Since the Accounting: A Chronicle of the Roman Khanate

Chapter 566: People who do not use the Qin system can only maintain a relatively failed country
The calendar currently implemented by the Purple Horde Khanate was adapted from the Yuan Dynasty's "Time Granting Calendar" when the account was first established.

Moreover, this adaptation actually means localizing some names, changing January to the month of Janus or something. After all, at that time, the political level of the Purple Horde Khanate was not good enough to do anything.

However, the timing calendar is actually relatively early. This legislation was produced in the early Yuan Dynasty. At that time, the Yuan Dynasty had just destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty. Kublai Khan ordered Xu Heng and others to recruit the calendar officials of the Southern Song Dynasty and formulate a new calendar based on the "Chengtian Calendar" of the Southern Song Dynasty.

It took sixty or seventy years from the formulation of the "Time Calendar" to the adoption of it by the Purple Horde Khanate; now, it has been more than a hundred years. At least Guo Kang felt that it was indeed a bit long. If it were an ordinary Central Plains dynasty, it should have been overhauled or even reset long ago.

The calendar itself needs to be revised frequently. For example, during the two Song dynasties and three hundred years ago, ten calendars were re-established. However, everyone's cultural level is limited these days. Even the Ming Dynasty itself just changed the "Time Calendar" to the "Tatong Calendar" and then it continued to be bad. Therefore, if you use it like this, there won't be much problem for the time being.

Being able to do this is probably due to a good foundation in time management. In order to formulate this calendar, the scholar Guo Shoujing and others who presided over the survey wrote to Kublai Khan, saying that during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Seng and others set up 13 observation points across the country to collect astronomical data for use in formulating the Dayan calendar. calendar. Now that the territory of the Yuan Dynasty has exceeded that of the Tang Dynasty, larger-scale observations should be carried out to obtain more accurate data.

In the early Yuan Dynasty, everyone had a strange complex, that is, they liked to compete with the Tang Dynasty in everything, and Kublai Khan was the one who took the lead. I was very happy when I saw this suggestion and approved it immediately. With the support of Kublai Khan, Guo Shoujing and others established 27 observation stations, entering the Korean Peninsula to the east and Hexi to the west; the southernmost observation station went deep into the sea and was set up on islands in the South China Sea, and the northernmost observation station They crossed the North Sea and came to the hinterland of Siberia, which is known as the "Four Seas Test" in history. On this basis, after three years of hard work, the compilation of the time service calendar was completed.

The accuracy of this calendar was the same as the Gregorian calendar three hundred years later, and the Gregorian calendar was the Gregorian calendar that was followed by later generations. Historically, it was not until the late Ming Dynasty that the calendar began to show obvious errors.

Although it is still defined as "ancient" at this time, the development of mathematics, science and technology is actually getting faster and faster. The observation tools and algorithms for determining timing calendars are not as advanced as those of later generations. But the Big Yuan is indeed too big, and the large amount of data obtained from the Sihai test has the effect of overwhelming the overall error.

Of course, just having a calendar is not enough. The key is how to popularize it.

As a result, the maturity time of crops in a field can differ by several days. When it came time to harvest, I didn't care about it, so I had to harvest some unripe crops together. Moreover, this farming method also makes it almost impossible for the sowers to weed - of course, if the land is planted like this, the crops will be almost in the same state as weeds. Anyway, the English, like the Slavs, are herbivorous people in the literal sense, and eating some wild grass is also food.

Since ancient times, one of the first tasks of local officials has been to “persuad farmers.” The so-called persuading farmers is not just about rewarding and supervising farming. A large part of the work is to declare the court's policies and promote more efficient agricultural technologies. Because even if there is advanced technology, it is useless if it cannot be popularized. If we only rely on spontaneous communication among the people, the speed of promotion will be very slow. Therefore, the government must actively intervene to promote and teach.

Before this kind of agricultural tool became popular in the Western Han Dynasty, local people could only use their hands to scatter seeds directly on the simply plowed land. A skilled farmer can sow the seeds relatively evenly, but after most people sow, the seeds will clump together due to the bumpy ground.

Agriculture, in the eyes of future generations, is often a very earthy and low-end job. People who engage in agricultural activities are generally conservative, backward and ignorant. But in this era, agriculture is undoubtedly a highly technical job. The most we can say is that there is a huge difference between its upper limit and lower limit, and most places obviously have nothing to do with this upper limit. The reason is also due to insufficient technology.

