Daming Yuanfu

Generally speaking, whether it is military honors or a group of generals, in the early days of the Ming Dynasty, they were actually the same thing, but one focused on showing the top of the group, and the other expressed it more comprehensively.In short, it actually refers to the officer group that grew up with the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang until Ding Ding Tianxia.But as time went by, it was later generally called the Xungui Group.

In the early Ming Dynasty, taxes could be collected. In addition to the large number of "middle class" bearing the taxes, another reason was the long-term existence of a hereditary privileged class that not only legally exempted themselves from taxes, but also forced the wealthy classes such as officials and gentry to pay more. ——Xungui Group.

People of later generations always regard the eunuchs in the middle and late Ming Dynasty as very powerful - obviously this is wrong, it is not the eunuchs who are powerful, but the imperial power behind the eunuchs - but they ignore the existence of nobles.However, in fact, Xungui has always been an important part of the Ming Dynasty's power game.The reason why Gao Pragmatic first attracted the Xungui Group as early as his boyhood was precisely because he understood this in his "previous life".Let’s talk specifically about how he came to this conclusion.

From the God's perspective of future generations, Zhu Yuanzhang's ideal is actually "the Ming Dynasty and the nobles share the world."The powerful Jinyiwei, mainly composed of the descendants of the nobles of the Ming Dynasty, were not only one of the manifestations of the Ming Dynasty royal family's "sharing the world with the nobles and nobles", but also an important assistant to the emperor of the Ming Dynasty in collecting taxes.

However, the Xungui Group gradually lost power and was unable to continue to force the wealthy classes such as officials and gentry to pay more taxes.So the question is, why did the Xungui Group lose power?Many people's first reaction must be: Tumu Fort Change.

This answer is correct, but it is not simply because of the Tumu Fortress Incident that "Xungui was wiped out" - how could Xungui be wiped out?How many nobles have lost their heirs because of the Tumubao Incident?Don’t all the dukes, marquises and uncles have someone to inherit them?

In fact, it is because starting from the Tumu Fortress, the Ming Dynasty underwent a major change in the military aristocratic group.In the early days, the old nobles who were able to fight and train soldiers suffered serious losses. The noble families had internal gaps in military skills. As a result, the younger generation of nobles who later came to the throne had no military skills to pass on, and they did not know what the Fifth Army Governor's Office was supposed to do. What—even if you knew it, you wouldn’t be able to do anything about it.

As a result, the guards at all levels, which had always been managed by the Fifth Army Governor's Mansion, completely lost control. In a short period of time, they were rapidly corrupted and their power declined sharply.Especially the inland guards, it didn't take long before they completely lost their combat effectiveness.The Border Guards are slightly better, because they face the war directly. Even if the loss in inheritance is not small, the war itself can teach them what to do, but this will cause a great loss.

Having said that, what else can we do at this point?Battalion soldiers who could only be recruited through taxation replaced the large number of fleeing and underfed guardsmen and became the main force in maintaining the rule of the Ming Dynasty.

At the same time, due to the outstanding performance of military civilian officials represented by Yu Qian in the crisis that followed the Tumubao Incident, military civilian officials with imperial examination background gradually replaced the nobles and mastered most of the actual combat-effective military forces of the Ming Dynasty.

Since the Tumubao Incident was the starting point of the Ming Dynasty's "emphasis on literature over military affairs" and the rise of civilian power, some modern opinions have a conspiracy theory when mentioning the Tumubao Incident, believing that the Xungui Group was "plotted" by the civil servant group.

In fact, there are not so many conspiracies. At most, the Tumu Fort Incident only wiped out a generation of old nobles in the northern region. The descendants of the noble nobles in the north and the noble nobles in the southern region are all still alive!
Even though the power of the Jingnan clan has declined severely due to the attrition of the Battle of Tumubao, the power of the nobles in the northern and southern capitals of the Ming Dynasty still cannot be ignored.Because the Beijing Camp and Jinyi Guards that protect the two capitals of the North and South have always been and have always been under the control of nobles!
In other words, the emperor himself has always been under the protection of the Xungui Group!The ultimate reason why the "Holy King" of Chongzhen could easily get rid of Wei Zhongxian was that Wei Zhongxian had no way to take the Beijing Camp and the Jinyi Guards away from the noble hands.Think about it, the British prince at that time, Wei Zhongxian, who was known as the "[-]-year-old", didn't have to be polite or even behaved when he met others?
So the fact is that after the Tumubao Incident at the latest, the Xungui Group in the Ming Dynasty (at least the Jingnan Xungui Group in the north) was like the Eight Banners disciples in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and they no longer knew how to fight.The civil servant group represented by Yu Qian used the military victory in the defense of Beijing to prove that they were better at fighting than the decadent hereditary military aristocracy of the Ming Dynasty.

