I'm really not doing business

Chapter 465 The formation of triangular trade

Wan Shihe's evaluation of the Japanese country can be said to be profound. Wan Shihe said that the Japanese country stole Chinese culture, but one-third of its human nature has not been learned, and seven-percent of its bestiality is deeply rooted. As the governor of the Nagasaki Governor's Palace, Xu Wei fully recognized this evaluation.

The money made by the Japanese country mainly featured a three-dimensional image, and the Japanese people had the nerve to engrave the word "Yongle" on it, which really made Xu Wei helpless. It was simply smashed into the sign of Emperor Zuwen.

These stolen Yongle Tongbao thrown out of Xu Wei's hands have a proper name in the Japanese country, called "evil money", while the Tongbao cast in the Ming Dynasty, the inflow of copper coins from outside is called "Du Laiqian".

During the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Monk Jianzhen made six eastward voyages to the Japanese country. The Japanese country imitated the Kaiyuan Tongbao of the Tang Dynasty and began to make money, named Hetong Kaijue. Since then, the currency of the Japanese country has been in the local "evil money" and in the Central Plains. In the midst of the contradiction of "bringing in money".

The treasure banknotes Xu Wei took out can also be regarded as a kind of transfer money.

"Can it be exchanged for Wanli Tongbao or silver coins?" Oda Nobunaga finally opened the box, looked at the exquisitely made treasure banknotes in the box, and asked with a solemn expression.

Xu Wei nodded and said: "If necessary, you can exchange it and cash in new banknotes after three years."

Xu Wei is a liar. The Ming Dynasty overseas treasure banknotes are not redeemable. This is a fact that has been clearly confirmed from the beginning of production.

Cheating Japanese people is not cheating.

But after the Japanese were conquered, the Ming Dynasty had to bear the sins and infamy of mining and slave hunting. The Ming Dynasty's well-trained navy only numbered more than 100 people. They killed all the million Japanese people, with an average of one If one person wants to kill people, no matter how strong-willed the soldier is, he will become a madman.

The Japanese country lacked weapons, and Oda Nobunaga's iron gun (a kind of matchlock gun) was enough to stand out among the others. This time, the Nagasaki Governor's Palace gave them a fair chance to compete. Everyone can exchange silver for weapons to deal with each other's crusade. .

There are hundreds of products participating in the Nagasaki International Sea Trade Fair alone, with Matsue cotton being the largest product.

Before seeing the strength of the Ming navy, Oda Nobunaga didn't even take the Ming Dynasty in his eyes. In his opinion, it was just that Ryuzoji, the Otomo family, and the Shimazu family were too stupid to give the Ming Dynasty an opportunity to take advantage of. opportunity.

However, various means can be used to let the Japanese kill themselves, which is a good way.

Oda Nobunaga obtained the details of Ming Dynasty's trade, and he also needed to exchange silver for what he needed.

During the Jiajing period, the Japanese invasion lasted for several years, and the conflict was extremely complicated. It took more than 20 years of struggle before the best solution was found, which was to kill all the Japanese pirates.

Not all daimyo have silver mountains under their rule, and if there are no silver mountains, they can be exchanged for men or women.

"All the weapons you see are open for purchase." Xu Wei said to everyone: "This is Chen Lin, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Navy. From here, you can see the sea. Although the large row of houses is slightly blocked, , but the figure of the five-masted ocean crossing can still be seen.”

It can be seen that there are obvious policy differences. Even Anda Khan still has three wives who can communicate with the Ming Dynasty, but there is no trace of warmth at all regarding the Japanese policy.

Unless the Japanese country can break the sea trade blockade of Songjiang, Ryukyu, and Nagasaki cities and obtain a large amount of saltpeter.

Baobao is a kind of credit banknote, which promises a promise. The worst is to exchange the old banknote for the new one, one to ten banknotes, and the new banknotes are exchanged for Tongbao. This is the exchange.

There is no Songjiang cotton in Songjiang cotton cloth, because the local cotton in Songjiang is more expensive, and the profit from going overseas is smaller, so it is more sold in the hinterland of the Ming Dynasty. Authentic Songjiang cotton is not a product that the Japanese can afford. It comes from the Mughals. China’s cheap cotton is the mainstream of overseas trade goods.

