, and was too lazy to say more.

Liu Xin giggled again, then coughed lightly, pretending to be serious and said: "Okay, okay, you continue to talk, you only said one whip method just now, what's the situation with that stall?"

Gao Wushi said helplessly: "The allocation of Ding Ding to mu is mainly to solve the problem of uneven taxation and labor. It is to allocate all the amount of Ding Yin to the land and collect it together with the land tax. Since then, the per capita tax has been completely abolished, reducing It relieves the burden of landless peasants, and makes it impossible for rich people who own a large amount of land to avoid taxation, which helps to stabilize the ruling order and taxation.”

Liu Xin suddenly said: "Oh, you put it this way... Although I still don't know the details, since you said that every [-] acres" has lightened the burden on farmers with little land, and made rich people who own a lot of land If there is no way to avoid taxation', then I knew it would be difficult."

Gao Wushi nodded and said, "Of course it's not easy, so although I dislike Ta Qing, I always admit that Ta Qing also produced a 'Great Emperor'."

"Oh, who is it? Kangxi?"

"No, whether Kangxi can be considered a great emperor or not depends on several aspects. If you evaluate it together, it depends on which aspects the evaluator is more inclined to, that is, what he weighs more heavily... Anyway, it's controversial."

Liu Xin asked in surprise, "Isn't Kangxi counted? Then... Qianlong?"

Gao Wushi snorted softly, and said disdainfully: "In my opinion, the distance between Qianlong and the 'Great Emperor' is at least one Pacific Ocean, not to mention the sky and the earth."

"Really?" Liu Xin said unexpectedly: "Don't they all talk about the prosperity of Kangxi and Qianlong? They don't count, so who counts?"

"Coincidentally, it's the one between the two of them: Emperor Yongzheng." Gao Wushi said solemnly: "It was in the early years of Yongzheng that the establishment of "Ban Ding Ru Mu" was born. Based on this measure alone, I am willing to admit that he is the Great Emperor'."

Liu Xin was quite dumbfounded, and after a while she asked curiously, "This reform is so powerful? Is it more remarkable than a whip?"

"Is the one-whip technique great? I think we have to talk about it separately." Anyway, there is no outsider, Gao Wushi raised his legs again, changed to a comfortable sitting position, and said: "The one-whip technique was proposed in the early Jiajing period. It was not until the time of my third uncle that it was really taken seriously and began to be implemented on a trial basis. In the original history, it was Zhang Juzheng who forcibly promoted it throughout the country at the end of his administration.

Before the implementation of the one whip method, there were many ways to pay taxes, such as silver, rice, and even silk, brocade, etc. in some places.Of course, the most important thing is that food can be tax deductible.

After a whip, the court stipulated that only silver could be paid.The effect of this is to greatly increase the silver income of the treasury, but there are problems in it.For ordinary people, silver is very scarce, but grain cannot be tax-deductible, so they need to find someone to sell the grain in exchange for silver to pay taxes. The gentry and even the rich grain dealers used the opportunity of exploitation to increase the burden on the people.

At the same time, you also know that the annexation of land by the big landlords is extremely serious now. Many ordinary people have no land for a long time, but they have to pay taxes again, which is tantamount to a second exploitation.So around the Tianqi and Chongzhen dynasties, a whip method actually had no positive effect. Instead, it forced the people to be even more desperate and exacerbated the demise of the Ming Dynasty.

Therefore, a whip has both advantages and disadvantages. It is beneficial to the government's finances but disadvantageous to ordinary people, especially ordinary people in economically underdeveloped areas. On the contrary, it has no adverse effects on landlords and rich people, and it is even good news.

My third uncle and I have been trying every means to get Jiangnan and other places to promote a whipping method, but we have never been willing to promote it in the north. It is not because we are from the north, but because the south has a developed commodity economy and has made a lot of profits. A condition of whipping.

In the north, because farming is the mainstay, the economic structure is relatively simple, and the burden on the people is extremely heavy, so it is not suitable for promotion.In the original history, the reason why the peasant uprisings in the late Ming Dynasty mostly occurred in the north, and the scale was extremely large, Zhang Juzheng's forced promotion of a whip method actually bears a lot of responsibility. "

"Oh, it turns out that this is a double-edged sword..." Liu Xin nodded, and said thoughtfully, "The reason why you want to let the Ming Dynasty inflate a bit is to let the common people in the north have money in their hands. You can afford your taxes, you're not going to be cornered because you have to pay your taxes, are you?"

Gao Yushi nodded and said: "If we want to improve administrative efficiency, increase fiscal revenue, and ensure civil stability, then quietly increasing the amount of money circulating in the market is the most crucial, simplest, and most inconspicuous way.

I dare say that at that time, although the vast majority of people will feel something, for example, I am more 'rich', but why I can still buy so many things - they will not understand the reason, But by then, I had avoided a colossal disaster. "

"What you said reminds me of 'a good fighter has no great achievements'." Liu Xin said with a smile: "Then even if you succeed, I'm afraid you will only be an unsung hero once, and no one will know your achievements."

"It doesn't matter, I don't lack credit." Gao Wushi shrugged his shoulders, spread his hands again, and said, "It's actually quite easy to get credit in this era. It's good to fight this way. As long as the country is strong, it's not difficult. Instead, it’s boring and doesn’t feel very fulfilling to me.”

