Daming Yuanfu

Chapter 1494 Beiyang Expedition ([-])
The "entrusted guardianship system" is also known as the land grant system.According to historical experience, most of the emergence of a system has some kind of inheritance or some kind of ideological foundation and social foundation. Therefore, this system used by the Spanish colonists to exploit the Indians was not created out of thin air. It was originally the Spanish court. It was changed according to the "patronage system" handed down from the ancient Roman era.

During the long land recovery campaign with the Moors, in order to rule the land seized from the Moors, improve the morale of the soldiers, and encourage the nobles to organize troops to recover the lost land at their own expense, the Spanish court often used the newly conquered land and expropriated the Moors for extra money. The right to pay tribute is "entrusted" to Spanish nobles at all levels according to their official positions and merits, so that the nobles become lords, take charge of the newly conquered lands, rule the subject Moors, guide the people to convert to Catholicism, and pay the king every year A certain tribute.

[Note: The Moors generally refer to the Muslims living in the Iberian Peninsula, North Africa, West Africa and other places, and are the mixed descendants of Berbers, Arabs, blacks and Iberians. ]
This policy can be called killing four birds with one stone. It not only strengthened the control of the newly conquered land, but also rewarded the soldiers who did meritorious service at a very small price. It also promoted Catholicism and expanded the tax collection targets.Therefore, the "entrusted guardianship system" has actually been popular in the Iberian Peninsula since the 12th century.

However, there is still a big difference between the entrusted guardianship system practiced in Spain and the entrusted guardianship system practiced in its American colonies, and the differences between the two are extremely large.

Title to the land in the American colonies was nominally owned by the king of Spain—if, indeed, of Castile—but in fact the Spanish court reserved land titles to various conquered Indian communities, The original social structure of the Indians remained unchanged, but they had to live concentratedly near the gathering places of the whites.

The Spanish court even gave many Indian nobles and elites a certain status, power and freedom, and selected "Kasik (chief, headman, chief)" from them to continue to rule the tribe, while the Spanish court only treated the Indians Man exercises indirect rule.

This idea is similar to the current high-level practical "Jinghua Advisory Group" that actually controls the imperial courts of southern Xinjiang countries, and then the imperial courts of southern Xinjiang countries implement state affairs according to the opinions of the "Advisory Group". To a certain extent, it is not exactly the same.

At least one point, the countries in southern Xinjiang are currently regarded as the so-called "sovereign countries" in later generations, and their territories and people do not belong to Jinghua in terms of ownership.Although there is a tributary relationship between them and Ming Dynasty, as we all know, the tributary relationship is a pseudo-vassal state system that does not actually control the political and military affairs of the tributary state, so it is difficult to call it a tributary state system in the actual sense.

Kashyik in the Indian community is generally appointed by rulers such as colonial governors, warlords, or mayors. They are usually selected from the top figures of Indian society, but some Kashyyyks are hereditary or elected. Indian chiefs, but all Kasik must be approved by the colonial authorities, otherwise it is illegal.

This article also has some similarities with Jinghua's rule in southern Xinjiang. The appointment of officials at all levels in various countries in southern Xinjiang also requires the seal of the king and the seal of the "Jinghua Advisory Group" to be effective.

Considering that the king's seal itself is a radish seal, which is actually in the hands of Jinghua, it can also be regarded as all officials appointed by Jinghua.It's just that the appointment of officials above the prefecture and prefecture (prefecture and prefecture level under the Ming system) needs to be approved by Gao Shishi first, and the county level needs Huang Zhiting's approval. In areas where there is a general consul, the approval of the local chief is also required. town etc.

The Indians who became Kashyyyk did not need to perform labor or pay tribute, and the Kashyyyks often used their rights to squeeze ordinary Indians to earn wealth and help the Spaniards rule the Indians.

Even the Spaniards often intermarried with Cashyk in order to win over him, and gave him very preferential treatment. Some descendants of the elite class of the original Aztec Empire and the Inca Empire even became governors later, with great power.

This article is reflected in the naturalization household registration system in southern Xinjiang. Since the naturalization household registration system is to make "natives into Chinese", it is obviously more superior than this kind of intermarriage under the entrusted guardianship system.

Because the former intermarriage only improved the status of the local elites, but they and even their descendants may not regard themselves as Spaniards, and will not consolidate the foundation of Spanish rule, while the latter is a complete "turning enemies into friends" - the vast majority Those who have power have become "Chinese", and the rule of the Chinese is naturally stable.

In order to reward the Spanish conquistadors and nobles who opened up the country, the Spanish court entrusted the subjugated Indian community to the guardianship of meritorious ministers or members of the royal family, court cronies, etc., making them guardians and helping the Spanish king rule the American colonies , and instead of the court to collect tribute from the Indians, this is entrusted guardianship.