Xu Wei said with a smile: "Each household has different kilograms of gunpowder. If you want to buy gunpowder, you can negotiate individually."

Wanli opened the sea, and the share of luxury goods transactions has been decreasing over the years. Bulk commodities and trade have become the mainstream, but without food, the triangle of Matsue City Shipping Department, Ryukyu City Shipping Department and Nagasaki City Shipping Department has locked up entry. In the list of Japanese goods, grain is a unique commodity that is prohibited from entering Japan.

At this moment, Chen Lin wanted to kill all the daimyo here, and then began to march to wipe out the entire Japanese country. It was a certainty that Qi Shuai would be crowned a duke. Yu Dayou had died of illness, and Chen Lin, as the commander-in-chief of the navy, , he is still just an earl, which is a bit unjustifiable.

Regarding Oda Nobunaga's question, Xu Wei certainly can't say that it cannot be exchanged. Of course, the promise is nonsense, just listen to it.

Oda Nobunaga and everyone looked at these weapons blankly. In the past, the Ming Dynasty only sold firecrackers, but at this trade fair, there were even artillery. This was something that all the daimyo did not expect!
Could it be that Chen Lin, the commander-in-chief of the Navy, was secretly selling arms for personal gain?

"Where's the gunpowder?" Oda Nobunaga looked around and didn't see the key items.

Since the Tang Dynasty, there were shipping companies, and then the sea trade reached its peak during the Song and Yuan dynasties. Before the Ming Dynasty, sea trade was mainly focused on luxury goods, such as silk, porcelain, tea and metal utensils. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, Songjiang Prefecture’s cotton cloth had Selling well at home and abroad, Hu Yuan went south, and the production of Songjiang Prefecture was destroyed until it flourished again during the Yongle period.

How to seize the wealth of the Japanese country as much as possible is the primary consideration of the Nagasaki Governor's Office.

As for issues such as breach of trust, Xu Wei didn't consider it at all. He and Sun Keyi were thinking about how to knock off the bells of Japanese men and sell them to Yuanxu Islands as cattle and horses, and sell Japanese women to Songjiang Prefecture. The Sun family The boat business is in dire need of people.

Not every Japanese woman can get on the painting boat. They need to be carefully selected. Most of them have learned Chinese and married bachelors who cannot afford a wife.

He has completely seen through Daming's trick!
What's the use of just providing firearms? Does Ming Dynasty have the courage to supply saltpeter!
At present, only the Ming Dynasty and Spain are able to manufacture qualified gunpowder in large quantities. Controlling saltpeter means controlling gunpowder manufacturing. Spain controls the largest saltpeter mine in Peru, while the Ming Dynasty uses local saltpeter plus smuggling and trafficking in Bangladesh. Salty sand.

The tall and sturdy Chen Lin finally came in front of everyone. He squinted his eyes slightly and raised his head as he glanced around. The Japanese were generally short, and Chen Lin's seven-foot height was like Mount Tai weighing down the top of the mountain, making everyone breathless.

The Nagasaki International Sea Trade Fair was officially held on the ninth day of September. This day was the Double Ninth Festival of the Ming Dynasty. Every daimyo who entered the venue was quickly lost in the sea of ​​goods. The entire sea trade fair was very orderly. This kind of order is extremely rare in Japan.

"Damn it! Our Japanese country is short of saltpeter. All the saltpeter is supplied by China. Even if it provides us with firearms, it is no different from a fire stick in our hands!" Oda Nobunaga clenched his fists.

Oda Nobunaga, Owari the fool, the great devil of Japan, was not a person who cared about the country and the people at all. He was arrogant and arrogant.

The number of quotas depends on strength. Population, strong men, mineral deposits, and the intensity of the battle all determine the amount of gunpowder that can be obtained. How long will it take to kill each other with crudely made iron tools? The Ming Dynasty chose to arm the Japanese and accelerate them to kill each other, but it would not supply more gunpowder.

This is of course a misunderstanding. Each of these firearms is a serious monkey version of arms. It is a monkey version of arms specially produced by Qingtai of the Ministry of War and the Ordnance Supervisor for maritime trade.

They have everything from pots and pans, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar to cars and water trucks.

