Haisheng Mingdi

Chapter 692
Zhu Yihai returned to the manor after the meal, and proposed that Baita Temple should be converted into a primary school and also serve as a communal warehouse.

Originally, there were free warehouses in the counties and townships, and the grain was donated by the mu, and two liters per mu. The free warehouse has actually become a compulsory tax for free warehouses. The Yicang Council is composed of respected gentry elected by the local area to manage and supervise.

The righteous warehouse grain is also dedicated to free relief for the victims of disasters.

Now Zhu Yihai proposes to build communal warehouses in various places, or it can be called Baojiacang. The communal warehouses are a self-help model for the people to form associations. The imperial court borrows rice from Changping warehouses as warehouse capital, or it can be lent by large households, or a part of it can be pulled out from official fields. The official land is used as the storehouse, or the rented rice is based on the income from renting out the land.

There are two ways to operate the warehouses, both of which are government-supervised and civilian-managed.One is the lending method, in which the communal granary is loaned to the communes who ask for rice, and the rice will be returned to the granary together with the interest rice when the grain is harvested.The rule of interest rate for lending is two buckets of interest per stone of rice. In the year of grain failure, the interest rate will be halved. In the event of a severe famine, the interest rate will be waived.

When the warehouse capital is sufficient, the interest rate can also be reduced.

The main purpose of lending and collecting interest is to increase the value of the community warehouse and update the warehouse rice at the same time.In addition to lending, the communal warehouses also use a part of the warehouse rice for flat purchases. After the summer harvest, when the grain price is low, the grain is bought into the warehouse, and the rice is released from the warehouse when the grain price is high in winter and spring, which can adjust supply and demand and stabilize grain. You can even make a profit and increase your warehouse capital.

Community warehouses do not require mandatory donations. Rich people can donate voluntarily, or borrow grain for loans. Through loans and flat purchases, the interest rate can be increased and the long-term guarantee can be guaranteed.

This is a supplement to righteous warehouses, and generally a community warehouse is formed with one armor or one guarantee.

According to the current system, ten households have one license, ten licenses have one Jia, ten Jia have one guarantee, the standard one Jia is a hundred households, and one guarantee is a thousand households.

Building warehouses with Baojia as a unit can increase the people's help in coping with famine and even personal poverty. Even if one stone and one meter cost two buckets of interest, it is much better than usury.

"The people are the foundation of the country, and the foundation is the foundation of the country."

"Although the imperial court has Changping warehouses, and there are righteous warehouses in the local area, the associations of Baojia villagers can not only help themselves to prevent disasters, but also form associations and cooperate. For example, cooperative use of cattle, farming and sowing together, or joint harvesting, etc., to help each other and rob farming time , or usually cooperate in repairing canals and irrigation, mutual assistance in funerals, etc., are very helpful.

China has had this tradition of mutual assistance in the past, and it should be carried forward. "

Zhu Yihai suggested that it should be carried forward. It is best to divide a village into several communes, with ten households or a few cards as a commune, so that the personnel in the commune can better handle the important farming links such as plowing, harvesting, threshing, and threshing. Cooperate, help each other, and rob farming time.They can also use the site together, farm cattle, build water canals and roads together, and help each other in weddings and funerals.

Cooperatives can be relatively small, with ten or twenty or thirty cooperatives forming a single village.The communal warehouses can be larger, with several small communes or even Yijia or Yibao establishing a communal warehouse.

However, this cooperative has nothing to do with the later cooperatives and production teams in China. Now this cooperative only helps each other sometimes, rather than a collective.

This kind of cooperative is essentially an au pair and mutual assistance, which can improve efficiency and reduce costs.Help each other with things, and don't need to pay money.

This is neighborhood watch, which is based on geography, with farming and villages as the background of rural interpersonal relationships. It can not only help people farm and improve efficiency, but can even use this to gather strength to fight against the oppression of clans and gentry in the countryside.

Especially at this time, after the Great War and famine, many places lack cattle and horses, lack of farm tools, and water conservancy is out of repair. Even if the imperial court sells some official land to them at a low price, they can repay the loan in installments, but the people lack cattle, horses, farm tools, etc. , The efficiency is inevitably low. At this time, ten households and twenty households form associations and help each other, and use cattle and horses together.

It's like a lonely man and a widow living together. The man can do rough work, carry water and farm, and the woman can cook and wash, which is labor optimization.

During the slack season, we can also build water canals and houses together, and we can also help out at weddings and funerals without wages.

Some clans with large surnames have their own clan fields, Yizhuang, and even clan studies, clan warehouses, etc. can help and rescue clan members, but ordinary people do not have this kind of treatment, so it is necessary to organize everyone to form ancestors and help each other.

Although the imperial court set up a Baojia, it was only for management. The specific mutual assistance in agricultural production and daily life was still up to the villagers themselves.