At the beginning of the implementation of the entrusted guardianship system, the Spanish court ordered the colonial government to entrust the guardianship to each guardian based on the tribal residence represented by each Indian chief, but then this method was abandoned because it was too cumbersome, and the Indian chief People, villages, communes or towns are entrusted to guardians.

The custodian only has guardianship jurisdiction over the Indians within the scope of the guardianship area granted, and has no direct ownership, and the rights of the custodian are difficult to hereditary. At the same time, the custodian must also preach to the Indians and guide the Indians under his guardianship to convert Catholicism and subjection to the authority of the King of Spain protected him from abuse, and the Guardian had someone to educate the Indian children:

"Every Indian village should have a church and send a priest to preach to them. (You must) gather Indian children twice a week, teach them to read and write and religious lessons, and force them to pray and chant."

In addition, the guardian had to prepare his own dry food, weapons, horses and military uniforms, obey the orders of the king or the colonial government at any time, and lead his subordinates to various places to counter rebellion or suppress various uprisings.

The entrusted guardianship system implemented in the American colonies also joined the tribute tax system and distribution system of the Spanish enslaved Indians in the early days. The Spanish guardians have great rights to the Indians under their guardianship, and can collect a large amount of tribute in the guardianship area. Labor service or service rent.

Conquered Indians are legally defined as "free people" and are no longer slaves. They can own a small piece of land, houses, and livestock as a family unit, but Indians cannot leave their homes at will without the permission of their guardians. reside or carry weapons.

In addition, Indians also need to pay a certain amount of tribute to the guardian and perform hard labor.Because the guardian preached Catholicism to them, the Indians who were originally pagans became Christians, and got the chance to save their souls and ascend to heaven.Therefore, Indians need to express "thank you" to their guardians, and must undertake many obligations, such as farming the land, mining, doing miscellaneous work, and paying tribute.

So in fact, the trusteeship system did not turn Indians into free people at all, and most Indians or mestizos had no citizenship rights.The purpose of the commissioned guardianship system was to allow the Indians to better provide labor, but also to control them more safely so that they could not resist the rule.

In order to implement the entrusted guardianship system and "protect" the Indians, the Spanish court ordered all the guardians not to abuse the Indians, not to force them to work, and to pay them wages.

But things backfired. After the entrusted guardianship system was implemented, the life of the Indians was still very miserable and oppressed.The guardians didn't treat the Indians well at all according to the order. They abused the Indians wantonly and didn't regard them as human beings. The Spanish court managed the guardians very rough and couldn't control the guardians at all, which made the Indians fall into a very miserable state. Situation:

"Although the law restricts the amount of taxation entrusted to the guardian for himself, the actual amount collected is incalculable. The tyrant seizes everything he wants, uses all the methods he wants to use, and ends up with an Indian. A man sometimes pays taxes twenty times, and even in such cases he (the Indian) does not dare to complain because justice is seldom possible."

Some Indians work for the guardian for many years, but they have little or no remuneration at all, and they also need to pay heavy tribute to the guardian.

The standard for the guardian to collect tribute from the Indians is also very unreasonable. When the guardian collects taxes, he will use the early census data as the standard, and collect taxes in kind or money from the Indian community, but the population data he uses is not accurate.Because many Indians in the community have died or fled, there are not so many Indians in the community, but it needs to bear a great economic burden.

Some Indians in the Spanish colonies even had to work for their guardians for more than 300 days a year, while the official standard was 5-9 months.This left many Indians with little time to till the land, live with their wives, and have children, causing many Indian communities to wither and die out like drought-stricken cornfields.

The plight of the Indians even made some Spaniards unbearable to look directly at them. A Spanish priest named Bartholomew de las Casas was full of sympathy for the Indians he saw and bravely stood up for them. The Indians defended, exposing their countrymen's crimes of enslaving the Indians in acrimonious language:
"The 'grace' that they (the guardians) did to these Indians was to send the men to the mines to mine gold, which was an unbearable labor. The women were sent to the farms to dig the soil and work the fields. Even for the men, it was extremely taxing. Both men and women were fed only with weeds and other non-nutritive things, and the mob...starved the babies of the Indians; in the mines, the men died of fatigue and starvation ; on the farms, women are dying from the same cause."

The occurrence of these troubles is actually due to the word "entrustment" in the "entrusted guardianship system" itself.This is an agent system, rather than the vertical management that has been used throughout China.

Gao Yu’s practice in southern Xinjiang is completely different from this. In fact, all countries in southern Xinjiang have vertical management systems.The actual managers on the heads of the kings of various countries are the "Jinghua Advisory Group", and these advisory groups are directly under Gao Yushi himself, and they are ultimately responsible for Gao Yushi himself.

And the officials at all levels of the subordinate countries in southern Xinjiang are appointed by Jinghua, and this appointment system except for a few areas (such as Cenhuang and other chieftains are hereditary due to their merits), the rest of the appointment system is a system of officials—that is, it cannot be hereditary. , It all depends on the assignment from above.This makes local officials who want to improve their status can only "fascinate", that is, obediently listen to Jinghua and listen to high-level and pragmatic ones.It is completely impossible to be obedient to the Spanish court like the Spanish colonists and the colonial government.