After Yu Qian, a large number of military strategists with civilian backgrounds such as Wang Shouren, Tan Lun, Zhu Wan, Xiong Tingbi, Sun Chengzong, Sun Chuanting, and Lu Xiangsheng appeared in the Ming Dynasty.Compared with the old hereditary military aristocrats, these military civil servants who came from the imperial examination were more motivated, and the soldiers they hired were more effective in fighting, and they soon grew into the "mainstay" of the Ming Dynasty's military.

Of course, in addition to military and civilian officials, the generals group is not in a state of collapse.In the late Ming Dynasty, there were also a group of "new nobles" who came from the lower class and rose to power in the war, such as Ma Fang, Liu Xian, Li Chengliang, Wu Xiang, Zheng Zhilong, Zuo Liangyu, Jiangbei Four Towns, etc.This group of people was divided into the last years of Wanli. The group after the boundary gradually became warlords. The Ming Dynasty court gradually could not control them, let alone expect them to pay taxes or assist in tax collection. If they could only ask the court for military expenditures, they would have to burn high incense. .

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, there were many generals who came from the old military aristocracy. For example, the main generals in the court at this stage, such as Ma Gui, had been in the army for at least several generations (the so-called "several generations" only refers to the time of their rise. In fact, their ancestors may also be military households. , but his status is not high), but if he wants to be called a military strategist, Gao Pragmatic believes that so far there is only one Qi Jiguang.

Although Qi Jiguang came from an old military aristocracy, his rise was no different from that of those military and civilian officials - he did not rely on the guards to fight the war, nor did he rely on the "house servants" carefully selected by the guards as the backbone, but he was completely "made from scratch." , Recruit your own battalions to build a new army.

In fact, if his father had not died early, which forced Qi Jiguang to interrupt his studies and return home to inherit his father's hereditary military attache position, he would have probably taken the imperial examination to become a civil servant like Zhang Juzheng, Shi Kefa, and Ma Shiying who also came from military families. Lu eventually became military and civilian officials like Xiong Tingbi, Sun Chengzong, Lu Xiangsheng, and Sun Chuanting.Qi Jiguang's good writings are recorded in history, and "Zhi Zhitang Collection" has been circulated in the world. This may be the reason.

In short, the so-called "emphasis on civil service over military power" in the Ming Dynasty is not necessarily the natural discrimination of civil servants against military men, but "political power emerges from the barrel of a gun" - as the military force controlled by the civil service group became increasingly powerful, it became the de facto defender of the Ming Dynasty. , so they can not only look down on the declining Xungui Group, but also try to win various privileges that were originally only available to the Xungui Group, including "tax exemption".

Although until the end, the civil service group was not able to legally exempt taxes, it was no longer possible for the Ming Dynasty to rely on the force of the nobility group to force the gentry class who were closely related to the civil service group to pay taxes.

There is an interesting point here that is worth explaining: Gao Pragmatic is also a member of the civil service group. From the perspective of "people cannot betray the class they belong to", is his current behavior very problematic?After all, the power he wants to take away now is essentially the power of the military generals group to take over the military households. After taking it away, he will have to transform the generals group so that they can revive and train an elite army capable of fighting again.

In this way, the military general group has elite soldiers in its hands and can fight again. Doesn't it in turn have the power to check and balance the civilian group?From the looks of it, wouldn't Gao Pragmatic go against his own interests by doing this?

the answer is negative.The reason is actually very simple: Gaowu Reality now has special characteristics.

