Reborn and become a Great Scientist

Chapter 147 95 The Klein-Gordon Equation

Just when Chen Muwu recognized that this person was Oppenheimer, Oppenheimer also recognized him.

After all, Chen Muwu is the only East Asian in the Cavendish laboratory, and Oppenheimer also saw countless reports about Chen Muwu and his photos in the Olympic news in the newspaper some time ago.

"Chen, Mr. Chen, hello, I'm Robert Oppenheimer."

It was the first time Chen Muwu heard someone call him a teacher, and it felt quite strange.

He pretended to be very kind: "Hello, Mr. Oppenheimer, have you been waiting for a long time? Come in with me."

"Okay, Teacher Chen."

Oppenheimer was still very restrained, it could be seen that he wanted to make a good first impression in front of Chen Muwu.

Chen Muwu originally wanted to take him straight to the meeting room, and then have a good chat with Oppenheimer.

After all, in his memory, Oppenheimer's mental health was very fragile during his stay in Cambridge. If he didn't get the warning in advance, Chen Muwu was afraid that he would soon receive that poisonous apple soaked in cyanide.

As a result, Chadwick, the deputy of the Cavendish Laboratory, stopped Chen Muwu as soon as he entered the door: "Chen, Sir Rutherford told me that the environment in the conference room on the first floor is really bad. Yes, so he ordered me to find you an unused laboratory on the second floor for you to use in your usual work and experiments. I’ve already cleaned it up, so let’s take you there now!”

"Yes, thank you, Mr. Chadwick."

Money can turn ghosts around, Chen Muwu knew in his heart that this should be due to the annual sponsorship of 1 pounds that he had won.

Otherwise, in terms of seniority, I, a junior, would not be able to get a separate office no matter what!

But in the eyes of Oppenheimer who doesn't know why, this is a big deal.

When he just entered the door, he saw that many middle-aged researchers in their 40s and [-]s were still crowded with others to do experiments in the open laboratory on the first floor, and some even needed to share the same laboratory bench with others.

And Chen Muwu is only two years older than himself, a newcomer who has just obtained a Ph.D. and entered the Cavendish Laboratory. Why does the director of the laboratory, Rutherford, care so much for him?

And when Rutherford didn't agree with him entering the laboratory at all, why did Rutherford change his mind immediately when Chen Muwu said he wanted him?

Who is the person behind the scenes of this famous Cavendish Laboratory?
My new teacher is really unfathomable, I must be cautious in the future, and building a good relationship with Chen Muwu should be the top priority at present.

Following Chadwick to the door of the laboratory, Chen Muwu discovered that he was also familiar with this place.

When I first entered the Cavendish Laboratory last year, I was doing the visible light scattering experiment here.

There is still a brand-new patch on the curtain of the laboratory, where I used scissors to open a small hole, and introduced the experimental light source made of sunlight like the predecessor Newton did.

After checking, Chadwick put the key to Chen Muwu's hand, "Chen, from now on, you can do experiments and work here."

"Thank you, Mr. Chadwick, and my thanks to the Director."

After Chadwick left, Chen Muwu glanced at the room, and it was indeed cleaned, much better than the damp and dark environment of the meeting room on the first floor.

Moreover, the typewriter that he often used has been wiped clean, and it is placed neatly on the laboratory table.

It seems that Rutherford was able to manage the Cavendish Laboratory in an orderly manner, and this assistant Chadwick also contributed a lot.

Later, it was he who planned the escape route carefully and boldly, and contacted all parties, so that the British army could cooperate, so that Bohr could successfully escape to the UK by plane from Denmark, which was occupied by the Germans.

"Sit down," Chen Muwu nodded towards Oppenheimer, "I, like you, am in this room for the first time, and I don't even know if there are teacups here, so I can't entertain you with coffee or tea .”

"Don't bother, Teacher Chen."

Oppenheimer carefully sat down on the sofa, he was still very restrained, after all, his future in the next few years was all in the hands of Chen Muwu, who seemed to be kind on the opposite side.

In order to get closer, Chen Muwu originally wanted to sit on the sofa with him, but after thinking about it, he finally couldn't resist the temptation of giving orders, and sat in the chair behind the desk.

"Mr. Oppenheimer, I read the recommendation letter written by Professor Bridgman, and the letter said that your hands-on ability in the laboratory is poor. Then why do you want to enter the Cavendish Laboratory? ?”

Chen Muwu cut to the chase.

As a newcomer to the United States, Oppenheimer did not understand the rules of Cambridge University, a place that strictly abides by traditional British etiquette.

He heard that Chen Muwu had been addressing him by his surname instead of his first name all the time, and he thought it was something he did wrong, and he might have annoyed the teacher opposite him.

"It's, it's because the reputation of Cavendish Laboratory is so famous. When I was in the United States, every teacher and professor highly praised it.

"So I thought that since I came to Cambridge University, I must visit the Cavendish Laboratory."

"You have seen it with your own eyes now. Is the environment of this Cavendish laboratory the same as the Cavendish laboratory you imagined? Is there a big gap?"