The Spanish colonists and the colonial government were obsessed with each other?Yes, and it's a true obedience to obedience to yin.

The number of Indians continued to decline, and the Spanish court tried to improve the living conditions and quality of Indians several times, but all failed.Because the guardians believed that all the land in the colony was conquered with their own money and efforts, the land ownership and all rights and interests should belong to themselves, not to the royal family.

Therefore, the guardians were not convinced by the entrusted guardianship system and did not strictly abide by it. They often plundered the Indian lands in the guardianship area into their own hands and turned the royal property into their own property.

Then, they drove the Indians to mines, rivers, and remote mountains to dig precious metals, squeezed the Indians wantonly, and sometimes corrupted ink, seized the tribute paid by the Indians to the Spanish court, or used it as a threat to demand from the Spanish court. More rights.For example, expecting to maintain guardianship for life and hereditary to their descendants.

After the Spanish court learned of the colonial phenomenon, in order to prevent the guardians from enslaving the Indians without restriction, or even exterminating the Indians, they no longer tolerated their great rights.

Under such circumstances, the royal family formulated a series of decrees and orders, using both kindness and force, in an attempt to reduce the rights of the guardian, so as to strengthen the imperial court's rule over the colonies and Indians.

But very helplessly, the bureaucratic system of the Spanish colony was rotten, and the colonial officials were corrupt and bribed their guardians with huge sums of money for whatever they wanted.Some colonial officials were even guardians themselves, and the decrees, laws, systems and regulations they followed all served their own interests.

Many laws promulgated by the Spanish court to "protect" the Indians were resisted by the guardians, and in the end they were either ignored, shelved, or greatly discounted.

For example, the guardians increased the annual labor period for Indians to mine from 5 months to 9 months.Under such circumstances, the decrees made by the Spanish court could not be enforced at all, and there was even a popular saying among colonial bureaucrats - "I obey, but do not implement."

Isn't this a clear statement of obedience and violation?As I said just now, Jinghua's vertical management system is the fundamental guarantee to prevent this phenomenon. If it is not for vertical management, the people below will have enough ways to obey others.

However, vertical management is not easy to implement, it also needs a foundation.

The Spanish guardians in America are themselves one of the main forces to ensure the security of the colonies. Whenever their rights and interests are damaged, they will carry out "strikes" or revolt.In the end, the Spanish court could only compromise with the guardians of the colonies, and the continuous expansion of the power of the guardians caused the disintegration of the social organization of the Indians and the massive extinction of the population.

[Continued from the previous chapter, this chapter mainly compares the specific differences and different impacts of the entrusted guardianship system in Spain and the Jinghua Southern Xinjiang management system. Friends who are not interested in the system are advised not to subscribe. 】

A small number of officials sent from Spain to the American colonies could not change this phenomenon in the colonies. They were strongly suppressed by the colonial powers, and they were either isolated by the colonists or joined forces with the guardians.

Here we can clearly see the difference between Spain's rule of the Americas and Jinghua's rule of southern Xinjiang: What is the basis for Jinghua's rule of southern Xinjiang?It is the major security forces.

I don't need you to open up territories for me, and I don't need you to suppress rebellions and bandits for me.All the force is in my own hands, if you want to oppose me, what do you have to oppose?
Except for the Cen and Huang families and a few former Guangxi chieftains who moved to the town, all the military forces in southern Xinjiang are in the hands of Jinghua.And Gao Yushi uses the personnel system and logistics system to control the garrison in two directions. Therefore, in the final analysis, there is one and only one source of all power, that is, Gao Yushi himself.

The former chieftains of Guangxi, represented by the Cen and Huang families, were the biggest exception to the political and military system in southern Xinjiang.However, since the power of the Huang family is actually mainly in the hands of Huang Zhiting, and Huang Zhiting is a highly pragmatic wife, this chieftain power was divided into two even though it was far less powerful than Jinghua.

It can be said that as long as the Cen family does not replace a mentally retarded "patriarch" as the main branch, it is impossible to consider rebelling, or to put pressure on the "court" in turn like the Spanish colonial government.

Of course, this is also the reason why Gao Wushi knew that Huang Zhiting would be very difficult to deal with the Nanzhang incident, but he did not pretend to be generous to Huang Yinglei.

The reason is very simple. The retaining of chieftains in southern Xinjiang is a special product under special conditions. If you don’t change your land and return it to the locals, it is based on the marriage between Gao and Huang. Now you still want to expand your power, so I can still pretend to follow Are you polite?

Gao Pragmatic is a person of the school of pragmatism, and what he pays most attention to is never the name of benevolence and generosity.
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(End of this chapter)