Gao Pragmatic was a civil servant, but he was also a nobleman. Although his title of Marquis of Nanning was nominally a "civilian title", in fact everyone knew that the real and direct reason was the defeat of Chahar.It's just that because "civilian officials" are valuable now, the emperor insisted on giving him the title of "civilian official title".

Coupled with the fact that Gao Pragmatic has commanded several very large-scale operations over the years, almost all the military leaders in the towns of Jiubian took orders under him. The various military reforms he carried out with the support of the emperor also made all the military leaders more capable. The military leader had to bow down to him.As a result, he has established some kind of superior-subordinate relationship with most of the first-line military giants, forming some kind of strange community of interests.

Gao Wuzhi is unique now. He is not only the leader of the Pragmatic School with the most power within the civil service group, but also the leader of the interests of the Xungui Group, and the recognized leader of the Military Generals Family Group.It can even be added that he is the emperor's approved arm and shoulder minister.

The interests of all parties are tied together!
No one can transcend everything in the court at this moment, and then carry out reforms in this state of transcendence.In this case, Gao pragmatism simply goes in the opposite direction, connects the interests of all parties to himself, and then uses this identity to mediate the conflicts of interests of all parties, and finally forms a certain balance.

This is bound to be difficult, but it is also the only way to have a chance of success.Why is Gao Pragmatic so sure this is the only right path?Because there is another "transcendental" way that someone actually tried in the original history: the Holy King Chongzhen.

Although the old noble group has declined, and new warlords like Li Chengliang and Zheng Zhilong have no intention of offending the gentry on behalf of the court, the civil service group has never been monolithic, and the factional struggles between them are fierce, and there are also some who want to A civil servant who solved financial problems for the Ming Dynasty.

For example, Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng in original history actually had such thoughts, and to some extent, they temporarily alleviated the financial problems of the Ming Dynasty.

When Ye Xianggao was the chief minister, another group of civil servants who were later labeled as the "Donglin Party" tried to carry out thorough reforms through the equalization of land and equal service.Unfortunately, former Prime Minister Qian Longxi and other high-ranking opposition officials rose up in opposition, and secondly, some "eunuchs" also rose up in opposition. Except for a small promotion in a small area of ​​Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it was completely declared bankrupt.

Most of the so-called "Eunuch Party" are actually civil servants. The struggle between the "Eunuch Party" and the "Donglin Party" is actually a struggle between two major civil servant groups.

Let's not worry about how to divide the "Donglin Party" here ("Dianjianglu of Donglin" is essentially just a "blacklist of eunuchs"). There is no unified and powerful "Ming Dynasty Civil Service Group" in some people's minds. There is only Various interest groups that dislike each other.

Is the pragmatic school headed by Gao Pragmatism now considered an interest group?Same thing.If I have to put it a little higher, it’s just that this interest group is more in line with the characteristics of the progress of the times because it has the time-traveler Gao Pragmatic controlling the rudder.

In any case, the factional struggles among the civil servant groups in the late Ming Dynasty in turn extended the financial life of the Ming Dynasty to a certain extent.When the "middle class" went bankrupt in large numbers and the gentry group was ineffective, there would always be a group of civil servants who, besides fighting against the hostile civil servant faction, would consciously or unconsciously take over the function of the gentry and help the emperor to defeat the hostile faction of officials and gentry. , the rich collect taxes.

However, this political state in which civil servants fought against each other and the court took advantage of others ended in the Chongzhen Dynasty.Because the politically naive and mean-spirited Saint Chongzhen offended all the interest groups in the Ming Dynasty.

First, after Chongzhen came to power, he killed Wei Zhongxian and attacked the "Eunuch Party", which offended the official and gentry forces behind the "Eunuch Party"; then, Chongzhen reduced the power of Jin Yiwei at the request of the "Donglin Party", indirectly offending Xun Xun. Your Group.

According to past rules, Chongzhen should form a political alliance with the interest group then known as the "Donglin Party" to "share the world."But it happened that at this time, Chongzhen fell out with the "Donglin Party" - a certain faction of Jiangnan officials and gentry that was later defined as the "Donglin Party". Since the beginning of the year, there have only been a few decorations, and it has always been nothing more than an "opposition party."The most terrible thing is that from then on, Chongzhen no longer trusted any political faction, or in other words, he refused to cooperate with any political faction anymore, truly achieving "aloofness from everything."Starting from supporting the "non-party person" Wen Tiren, he gradually embarked on the dead end of being a "lonely man".