"Changping warehouses and free warehouses are mainly used to provide relief to the people in the cities and towns of the prefectures and counties. There are still some shortages in the countryside, so we build communal warehouses, and the Changping warehouses draw rice from the warehouses. The government designated official land as the warehouse capital, and used this to loan rice to collect interest. , accumulating warehouse capital, can ensure long-term maintenance, not only to store rice for shortages, but also to help the people in peacetime."

The free warehouse is a compulsory payment of grain for the free warehouse according to the number of acres of land, and then it is also released free of charge to the victims of disasters, and usually to help orphans and widows.

The social warehouse is different, it is a kind of paid loan. Although the loan is only rice, it may become a credit union in the future. .

Of course, managing this stuff is a problem.

At this stage, rice is only stored and loaned to the needy social citizens, which is in line with the needs of the situation.

"Our Baita Village and Baita Panlonghuangzhuang can set up a communal warehouse, and [-] villagers can form ten or five cooperatives. The warehouse capital of this communal warehouse can be lent by Panlongzhuang as the warehouse capital. Handed over to the management of the community warehouse council, giving priority to lending to the villagers of our commune."

Cangmoto Zhu Yihai said that half of the grain was lent to the community warehouse and half was donated.

Spring release and autumn harvest, rice is distributed to the poor who ask for rice in the spring when there is no harvest, and it is returned after the autumn harvest.

Relief for the poor, suppression of mergers, and security are the starting points for building communal warehouses. In fact, for large households, the village is stable, and their property and life safety are also guaranteed.

If there is a famine and the people are starving, they will eat the big family at this time, and everyone will flock to the big family's house to eat. This situation cannot be stopped at all, unless the strength is strong, there is a compound or fortress, and guards with swords and guns Wait, this is the local Tuzhaiwubao.

But such big landlords with fortresses are a minority after all, and more small and medium landlords do not have this strength. Once the hungry people eat the big ones, they can only compromise honestly and let them be plundered.

Moreover, the community warehouses do not require rich households to make donations. The community warehouses can borrow rice from the official warehouses in Changping, and they can also borrow grain from large households. Stability is also of great benefit to them.

At the court level, people can have such a channel to help when they are in dire straits, so they don’t have to sell their land, or even pawn their wives and children, and they won’t be forced to take risks. This not only reduces turmoil, but also cracks down on powerful landlords who take the opportunity to lend usury. Even took the opportunity to annex the fields.

At the beginning of this year, the imperial court opened a new bank called Changping Guanghui Bank. As soon as the name is heard, it is related to the Changping Guanghui warehouse established by Wang Anshi and others in the Northern Song Dynasty. This bank is first of all a bank, and secondly they have two special benefits for farmers. They are called Green Crops Loan and Huinong Loan.

People who want to cultivate fields, build water canals, buy cattle and seeds, etc., can apply for loans from this bank, and the interest is very low.It is a good policy to benefit farmers and help farmers. When there is no harvest, you can also directly borrow grain from the Changping warehouse, and repay it after the harvest, with low interest.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Qingmiao loans had a monthly profit of [-] cents, and it was said that they had to give favors to officials, so it might reach about [-] cents a month, reaching the red line of usury. In fact, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Qingmiao loans were actually controversial and even accused of harming the people.

According to the regulations, according to the credit rating, the minimum loan must be more than one guan, the fifth-class households can loan up to five guan, and the first-class households can borrow up to [-] guan.

But in fact, there has been a situation of under-allocation, that is, no matter whether you need it or not, you will be forced to give you a loan, in fact, for the purpose of charging high interest.

Although during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the interest on government-issued public money was as high as five cents or even eight cents per month, and there was a practice of compulsorily apportioning it to the rich for lending, but this was indeed harmful to the people.

Taking a loan for nothing and carrying interest on it is a scam.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, more than 1000 million yuan of capital loans were made, and the annual interest was more than 200 million yuan. By the sixth year of Xi's year, 200% of the farmers in the country had been granted green crop loans, with a total of more than 400 million yuan and an interest of more than [-] million yuan. Money earns interest, so Sima Guang stared at this point and lashed out at Wang Anshi.

Later, there was even a situation where situational households colluded with officials to falsely receive money from young crops, and then transferred it to lend to the people at high interest rates.

It was originally a good policy, but the common people have been suffering from usury for a long time, and when they were out of money, they were exploited by the rich and powerful with the opportunity of usury, which is really difficult.

The interest of this loan from the imperial court is only half of that of the tyrant's loan, which is beneficial to the people.

But the imperial court finally apportioned it to the people who didn't need it, which obviously increased the burden on the people.

Originally, when I was out of business, I could barely get by by tightening my belt, but suddenly I took out a loan, and at two cents of interest, I couldn't make it through.

Zhu Yihai's Changping Guanghui Bank, the Young Crops Loan and Guanghui Loan in it are both Huinong low-interest loans, with an annual interest of [-]%, and a monthly interest of less than one cent, which is only [-]%.The most important thing is that there is no such strange thing as mandatory apportionment.

The interest rate is not high.

The imperial court stipulates that the monthly interest rate of usury is no more than three cents, so many pawnshops and banks lend out money directly by three cents, with an annual interest rate of 30.00%.Many pawnshops even offer short-term loans, and the actual burden is even heavier.

