History of Human Space Exploitation

Chapter 19 Work Notes

宇宙纪元1193年7月1日19时00分

Singularity departed from the Schwartz NO.29317317 space station, which is 1971 light-seconds away from the black hole B17, and flew towards this medium-sized black hole.

The earliest person to predict the existence of black holes should be the astronomy pioneer John Michel, a British pastor. He wrote a letter to Cavendish. This letter was received on November 1783, 11 and published in "Nature Journal of the Scientific Society.Later, after nearly 27 years, mankind knew more about the newer.That is, the Chandrasekhar limit, which represents an upper limit of 200 solar masses for white dwarfs, and the Oppenheimer limit, which represents an upper limit for neutron stars of 1.4 to solar masses.

Generally speaking, a main-sequence star with an initial mass greater than 3 solar masses should have a high probability of collapsing into a black hole at the end of its evolution.

The black hole B29317317 is a Schwarzschild black hole with a mass of 5.7 solar masses.It has no angular momentum and no electric charge.Although the black hole has no hair theorem, the fixed black hole solution can be completely described by the three parameters of the Kerr-Newman metric: mass, angular momentum and charge, and people cannot distinguish black holes with the same two parameters.However, thanks to the fifteen-digit ternary coordinate system currently used by human beings, we can determine the position coordinates of every object in the macroscopic or microscopic state in the universe.

In general, black holes fall into three categories, namely charged Ressler-Nordstrom black holes or rotating Kerr black holes, and Schwarzschild black holes.

宇宙纪元1193年7月2日19时30分

Well, the Singularity is already approaching the black hole's accretion disk!

Under the drag of the gravity of the black hole, the singularity reaches a speed of 5.00 kilometers per second, which is [-]% of the speed of light.In the next few days, the spacecraft will maintain this speed under the reverse thrust of twenty powerful dark matter annihilation drive engines.Otherwise, the gravitational time dilation effect of the Singularity will exceed the limit that humans can correct.

Here, introduce the Pauli Exclusion Principle: In quantum mechanics, the Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two identical fermions cannot be in the same quantum state.The Pauli exclusion principle keeps neutron stars stable.Assuming that the mass of the neutron star increases by attracting more matter, the Schwarzschild radius of the neutron star will become larger.When the Schwarzschild radius of the neutron star is greater than the physical radius of the neutron star, then on the surface of the neutron star, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, which means that the event horizon has covered the entire neutron star, and the neutron star has become a black hole.

宇宙纪元1193年7月3日19点07分

Very well very well, the Singularity has pretty much maintained 24% of the speed of light for the past 5.00 hours.This achievement has broken the best limit that scientists and pioneer engineers have been able to do in detecting neutron stars in the past 500 years.It also surpassed the maximum reverse thrust that Haiyan could release to protect its own structure when the Eagle Emperor was buried and approached the white dwarf.

An object from the outside of a black hole passes through its event horizon, and then quickly falls into its central region, where our physics breaks down.Because inside a black hole, the forward cone of light points toward the center, and the backward cone of light points toward the outside of the black hole, we can't even define time reversal in the normal way.The only way an object can escape a black hole is through Hawking radiation.

In the case of a black hole, this phenomenon means that matter spins at the speed at which relativity applies, which is the only way to balance the enormous gravitational force of the singularity in a central way, thus maintaining the speed of the orbit above the event horizon.

宇宙纪元1193年7月3日19点09分

Singularity arrived near the photon sphere of the black hole B29317317, from here to the edge of the event horizon is very close.

The photon sphere is a zero-thickness spherical boundary, and any photon passing by on a tangent path to the photon sphere will be trapped in a circular orbit around the black hole.For a non-rotating black hole, the radius of the photon sphere is 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius.

Well, another calm but tense 24 hours.I can see the excitement and worry of colleagues around me. For the first launch of a spacecraft into a black hole, everyone with a little scientific knowledge should know the prospects and risks involved.

In the past, one type of theory about black hole information is that information is gradually released as the black hole evaporates.The advantage of this theory is that it is intuitively appealing because it is qualitatively similar to information recovery in classical combustion processes.And the theory also has shortcomings, which are quite different from classical and semiclassical gravity theory (which does not allow information to leak from the inside of black holes), even in the case of giant black holes.

宇宙纪元1193年7月4日19点17分

Nine hours earlier, one of the twenty fusion engines on the Singularity had malfunctioned and shut down.Such accidents were naturally anticipated when the project began to prepare.

We commanded the robot on the spacecraft to repair this engine, and performed a secondary operation and maintenance on the remaining 29 engines.The whole process lasted one hour and [-] minutes.Originally, if there were twice as many robots on the spacecraft, the maintenance would be completed faster.However, everyone knows that if the mass of the spacecraft is too large, it will be subjected to the acceleration brought by a larger black hole during the process of falling into the black hole, so that twenty engines cannot overcome it.