When the crops grow, they are not neatly arranged in rows and ridges as people think, but in a disorderly manner. Not only is the density uneven, but different plants also interfere with each other, resulting in poor ventilation and poor lighting. Evenly, watering efficiency is also very low.

Therefore, to improve the level of agriculture, the first priority is to spread knowledge. The calendar is also part of this knowledge.

On the contrary, in the absence of knowledge, the level of agriculture can lag to an incredible level. For example, the so-called agricultural revolution in modern Britain began when locals learned to poke holes in the ground with wooden sticks and then put seeds. This is actually the slash-and-burn cultivation in "slash-and-burn cultivation", but if no one teaches it, everyone will not know how to do it. As for the core of the agricultural revolution, it was the iron plow and seeding cart that appeared in the late 18th century.

Under such conditions, the local agricultural level has naturally reached an alarmingly low level, with the grain harvest ratio remaining at 1:2 to 1:4 all year round. Written in Tang Dynasty poetry, it goes like this: "Sow one grain of millet in spring and harvest two grains in autumn." It might be normal to starve to death...

In a village like this now, the most important places are churches and schools. This is not only a place where sacrifices are held and children are educated, but also a place where various important knowledge is spread.

Not to mention the common people, even the nobles do not want to stay on the island as much as possible because the material conditions there have always been too poor. Back then, when the Grand Duke of Kiev Yaroslav the Wise was in power, he arranged a marriage between the princess and England. However, the old man had always been concerned about his daughter's condition, and later wrote to her specifically, saying that the food in England seemed terrible and asking her if she could get used to it. It can make people in Russia feel that their food is too poor, which shows what the hell the situation was there at that time.

No one is born with the skills to produce, and farming is certainly not something people are born with. Even Slavs have to learn from their elders. Moreover, the more advanced the technology, the more complex things need to be learned. When you reach a certain level, you can no longer just rely on simple word of mouth to learn, nor can you just rely on yourself to explore. The knowledge of these systems must be studied by specialized people, specially organized, and then allowed to be learned by everyone, in order to improve efficiency as much as possible.

Even in the Yuan Dynasty, which had a loose system, there were official documents such as "Tongzhi Tiaoge", which stipulated various agricultural policies and regulations for farmland, water conservancy, arboriculture, fishery and livestock, education, etc., and stated how various crops should be grown and how they should be grown. Matters such as the appropriate number of plants and even the matching of plants must be carefully planned and stipulated. Even if there is a lack of management ability at the grassroots level, these things must be done, because in traditional consciousness, this is what the court should do. If you don't do it, someone else may do it...

Of course, if you want to truly implement these and effectively improve the efficiency of agriculture, you really need a strong execution system. To put it more bluntly, the court needs to be able to stably manage local areas, and the deeper its influence is at the grassroots level, and the more it can implement these technologies, the more efficient it can be.

In the classical era, when extreme mobilization was still required, these regulations were even more detailed. In the laws of the Qin State, the government has clear data on how many seeds are needed for different crops when sowing a field, and requires the people to abide by it as much as possible. Of course, this method also has very high requirements on the abilities of the court and officials. If you put it on the Mediterranean side, don't even think about it.

The English later even came to a strange conclusion, believing that annexation should be actively promoted so that large landowners with money and land could conduct centralized management, adopt better equipment, and promote technological innovation.

But in fact, it is the government's job to promote technological innovation and manage local agriculture. Livestock and farm tools that farmers cannot afford to purchase are also leased or even directly issued by the government. These are all policies that existed during the Warring States Period, and I don’t know why I just can’t learn them. And the results of leaving government work to the nobles and gentry all year round can be imagined.

In the 21st century, the English were finally able to achieve a wheat harvest ratio of 1:30, reaching the level of the model fields of the Han Dynasty...

Even taking into account geographical issues, it can only be said that these people are ridiculously good at being able to get into this kind of situation. In the final analysis, there is still a big problem with the government system. There has been no experience in establishing a Qin and Han style regime. This extremely failed result was also caused by the lack of Qin's system.

Because a system or policy, no matter how nice it sounds, must have the ability to implement it. In this regard, Qin and Han themselves have shortcomings, and the actual performance is much worse than the theoretical design, not to mention those areas where there is no theory.

For example, after the calendar is formulated, the emperor usually orders the world to enact it. But these days, there are no broadcasts or the Internet. How to promulgate and let everyone know is the most basic question.

When Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself King of Wu, Liu Bowen and others presented or copied a copy of the "Time Granting Calendar" to him. This was the earliest "Datong Calendar". At the beginning, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered people to print, charging only the cost of production, and selling them to the people. Later, during the Northern Expedition, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that even this was too expensive, so he simply announced that he would not need any money and would just give it away for free.

In this way, "Datong Li" quickly penetrated into the people along with the Northern Expeditionary Army. Although the calendar of the Yuan Dynasty is actually the same thing, the calendar of the Yuan Dynasty could not be published, but his was able to publish it. As a result, the new calendar was immediately welcomed by northern civilians and grassroots literati. In the issue of "Zhengshuo" related to the calendar on, directly seizing the advantage. Behind this struggle for legitimacy is actually the difference in execution capabilities between the Yuan and Ming regimes.

Even in diplomacy. The surrounding small countries did not have the ability to formulate calendars. As a result, all agricultural countries had to obtain almanacs from the central dynasty. This kind of "issuing calendars" and "receiving calendars" also became a symbol of legitimacy and diplomatic relations. Promulgating almanacs to vassal states was also an important task for the imperial court. For example, the Chief Secretary of Fujian in the Ming Dynasty printed a batch of new calendars every year and sent them to Ryukyu. Otherwise, they won't be able to use it.

And once the Central Plains side stops updating, everyone will suffer together. At the time of Emperor Muzong of the Tang Dynasty, a "Xuanming Calendar" was promulgated. After that, the Tang Dynasty fell into increasingly serious chaos and was unable to implement a new calendar. The subsequent separatist regimes did not have enough strength and influence to promulgate a calendar that could be used by all countries. As a result, the Xuanming calendar was used in the Korean Peninsula for nearly 500 years and in Japan for more than 800 years. Even if it accumulated a large error, there was nothing that could be done...

Of course, on the side of the Purple Horde Khanate, the situation was even more outrageous. The implementation of the calendar was even accompanied by the implementation of language.

Due to the long-term Confucian education, there are a large number of grassroots intellectuals in Seris. Even in the Yuan Dynasty, there was a large number of social studies. But here, that's really not the case.

Guo Kang estimated that this was also the reason why the Purple Horde Khanate was able to firmly implement the policy of expelling local nobles and allocating land to ordinary villagers. If we were in the Central Plains, it would be very difficult to do this, because we have to recruit some local right-wingers to help with management. Otherwise, the cost of establishing a political power would be too high, and during the establishment process, it would be easy to be defeated by these powerful people in all aspects. people collectively opposed it, leading to failure.

But here in Eastern Europe, the local nobles are basically illiterate, and they cannot even fulfill the basic requirements of the Purple Horde Khanate for grassroots managers. Moreover, there has been a long-term melee in the local area, and the lords have formed cliques with each other. They are like a piece of loose sand, and they do not have much power. Such powerful nobles are useless, and there is no need for Zhaoan anymore. We can only rely on ourselves to build a new administrative system that can carry out effective management-because there was no such thing here before.

There are many different languages ​​in this place, and the locals often cannot understand each other. The cultural level of the Purple Horde Khanate was actually just like that. If they were asked to sort out the strange dialects from various places and then write them down, they didn't have the ability. Therefore, the Khan's court had no idea how to write it down so that the locals could understand it.

Finally, they simply changed their mind: I will leave the calendar written in Chinese characters here without changing it, and then teach Chinese characters to everyone, and whoever learns them well will be able to use them first...

Judging from the actual situation, the Purple Horde Khanate did not have the energy to consciously ban a certain language. However, with the unification of the region, many rural languages ​​​​are increasingly assimilated and become more and more like those larger branches. And big languages ​​also have a lot of Chinese vocabulary mixed into them, and more and more people use Chinese directly.

Because people who don’t speak Chinese at all are unable to access these more complete knowledge, cannot understand the explanations of agricultural officials, and cannot read relevant books and announcements. Even if they did not consider their future in the military, they would naturally be at a disadvantage in the competition.

Even the original Bulgarian name of their current village has been forgotten. Because the village was officially formed after Guo Gai was buried here and the Guo family built a temple here. The villagers who originally lived here were only part of the settlers, because when the Khan organized the Legion Farm here, they also arranged for some veterans who knew technology and could read to come over and work with the locals to cultivate this new land. village.

Now, its name is "Xiangongmiao" Village. Even locals who are not very proficient in Chinese still use this pronunciation to call them. Such phenomena can be said to be everywhere in Romania, and the Khan's management system is interdependent on these.

(End of this chapter)