There are many people who secretly lend usury. The monthly interest rate is five cents and eight cents, which is equivalent to annual interest rate of 60.00% and 90.00%. Transfer tickets on the first day of the month, rolling interest.

For general lending, the monthly interest is generally divided into one-third in the capital, and two-fifth in the localities.

Therefore, the imperial government’s agricultural loans such as green crop loans and Guanghui loans only earn one cent per month. That’s how much they lose. The imperial court is very strict in reviewing loans. Get it out and then refinance it for profit.

No one will force apportionment.

Even this loan has both identity restrictions and amount restrictions, so you can't borrow too much, which is emergency.

night.

Zhu Yihai shared the couch with the two princes.

"Why is your father so concerned about these trivial matters? The Tartars are about to gather troops from Guanzhong and Hubei to fight us in Nanyang. Shouldn't your father be more concerned about these things?"

Zhu Yihai smiled, "Do you know what agriculture, rural areas and peasants are? Farmers in rural areas are farming for agriculture and agriculture. Do you guys know what war is?"

He answered himself, "War is the continuation of politics."

Facing the puzzled eyes of his two young sons, he said slowly, "War is actually the most extreme form of political conflict, or the result.

We need to figure out the priority. First, there is political conflict. When other means cannot resolve this conflict, war breaks out. So war is just a continuation of politics.

He is appearance, not essence.

What is the essence?The essence is that the country is solid and the country is peaceful, and the people are the foundation of the country.To the imperial court and to the world, peasants are the weakest and most fundamental link. If the three rural issues cannot be dealt with properly and the peasants cannot be happy in their work, then it is considered that we have won military victory and defeated the The Tartars have restored two capitals and thirteen provinces, but they are not stable at all, and problems will still arise sooner or later.

Maybe next time there will be Zhang Zicheng, Li Xianzhong, or the Heshuote Khanate of Oirat in the Western Regions, or Junggar will take the opportunity to break into the Central Plains.

Therefore, for the father, although the Tartars still occupy Beijing, in fact he is no longer our confidant.We may be three years, maybe five years, sooner or later we will be able to drive them out of the Guan, and even chase them out of Guan Liting to sweep the hole.

The battle of Nanyang, the father is not worried.

For Emperor Father, we have now straightened out the army, restored their morale, provided them with generous military pay, excellent equipment, and even restored their self-confidence. We no longer have to worry too much on the battlefield .

On the contrary, it is outside the battlefield that is the real difficulty we have to face now.

This time, you and I are on an eastward tour from Dengzhou, passing through Denglai, Qingji, Taiyan, and passing through so many prefectures and counties, and you should have seen the real situation in many places.

Although it is much better than when I first made the Northern Expedition a few years ago, the people still live in hardship.Look at the villagers today, a bowl of porridge sprinkled with some salt, and some steamed potatoes and corn, they are very satisfied.

But they have no savings, and even owe the money to buy the land. They don't even have a cow, and they plow the land with people on their backs.

If there is a flood, drought and locust plague, they may have to flee famine, without the slightest ability to resist.

We came all the way, and the people seemed to be doing well, but they were too fragile.

Moreover, even though the imperial court tried its best to sell land to the people at a lower price, and even moved many landless people to other places to distribute and grant land, we still have to see that most of the land is still concentrated in a few In the hands of landlords, tenant farmers and unemployed people still occupy too much.

In fact, whether a dynasty is prosperous or powerful does not depend on how much tax it pays in a year, nor how many thousands of armor it has, nor how big its territory is.

The most important thing is to look at the burden of the people, especially the people at the bottom, to see if they have enough food and clothing.If the people at the bottom, who occupy the vast majority of the world, are precarious and start fleeing, then this dynasty, no matter how powerful it looks from the outside, is actually a sign of collapse.

Any accident, such as a severe drought, a famine caused by a large locust plague, or an invasion of foreign races, may cause him to collapse and perish quickly. "

Qin Wang Zhu Hongjia seemed to understand, "Then what should we do to avoid this?"

"It's hard," Zhu Yihai sighed, "but it has to be done. What can be done is to reduce agricultural taxes such as land and silver, find ways to enhance the ability of the people to prevent disasters and avoid risks, and try to let the people become self-cultivated farmers or land farmers. Semi-self-cultivating farmers also provide more opportunities for the people to make money, increase their income, allow them to keep more surplus grain in their warehouses, and even encourage the people to emigrate to those borderlands with large land and few people and give them points. many lands of their own,
Peasants are the ballast of the great ship of the Dynasty.

When Wei Zheng remonstrated with Emperor Taizong of Tang, he quoted Xunzi Ai Kilometer's words, the common man settles the government, and then the gentleman settles down.A king is a boat; a commoner is a water;

Water can carry a boat, and it can also overturn it.

I heard that you study hard now, but you must remember that you have to read books and understand them with your heart, otherwise, no matter how much you read, it will be useless. "

(End of this chapter)