During the 89-minute restoration, the Singularity was once traveling at nearly 7 percent of the speed of light.After 5.00 minutes of afterburning all the engines, the speed of the spacecraft returned to the "safe" [-]% of the speed of light.

宇宙纪元1193年7月5日21时23分

The Singularity came into view.Because of the effect of gravity, the communication efficiency between us and the Singularity is now reduced to one thousandth of the original.

More than 100 years ago, a scientist named Wells invented the communication method we call "Wells information flow" by chance.The basic principle of the information flow in Wells is that, through the Planck space, the disturbance peak-to-valley difference with the size of one billionth of a gluon is used, and the energy of the order of millroentgen is used to achieve information within a million light-years. Implement dissemination.Under such a mechanism, each information source distributor only needs to have a brain-sized miniature fusion communicator, and without any relay device or any intermediate storage medium, it can Broadcast information within the range or send one-to-one, one-to-many encrypted information.

In the past, because the communication method relied on the high-power relay quantum communication space stations at both ends of each star tunnel, although the information transmitted at the speed of light did not need to pass through the interstellar gaps of tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of light-years, the fact is that In the vast space of the universe, the communication period between the farthest ends of human beings still reaches seven standard months.Furthermore, the high-power relay quantum communication space station requires extremely high maintenance costs and permanent personnel due to its inherent instability in principle. It can barely maintain its operation in the era when the entire human universe is in peaceful development, but when the entire universe is in its own right In times of decline or decline, many remote star regions have truly become information islands.

In the past, we didn't know whether this communication mechanism working on the Planck scale could resist the strong gravity, tidal force and Hawking radiation of black holes.Prior to this, we deployed 29317317 Welsh information flow communication relay satellites at the edge of the event horizon of the B930 black hole with a circumference of about [-] AU.It seems that these satellites have indeed played the role we imagined.

In 1974, Hawking predicted that black holes, which are not completely black, radiate a small amount of thermal radiation at a certain temperature; this effect is called Hawking radiation.By applying quantum field theory to the background of a static black hole, he determined that the black hole should emit particles exhibiting a perfect black-body spectrum.Since Hawking's publication, many people have verified the results by various methods.

If Hawking's theory is correct, black holes lose mass due to the emission of photons and other particles, shrinking and evaporating over time.The temperature of this thermal spectrum (the Hawking temperature) is directly proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole; for a Schwarzschild black hole like this one entered by the Singularity, the temperature is inversely proportional to the mass.Therefore, large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes.

If a black hole evaporates via Hawking radiation, a solar-mass black hole would evaporate within 10 years once the temperature of the cosmic microwave background drops below that of the black hole.A supermassive black hole with a mass 1000 billion times that of the sun will evaporate in about 2000 billion years.When superclusters collapse, some of the monster black holes in the universe continue to grow to trillions of solar masses.But even such black holes evaporate over trillions of years
For the first time, humans can receive information within the event horizon of a black hole!

宇宙纪元1193年7月6日11时39分

Haha, if we all have to believe that the alchemy furnace of the Taishang Laojun in "Journey to the West" is a black hole.The high-level instrument that can rearrange the atomic structure at will to obtain new matter, if it is not a miniature black hole, it seems that it cannot explain how to achieve such a result except using metaphysical methods.

Iron rain, degenerate states, particle states, and other states of matter flow that we are still analyzing data, bombarded our precious Singularity like a torrential rain.Three and ten minutes longer than we expected, the Singularity is truly a marvel of science and engineering for our species.It actually persisted for thirteen hours in such harsh wind and rain!
These thirteen hours may be the most important thirteen hours of observation time in the history of our human physics.It can be predicted that the massive observational data we obtained during these thirteen hours will have an immeasurable effect on future basic science.These data cannot be obtained in any man-made high-energy collider, nor can it be simulated by any supercomputer.

Perhaps, we have really taken a big step forward in the distance from human beings knowing the ultimate secret of the universe.

After the Singularity persisted for the precious thirteen hours, it was "noodled" by the huge gravity of the black hole.

Spaghettiization, also known as spaghettiization or spaghetti effect, refers to the phenomenon that occurs when an object approaches a black hole or a massive celestial body.Stephen Hawking once described that any object that enters the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole will become elongated like spaghetti due to the gravitational influence of the black hole.Spaghettiing can also occur in a star, when an object enters the stellar Roche limit and begins to be twisted by strong tidal forces, eventually spaghettining.

Note: Most of the physics knowledge in this article comes from related entries on Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org).If you want to read the original related articles, please visit the Wikipedia website.

(End of this chapter)