From then on, he not only no longer relied on any "party" forces, but also dismissed and executed many "ministers of the country" in his eyes. In the 17 years of Chongzhen's reign, he replaced fifty academicians and fourteen military officers. Shangshu, 11 governors or governors were killed or forced to commit suicide, 11 governors were killed, and one was forced to death.The most noteworthy thing is that Chongzhen even killed Chen Xinjia, who negotiated with the Manchus for him.

It can be said that none of the civil servants who were reused by Chongzhen had a good ending.Comparing oneself with others, how can such a boss have employees who really work hard for him?With a sage like Chongzhen on the throne, which civil servant out of his mind would still be willing to collect taxes seriously for the court?

It is worth mentioning that when Li Zicheng's army was approaching the city and the Yanjing court was looking at the end, Chongzhen called on the ministers to donate money to support the military expenditure.The officials suggested that the royal family should pay first. What do you think Chongzhen did?He first beheaded the person who made the suggestion, and then continued to ask all officials to pay!
Oh, now the company is going bankrupt. You, the boss, think that major shareholders should not contribute money and let employees and small shareholders contribute money. In the end, when the company goes bankrupt and liquidated, you still blame it, saying that the company's problems are all caused by employees. , I, the largest shareholder and boss, have no problems at all!
Do you want to be ashamed?Is it okay to have a few facial expressions?
Therefore, it is absolutely impossible to be aloof from everything. We must bundle our interests and then strike a balance between the interests of all parties. Don't be afraid of trouble or difficulties.It is sometimes difficult to balance the interests within a family. Is it not difficult to balance the interests within such a large country?But that doesn't mean you don't have to do it. If you don't do it, the country will be destroyed.

It is precisely because of the difficulty that Gao Pragmatism divided the reform into so many steps, taking it step by step and taking decades to slowly realize it.If he has the same personality as Chongzhen and thinks that I am the best in the world and that I know the direction of the development of the times, and you listen to me now, first do this and then do this and then do that... Then let alone reform, he will not survive more than three chapters.

Closer to home, as mentioned earlier, in addition to corvee and taxation, the feudal regime also had "other fiscal revenue."

Except for "borrowing", which is available in European countries but almost non-existent in China, all other incomes are available in the Ming Dynasty.However, due to China's national conditions and the historical limitations of the Ming Dynasty, these revenues either could not be used for national finance, or they had a counterproductive effect.

Although the original government-run factories of the Ming Dynasty declined due to the development of the commodity economy, and were simply abandoned after the Gao pragmatic reform, and even the military industry began to take the path of private ownership, the land owned by the royal family and the land owned by the Wei Dynasty is still huge ( The emperor's own palace is almost sold out).

In other words, even if there is not a penny of tax revenue, the Ming Dynasty can still theoretically support about 100 million elite troops just by relying on the income from royal lands and guard fields.However, the reality is that so many fields only support some royal family members and military households with a nominal number of one million, and the latter are all starved to death.

The reason is easy to find: uneven distribution.To put it simply, the rich will die rich and the poor will die poor.Even though Gao Pragmatic has opened the vassal ban and saved the court huge expenses, the vassal king and the Xungui Group are still very rich now.Theoretically speaking, if the wealth of these two factions can be used effectively, even if they are unable to fight the war themselves, they can still spend money to recruit soldiers or subsidize military salaries.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the case of Zhou Wang Zhu Gong's failure to defend Kaifeng proved that even if there was only one Ming vassal king willing to pay, the peasant uprising could encounter great setbacks.If all Ming vassals were willing to pay, the Ming Dynasty might not be unable to continue.

However, something more interesting happened in the late Ming Dynasty.For example, in 1636, King Zhu Yujian of the Tang Dynasty refused to receive financial appropriations from the imperial court and raised his own military expenses to organize an army to go north to "King Qin". Then he ended up being imprisoned in Fengyang Prison by Chongzhen. Due to the historical influence of the "Battle of Jingnan", the Ming Dynasty's influence on the vassal Wang Zhangbing was very vigilant.