The daimyo were dazzled by the dazzling array of goods. They exchanged the silver that the poor coolies worked hard to mine in the mountains for silk, tea and various utensils that could show their status, such as a set of solid wood tea sets, which cost thousands Two taels of silver, such as a very exquisite car with spring steel shock absorption, and a very limited number of horses, this set is worth seven thousand taels of silver.

Because the three five-masted transoceanic ships brought by Chen Lin were quietly moored in the Nagasaki port. The black muzzles pointed at the large townhouse of the International Maritime Trade Association, reminding everyone that this is the Ming Dynasty. The territory must abide by the rules of the Ming Dynasty.

"This commander-in-chief has a bad temper. The Shimazu family plotted to plot Shuri Prefecture in Ryukyu, but was crushed by Commander-in-Chief Chen."

If you tell Xu Wei, Sun Keyi, and Li Chengli to forgive the Japanese, you will only get a fierce fight from them. They have a blood feud with the Japanese, and it is the hatred that caused their families to die from the Japanese invasion. In their eyes, the Japanese have never been considered human beings.

At least a few of the Otomo family were still alive, and the Shimazu family were all sent to the capital by Chen Lin. In the end, they all entered the Kaori Institute and made their own contributions to the progress of Ming medicine.

The next day, the daimyo were led to a school ground. Both sides of the school ground were filled with long and short soldiers, bows and arrows, arrow clusters and firearms.

No one dared to make a mistake in front of the Ming Navy.

"Then I have no doubts." Oda Nobunaga actually knew that this kind of promise was not trustworthy at all, but at least he could deceive himself and the Japanese people, and that was enough.

What if you find out? Oda Nobunaga looked desperately at the several daimyo around him, Mouri Terumoto, Nagasogabe Motochika, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and Hojo Uji Nao. He couldn't even keep his eyes open when looking at the firearms. Mouri Terumoto was the only one before. A daimyo who could buy the Ming Dynasty's cannon was not qualified to buy the Ming Dynasty's artillery before.

The Ming Dynasty provides door-to-door delivery service. Of course, the freight is not cheap. Door-to-door delivery is mainly for gathering information. The Ming Dynasty used merchants as spies. It is also an open secret in the Japanese country. However, the various daimyo do not have enough ships to transport goods. We can only let it happen.

"Your Sun family brought the boat business to Japan, which I didn't expect at all." Chen Lin saw Sun Keyi and looked at the boat parked in Nagasaki Port with a complicated expression.

The advocates on the boat are all beauties from all over the world. This is to avoid risks. The Ming Dynasty has a ban on the sale of Ming Dingkou. Violators will be punished by the clan. The boat is on the sea. The sea means absolute freedom and no taboos. In order to avoid this, Sun Take the risk and choose Beauty from All Nations, so there will be no legal issues.

Under the framework of the distinction between Huayi and Huayi in the Ming Dynasty, both Fan and Yi had the status of animals and livestock, so in essence, the business of painting boats was like a zoo. The folk name of this painting boat was: Leopard House, which was mainly based on the gameplay of painting boats, which was extremely wild.

The prostitutes here are all red-haired fans, golden-haired fans, Persian beauties, Japanese wandering girls, and Gao Liji.

For the Japanese country, it was all about exporting to domestic sales. The wandering girls of the Japanese country went to the Ming Dynasty and were plated with gold. From cheap wandering girls, they were suddenly decorated with gold. The tickets for boarding the ship cost one hundred taels of silver. The cost on board is just higher.

The Japanese daimyo had only one reaction, and that was consumption!
This kind of flower work is really rare in Japan.

"This business is naturally all-pervasive. In the boat painting business, our Sun family draws points according to the law. We have never defaulted on paying taxes once." Sun Keyi said with a smile. The boat painting business not only paid taxes, but also paid taxes to the Ming Dynasty Maritime Academy. Sun Keyi had no sympathy for the physical suffering of the zoo animals. The Central Plains began to canonize Japanese kings from the Han Dynasty, and they continued to canonize Japanese kings until the Yongle period. This is enlightenment, hoping to transform the Japanese from beasts into adults. The inner logic of the Rouyuan people is the omnipotence of morality.

The Japanese invasion that lasted for more than 20 years proved that morality is not omnipotent. In the distinction between Hua and Yi, the power and public opinion of the Rouyuan people gradually disappeared, and the barbarians gradually took over. mainstream.