Liu Xin smiled wryly and said, "Well, your ideal is a bit...mysterious. I'm still more accustomed to taking the expansion of territory as a great achievement." Then she paused, and asked again: "A whip method has both advantages and disadvantages. Is it completely good if it’s a piece of land that goes into the mu?”

Gao Wushi said: "Before the implementation of the Yongzheng stalls into the mu, the Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming system, and the imperial court collected taxes on the head as in the Ming Dynasty. The general meaning is that the number of dingkou in your family is multiplied by the amount of each dingkou. Ding number to pay taxes.

The disadvantages of this are obvious. For example, if a rich person and a poor person have the same number of households, they will pay the same tax. Therefore, the burden on the poor is very heavy, while the burden on the rich is very light.

Yongzheng's reform abolished the poll tax, and the method of collecting the income per mu was changed from the method of collecting according to the head to the tax based on the land, and the tax was paid as much as there was land.The poor have less land, so they pay less, and the rich have more land, so they pay more.This has greatly increased the revenue of the treasury, and also reduced the burden on the poor to a certain extent.

In this way, the number of people in the family will no longer increase the tax burden, and the pressure on people with little land or no land will drop sharply, and the household registration management will be relaxed as a result, which will also promote the mobility of the population, and to a certain extent, promote Large-scale population explosion and the development of commodity economy.

But if you want to say that there are no disadvantages in sharing the income from the family, then it depends on what class position you stand in when you look at this matter.It is still a product of feudal times after all, which greatly strengthened feudal land ownership - do you think this is good or bad?I don't know how to rate it.

If I look at it from the standpoint of the original party members and cadres, then the sharing of stipends into the mu objectively hinders social change; perfect tax system. "

Liu Xin couldn't help but chuckled, and said, "I think we probably won't be able to go back. You'd better do your job well as Minister of the Household Department."

Gao Wushi smiled and said nothing.

Liu Xin said again: "By the way, I want to ask, if this 'perfect tax system' can be implemented, how much can it improve the Ming Dynasty's current dilemma of being short of money?"

"I haven't calculated this carefully." Having said that, Gao Wushi emphasized: "However, from the early years of Yongzheng to the last years of Yongzheng, the Qing government's land revenue increased by nearly ten times, which is well-documented. "

"Ten times?" Liu Xin was really taken aback this time, her beautiful eyes widened: "Is there so many? Does that mean that if it can be implemented, the current burden on the common people can be reduced by ten times? But... the tax burden of the rich Wouldn't it increase a lot, can these people agree?"

"Cutting one's fortune is like killing one's parents, how can it be so easy to agree?" Gao Wushi sighed, and said with a wry smile, "If it wasn't for the superior curative effect but the inevitable great resistance, why would I have to work so hard to divide this reform into so many steps?" , pushing it carefully? Oh, do you think that I am full of food and working here, and I don’t know the benefits of one step at a time?”

It took Liu Xin a long time to recover, but she looked at Gao Yushi carefully, making him feel a little uncomfortable, and then Liu Xin said slowly: "Now I think, you are really a very ideal person— — there is no irony in this sentence.”

Gao Wushi smiled wryly and cupped his hands: "I'm grateful for the love, I'm ashamed."

"It's really not flattery, and you don't have to be ashamed of it." Liu Xin said seriously: "Yongzheng can make a fortune, I don't know if he does it smoothly, but presumably there will be no resistance he faces. The resistance you face is great—after all, he is not a Han emperor, and his rule is ultimately based on military coercion, so the Han minister’s rhetoric about not competing with the people for profit is all bullshit to him.”

Gao Wushi raised his eyebrows. Although he didn't speak, judging from his expression, he agreed.

Liu Xin also fell silent, and after thinking for a while, she picked up the topic again and said, "So you don't want Huang Dutong to fight the Portuguese right now because you are worried that it will affect the attitude of the Western Portuguese Empire towards Ming. You are especially worried that the inflow of American silver—whether it comes directly from America or from Europe—will be affected, which in turn will affect your reform of Ming Dynasty?”

Gao Yushi simply replied: "Yes."

Liu Xin pondered: "What if there is silver in other places? I mean a large amount of silver, such as the Big Silver Mine."

Gao Wushi smiled: "If you want me to go to Japan to win the Iwami Silver Mine, I can only say that the time has not come."

"Oh?" Liu Xin frowned and said, "Since you know about the Shijian Silver Mine, you must also know how much it produces. I reckon that if you dig there for ten or eight years, it's probably enough for you to beat a whip." It is needed for national promotion.”

"I know this, but Japan is about to be unified now, and a large number of samurai and ronin are worrying about having nothing to do, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi is also worried about how to arrange them. If I go to fight Japan at this time, it is like giving Toyotomi Hideyoshi Send pillows."

Gao Wushi shook his head: "What's more, the southern Xinjiang is initially settled, and Jinghua is also short of money. What can I use to fight at least hundreds of thousands of Japanese samurai ronin who are worried about making a living? Moreover, what reason should I use to fight Japan? Even retreat Ten thousand steps, even if I win, how should I explain this move to the court and the emperor at that time?"
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(End of this chapter)