Perhaps stimulated by the "Battle of Jingnan" and the imprisonment of the Tang king, as well as some other reasons, no one in the Ming Dynasty vassal kings funded the military anymore.It was not until 1641 that the old Fu King Zhu Changxun was cooked into a "Fu Lu Banquet" by the peasant army. The Zhou King Zhu Gongzhen, who was deeply stimulated again, finally took the political risk of being sent to prison by Chongzhen and paid for the Ming army to defend the city...

According to the rules of "family world" in feudal society, the private property income of the royal family should have been the main source of financial revenue for the feudal court, and the male members of the family should be senior officers of the feudal army.As a result, by the Ming Dynasty, it was a crime for clans and vassal kings to be in charge of military affairs, and not many vassal kings dared or were willing to fund military expenditures. Only the emperor's personal internal funds could finance the finances.When Chongzhen spent all the money left by his grandfather, the Ming Dynasty also perished.

In addition to the vassal kings, the Ming Dynasty also had many nobles, officials, and local powerful factions. In theory, they all had the ability to raise their own military expenses and build their own armies to save the Ming Dynasty.Haven’t you seen that many time travel novels about the late Ming Dynasty take the route of “rich people saving the Ming Dynasty” as their theme?There are not many self-built armed forces like Gao Pragmatic who did not join the Ming army. Instead, they went "abroad" to mix.In fact, the local tyrants can only save the Ming Dynasty in the "late period", because at that time, the Ming court will probably not be able to destroy you...

The funny thing in real history is that no matter how rich and powerful the "tycoons" who wanted to save the Ming Dynasty were, they all ended badly!
Lu Xiangsheng established farming in Xuanfu and Datong, and solved the military expenditure problem of the Ming army under his command without the need for financial allocations.He advocated the resistance against the Qing Dynasty, defended the capital, and won every battle. However, he was framed by the eunuch Gao Qiqian and was dismissed from his post as minister.In the 12th year of Chongzhen (1639), he led his troops to be surrounded by the Qing army in Julujiazhuang. As a result, he could not save his troops from hiding, and he died on the battlefield due to all the artillery and arrows.

Sun Chuanting relied on the intellectuals cultivated by his family to rebuild the military garrison system in Shaanxi. Without the need for financial allocations from the Ming Dynasty, he developed more than 1 Qin troops by garrisoning.Later, the court became wary of Sun Chuanting, causing Sun Chuanting to almost become Mao Wenlong's second.Although Sun Chuanting was not unjustly killed like Mao Wenlong, Chongzhen's "blind command" still tricked Sun Chuanting to death in the end.

Xu Du, a die-hard loyalist and patriotic fan, "scattered money to recruit warriors" and organized militia and forged weapons at his own expense to prepare for chaos.As a result, the county magistrate Yao Sundi reported him to Supervisor Wang Xiong because he failed to ask for bribes, saying that Xu Du planned to gather people to rebel...

In fact, Xu Du's social relations are already very tough. 99% of the protagonists in Ming Chuan's novels who take the route of "rich people saving Ming" are definitely not as good as him in terms of background.However, it is a complete tragedy that such a character was finally forced to rebel and then trapped and killed.

You see, this is the fate of a "local tycoon" who saves Daming. You want to save Daming's life, but Daming wants your life!
Look at high pragmatism!He rarely brought his own armed servants with him on his previous expeditions, and even if he did, he would only bring some accompanying guards. This is the reason.It is true that you are a civil servant, but you can only lead the imperial army on expeditions, but you cannot lead an army of your own to conquer the world and shock all the barbarians, because only in this way will the imperial court not suspect that you are plotting to rebel.

It's not impossible for you to have a very capable servant, but you have to be like Gao Pragmatic, who usually only has no more than 3000 people in the villa on the outskirts of Beijing.At the same time, you have to personally select the location for the more than 6 imperial guards, known as the "No. [-] Army in the World," to be the Beijing North Camp - this camp is located more than ten miles away from where your three thousand servants are stationed.Only in this way can the emperor say: "I know your love and loyalty very well."