What is more interesting at arms trade fairs is that the trading volume is not made public.

Any daimyo who wanted to buy firearms or gunpowder had to communicate with officials from the Shipping Department. This led to a terrible result, that is, no one knew how many firearms the other party had purchased.

The Ming Dynasty sold arms and let the Japanese kill their own people, weakening the strength of the Japanese country. This was well known to the daimyo.

The best way to resist the Ming Dynasty's treasure money and arms sales is for all the daimyo, with Oda Nobunaga as the core, to unite as one and reject the Ming Dynasty!

When Ming Dynasty wants to sell firearms, the famous people have a tacit understanding that no one can buy enough! The Ming Dynasty wanted to promote treasure banknotes, and the famous people did not exchange real money for treasure banknotes!
In this way, the Ming Dynasty had no good way to deal with the Japanese country. After all, the Japanese country still had nine million people across the ocean.

However, this transaction was not made public, which completely put everyone in danger. Who knew how many firearms and gunpowder the neighbor had purchased, and when he was planning to attack him? Even Oda Nobunaga had to purchase a large number of firearms to prevent the third Nobunaga encirclement.

Once the seeds of doubt are planted, they will surely take root, sprout, and bear fruit.

No matter how much Oda Nobunaga tried to lobby these big names and what kind of agreements he reached, they all came to nothing under the real military threat.

When my neighbor is hoarding food, I am hoarding guns. My neighbor is my granary!
Xu Wei's main focus in the Japanese country was to pick things up and take advantage of the opportunity. Silver, sulfur, wandering girls, and Japanese slaves were all profits.

The arms trade fair ended in an atmosphere of mutual fear. The daimyo who left the Nagasaki Governor's Palace had to accept the treasures and arms promoted by the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty gained one hundred and forty from this trade fair. Ten thousand taels of silver, 4,300 wandering girls, more than 5,000 Japanese slaves, and about 120,000 guan of treasure banknotes were issued.

After finishing the trade, Chen Lin is going to the Whale Sea, which is the outer sea of ​​Nuergandusi in the Ming Dynasty. The place Chen Lin is going to is called Muyang Hewei (today's Vladivostok), and the upper reaches of Muyang Hewei are Shuangcheng. Wei, Jianzhou Wei.

The Jianzhou Guard here is the hometown of the Jianzhou Jurchens. In the first year of Yongle, the leader of the Jianzhou Jurchens, Aha, paid tribute and was named Li Chengshan. He was granted the title of commander of the feudal state. In the 21st year of Yongle, he received permission from Zhu Di. , Jianzhou Wei moved inland and moved outside the customs in Fushun.

Before the Yuan Dynasty, this area belonged to the Huanglong Mansion, which was where Yue Fei hoped to go directly to Huanglong. During the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan established the Whale Sea Thousand Households Station on the Muyang River in Liaoyang Province to fish in the Whale Sea. They refined fish oil to pay tribute, and later established the Shuangcheng General Manager in Shuangcheng to manage this place.

The reason why Chen Lin went to Muyang Hewei was to investigate the hydrology, explore the ocean fog, and restore the waterway. It has extremely rich fishery resources. According to old records, it is a natural harbor, and it can even be accessed directly from the Jilin Shipyard. Out to sea here, due to the influence of ocean currents, Muyang River Wei is an ice-free port in the north. Every ice-free port in the north is of great significance to the Ming Dynasty.

If the Bohai Bay does not freeze, then Tianjin Wei will be the most prosperous port in the north. However, the Bohai Bay will freeze. Therefore, the northern shipping company was established in Michigan, because a hundred miles away from Michigan is the ice-free port of Jiaozhou Bay. .

Chen Lin's ocean voyage started from Muyo River, arrived at Ezo Road, crossed the Tsugaru Strait, and detoured from Japan to Japan back to Ryukyu. The entire voyage is estimated to be tens of thousands of miles, and it is expected to take three months to complete this exploration. Navigation has become the Songjiang Navy's new route around Japan. The purpose of armed patrols is to deter Japanese pirates, and it is also a drill.

(Explore the ocean fog)
When the time comes, if the Ming Dynasty has the idea of ​​​​eliminating the Japanese invasion of Yongqing, the hydrology observed by sailing will be the first opportunity.