Other ways to make money include issuing currency, including precious metal coins and banknotes.As mentioned above, the Ming Dynasty’s most important source of official income was Ming Dynasty banknotes.The methods of using force to enforce banknotes, issuing excessive banknotes, and prohibiting gold and silver transactions were already implemented in the early Ming Dynasty. Anti-counterfeiting of banknotes, banknotes for salary payments, and banknotes for tax collection were also considered.However, the Ming Dynasty's excessive issuance of banknotes quickly caused the Ming Dynasty's banknotes to lose their credibility and actually withdraw from circulation.

In the mid-Ming Dynasty, because the treasure banknotes given to officials and nobles as wages and bonuses could not buy goods but could pay part of the tax, "money accounts" appeared that specialized in reselling Ming Dynasty treasure banknotes.But it is the dignitaries and "money households" who resell banknotes who benefit, and both the national finance and the common people at the bottom suffer.

When Chongzhen came to power, even if he wanted to "issuance of banknotes indiscriminately", it would not work - not to mention that the credibility of the Ming Dynasty's banknotes had long been lost. At that time, the Ming Dynasty could not even collect the "banknote paper" needed to print new banknotes.This problem was solved pragmatically in advance, and the banknotes of the Ming Fed actually replaced the imperial banknotes.

As for the precious metal currency, this income is high and pragmatically obtained from trade by controlling Japan and signing a trade agreement with the Spanish Empire. However, there is currently a "small problem" in Japan and needs to wait for subsequent developments.But in any case, this high-income and pragmatic money was not handed over to the court, and it was considered to be withheld by himself.

Then there is another type of income that is obtained through war and plunder.There are many small countries in Europe, coupled with overseas colonial activities, the main targets of war and plunder are the wealth of other European countries and the indigenous colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.Even if there is no war, by controlling and plundering the finances of dependent countries, colonies, and semi-colonial countries, many European countries can solve their fiscal revenue problems without taxing their own citizens or taxing them at a low rate.

During the Han Dynasty, China had basically included all the best land in East Asia and established a unified dynasty. It basically suffered losses from wars with neighboring countries. On the contrary, it could only obtain sufficient fiscal revenue by fighting civil wars and robbing its own people. .

By the end of the Ming Dynasty, anti-imperial armed forces such as the Peasant Army and the Qing Qing could temporarily solve financial problems through military plunder and obtain military expenditures for the future seizure of power.So for the Ming Dynasty, the military plunder of "soldiers are like a grate, officials are like a shave" can only accelerate their demise.

However, at this point, Gao Pragmatic opened a new skill tree for Ming Dynasty through the Battle of Yunnan and Burma: Who said that if Burma is poor, I can't squeeze out oil and water?It doesn't matter if you have no land or fields, I will take whatever you have on the land. If it doesn't work in ten years or twenty years, I can always recoup the cost of the war and even make a small profit.

Finally, there is the income obtained through “selling official positions” and “selling land”.Different from the previous incomes, income from “selling official positions” cannot become the main revenue of the government regardless of ancient or modern times.However, Gao pragmatically used the excuse that there will be many disasters this year and instituted a three-level MG system. How much it can be sold will depend on the statistics at the end of the year.

In terms of "selling land", the most appropriate method in ancient times was the land military service system in which you gave me a "fief" and I served as a soldier to fight for you.However, in the era of a unified dynasty with an expanding population, this approach could not last long and would usually be replaced by the military recruitment system in about 100 years. As mentioned above, Gao Pragmatic was also about to reform the system.

There are all kinds of things like this. Looking at it all, the first step is to settle the group of nobles and generals who have a lot of land at hand, but their strength is far less than in the past, and regain control of the land that has been divided up in the military camp.

Although later data about military settlements in the late Ming Dynasty often conflict, it is often recorded that there were 9300 million acres of military settlements in the early Ming Dynasty, and only 2800 million acres were left in the late Ming Dynasty.Not to mention that the Ming Dynasty often opened new military camps even in the middle and late stages of the Ming Dynasty. The difference here alone is already as high as 6500 million acres...

It wouldn’t be bad to get these 6500 million acres back!With the planned four-level military system of A, B, C and D, wouldn’t this solve more than half of the expenses? ——
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