Daming already had a very detailed understanding of the Whale Sea through flying over coastal defense patrols and exploration by stargazing ships. It was very foggy here, but the water was calm and the average wave height was no more than two feet, making it very suitable for fishing.

The Ming Dynasty's three five-masted ocean-going ships, two stargazers, twenty-three three-masted horse ships, and fifty four-hundred-ton battleships began to set off from Nagasaki Port and sailed towards Tsushima Island. Blocking out the sky and the sun, it opened the sea and sailed into the distance.

Oda Nobunaga, who stood in the tide-watching building of Nagasaki Port and watched the fleet leave, felt a sense of powerlessness sincerely. This terrible fleet was just a maritime mobile fleet of the Ming Dynasty, the main force of the Ming Dynasty navy. Still entrenched in the Ichibo Division in the hinterland of the Ming Dynasty, but with such a mobile fleet, Oda Nobunaga was completely unable to think of resistance.

Oda Nobunaga has always had an ambition, or the Japanese country has always had an ambition, to attack the mainland and get rid of the problem of large numbers of people and small land. Since the Yuan Dynasty, more Japanese people have gone to sea, and Japanese troubles have occurred again and again, just for this fundamental ambition .

Before coming to Nagasaki and meeting the Ming fleet, Oda Nobunaga imagined countless possibilities. For example, the Ming ships were large and not flexible enough, so they would use enough small boats to continuously harass them, or simply light the small boats and burn the big ships; For example, after losing control of the sea, Ming ships will inevitably land. No matter how powerful the navy is, the conquest will ultimately be resolved by the army. Then the Japanese country, which occupies the right location and people, may not be able to fight; for example, it hopes to protect the country by the divine wind.

Kublai Khan once conquered the Japanese country twice, but failed because of the appearance of storms.

But now Oda Nobunaga only has a kind of despair permeating his heart. This despair comes not only from the powerful firepower of the Daming Navy, but also from those greedy daimyo who are addicted to infighting.

The emergence of the Nagasaki Governor's Palace disintegrated the majesty of Oda Nobunaga's people.

Why hasn’t the Ming Dynasty fully attacked the Japanese country? Oda Nobunaga knew very well that the Ming Emperor in the distant capital was accumulating strength. The navy was more expensive than the capital camp. The navy had just expanded from 30,000 to 90,000 people. When enough strength was accumulated, the Ming Emperor would inevitably launch The war to destroy the Japanese.

The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty was really too vengeful. Anda Khan had already reached that point. The emperor did not show any martial ethics, so he caught Anda Khan in the capital and beheaded him in public.

"It's simply a shame." Oda Nobunaga looked at the daimyo who were looting Ming products and arms, shook his bright red cloak vigorously, and chose to leave Nagasaki.

Likewise, he also purchased a large amount of firearms, and a smaller amount of gunpowder, which he had to buy because he also had to face crusade from others.

Firearms that are well maintained can be used from the Yongle period to the present, but the shelf life of gunpowder, if stored properly, is only three years at most. If stored improperly, it will only take a few months for it to become damp and unable to be fired.

Drying gunpowder is never a good idea.

Gunpowder was a consumable product and extremely expensive.

Oda Nobunaga raised a group of missionaries in Kyoto with the intention of communicating with the missionaries and obtaining saltpeter from places other than the Ming Dynasty. Originally, this road was completely unobstructed. Saltpeter from the Mughals and Bengal, although the price Expensive, but enough for Oda Nobunaga.

The damn war in the Strait of Malacca ruined everything. Because of the war, the ships of the Red Mao Fan could not enter Nanyang smoothly, let alone reach the Japanese country. All maritime trade in the Japanese country was controlled by the Nagasaki Governor-General and Ryukyu. Yes, the Ming Dynasty would never allow saltpeter to enter the Japanese country.

It is the nature of the people to settle down and relocate, which means that they are content to live in their homeland and do not want to easily move to a different place. This is human nature, and this is naturally true.

The Ming Dynasty attacked the Hetao and discovered the phenomenon of flying geese. The people went to the Hetao before the ice melted, and when winter came, they burned the straw and returned to the pass; in Luzon, Ryukyu, Chicken Coop, and Borneo , Ming people who set sail after worshiping Mazu were found migrating in the old port; even in Mexico during the Wanli period, there was a Chinatown in Sun City.

Before Yin Zhengmao led the pirates Lin Afeng and others to attack Luzon, every year in June and July, large sailing ships loaded with goods from the Ming Dynasty would set sail. At this time, everyone would go to the Manila Cathedral to pray, hoping to obtain The trip went smoothly. Under normal circumstances, it takes 1-3 months to arrive at the port of Acapulco, Mexico.

Captain Antonio's evaluation of this voyage is: "This is the longest, scariest and most profitable voyage in the world. After setting off from Manila, it went all the way north, passing through Ryukyu, and began to drift with the tide. During these three months, it was always Moving forward against the wind depends entirely on ocean currents. Storms, fog, and huge waves always appear one after another. The sea is sometimes cold and hot, and people can easily get sick. Coupled with the lack of food, even the strongest man will be defeated. ]
The Pacific Ocean is not peaceful, it just felt peaceful when Magellan passed through the equatorial calm zone.

In March of the eighth year of Wanli, the Ming Dynasty exploration fleet arrived at the port of Acapulco and then arrived at the City of the Sun. There, Xu Jiugao saw the Han people in the City of the Sun, about two hundred people, including tailors, shoemakers, butchers, and embroidery workers. and clerks, etc., working hard to survive amidst the noisy and harsh shouts. The name of the gathering place is Parián, which means a place of temporary rest.

Why do people migrate? No matter how attached you are to your homeland, when you can no longer survive, you still have to find a way out for your life.

The concentration of means of production or wealth is not a problem that the Ming Dynasty's productivity can solve. Zhang Juzheng's various new policies can only alleviate mergers, rather than fundamentally solve them. Therefore, the only thing the Ming court can do is to open up, develop, open up.

The rules and regulations for the issuance of overseas treasure banknotes in the Ming Dynasty have been completely established. Although the treasure banknotes have not yet become popular in the Japanese country, the lords of the Japanese country have already discovered the use of the treasure banknotes, which is to peel them downwards.

With only seven coins of silver, you can exchange it for treasure banknotes of the same value at the Nagasaki Governor's Palace, and then use this treasure banknote to pay for military expenses or other necessary expenses.

The largest denomination of treasure banknotes is Yiguan, and there are also small banknotes of 500 to 100 Wen. The Japanese country is very short of money. The Yongle Tongbao stolen by the Japanese country cannot meet the circulation demand at all. Compared with shells, rice, silk, cloth, and oil, Unlike commodity currencies whose specific value cannot be measured, banknotes are not so unacceptable.

This makes it very clear that treasure banknotes are also one of the commodities sold by the Ming Dynasty, and they are a sharp weapon for the daimyo to peel off their money and are a tool for the rulers.

It is only a matter of time before treasure banknotes circulate in Japan.

Because the daimyo will soon understand that the treasure banknotes exchanged for seven coins of silver can be charged a downward seigniorage tax. Once this thing is stained, it is impossible to get rid of it, and because of its difficulty in counterfeiting, it is also beneficial to Promotion, in the Japanese country, it was difficult to get ink, and it was also difficult to get cotton paper.

Xu Wei once wrote to the court asking His Majesty how far he would go in Japan. The reply he received was that His Majesty did not care.

He didn't care what kind of hell the Japanese country would become under various policies of the Ming Dynasty, and he didn't care whether the Japanese country still had a future. The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty only cared that the progress of the Japanese nation into the Ming Dynasty would not be interrupted. He only cared that these damn Japanese pirates would no longer Become a pirate who threatens merchant ships.

A terrifying evil triangle trade chain is slowly forming. Starting from Songjiang Prefecture, merchant ships loaded with goods from the Ming Dynasty stopped in Nagasaki, exchanged for a large amount of silver and Japanese slaves, and then headed to the Yuanxu Islands to sell the Japanese slaves to the pioneers. Afterwards, the merchants took the products of the Yuanxu Islands back to the Ming Dynasty and returned the silver, brass, wandering girls, and plantation rubber, sugar cubes, cotton, palm oil, spices, etc.

The development of the Yuanxu Islands requires a lot of manpower, whether it is logging, digging roots, clearing gravel, turning soil, dredging rivers, or building ports.

The Ming Emperor's lack of care was a disaster for the Japanese people.

(End of this chapter)