Oppenheimer nodded embarrassingly: "Mr. Chen, to be honest, it is indeed the case. Although this laboratory is well-known, but to put it bluntly, I don't think it can compare to half or even three points of Harvard University's laboratory." One is good."

"So, do you have any other ideas now? Professor Bridgman also said in the recommendation letter that you have a wealth of knowledge in theoretical physics and a solid level. If you want to continue your studies in this area, I can Write you a letter of recommendation and send you to Copenhagen, Denmark to find Professor Bohr, or to Berlin, Germany to find Professor Einstein, although the latter doesn’t teach students much now, and of course, he didn’t teach students much before.”

Chen Muwu suddenly thought of Rutherford's complaints about Oppenheimer before, so he used it here.

Now that he has accepted Oppenheimer, he has already completed the task entrusted to him by Old Thomson.

As for whether Oppenheimer will leave Cambridge for other places, this is entirely his personal behavior and has nothing to do with him.

Unfortunately, the script did not follow Chen Muwu's plan.

"Mr. Chen, I did have this idea before, but all of this changed after I learned that my teacher is you." As the chat progressed, Oppenheimer gradually became less nervous, "Teacher, in the past year, you have not only conducted several successful experiments, but also published many theories that seem shocking but are actually correct.

"I think with your teacher here, even if I want to study theoretical physics, I don't need to go to other places."

Regardless of whether Oppenheimer was explaining the facts, or adding some flattering elements to the facts, anyway, Chen Muwu felt inexplicably useful when he heard what he said.

It's just that he was very useful, which at the same time showed that Oppenheimer had already made up his mind to stay in Cambridge and not go anywhere. He had already tacitly decided in his heart that he would follow Chen Muwu and become the great disciple of the Chen family.

It was a blessing, not a curse, and it was a disaster that could not be avoided. Since Oppenheimer now wanted to follow him wholeheartedly, Chen Muwu felt that he should treat this great apprentice better, and simply take him by his side in the future.

Anyway, due to various reasons in his previous life, Oppenheimer did not live well in the United States, so why not go back in this life?
Well, we must also not forget about that Fermi, who will be tricked into coming over in the future, and don't let them go to the United States if they don't agree with each other.

Chen Muwu was stunned for a while, and found that Oppenheimer was still staring at him: "Okay, Mr. Oppenheimer, since you decided to stay in Cambridge University and stay in the Cavendish Laboratory, it is naturally the best a choice.

"It's just that I want to explain one thing in advance, that is, I just graduated with a Ph.D., and it's the first time I am a teacher. I hope you will forgive me if I have done anything wrong."

"Don't dare, Mr. Chen, you are a teacher and I am a student, it should be you who forgive me more."

"Then let's make progress together!

"I think what you were most worried about a while ago was whether you could enter the Cavendish Laboratory? Now that this matter has been resolved, and it is the summer vacation, if you want to take advantage of this Time, in the UK or to go around Europe, I welcome.

"It's okay if you want to stay in Cambridge, but I still have a few papers to write, and I won't have time to guide you for a while, and I don't have any experimental subjects to hand over to you."

What Chen Muwu said is basically the truth, and the remaining two wave equations have been delayed for a long time. If it continues to delay, maybe someone else's name will be written in the column of the author of the paper.

However, he also concealed that he had a project to develop an electron microscope to do it.

Oppenheimer, who claims to be "unable to solder two copper wires together", is not a person with strong hands-on ability at all, nor is he a person who likes to experiment.

In the original time and space, Blackett asked him to use collodion to absorb beryllium vapor, and then tear off the collodion to prepare beryllium foil.

This is a kind of non-technical content, which only requires a lot of repetitive physical work.

However, it was this job that almost cost Oppenheimer's life, and it almost cost Blackett's life.

With the lessons of the predecessors here, how dare Chen Muwu arrange a hands-on experiment for this master?
It's better to obediently study the theory by your side.

"Of course, Mr. Chen, you are busy with your work. If there is anything I can help, please tell me as much as you want."

Although Oppenheimer was very active, Chen Muwu said in his heart, how dare I!
But he was still polite on the surface: "If you want to study by yourself during this time, you can go to the library of the Christian College, and of course you can also come to me.

"If we encounter something we don't understand in our studies, we can also discuss it with each other. However, except for the question of what is quantum mechanics and what is a matrix, I am currently writing an article related to it." After the paper is written, it should be able to answer the doubts."

The killer weapon that Chen Muwu threw out some time ago is still confused.

Even Dirac, who spent his summer vacation in Bristol County, the best mathematician among modern physicists, sent him a letter after learning that Chen Muwu had returned to Cambridge, asking him about quantum physics. Something about mechanics.

"Okay, thank you, Teacher Chen."

The conversation between teachers and students ended here. Chen Muwu put pens, paper and typewriter on the desk, and Oppenheimer also took out a book from his schoolbag and read it quietly on the sofa.

……

In the original space-time, Schrödinger did give the first wave equation, which can describe microscopic particles. In fact, it was the law of motion of electrons at the beginning.

Moreover, this equation has great limitations, because the kinetic energy and momentum of the Schrödinger equation are derived from classical mechanics, so it can only describe electrons moving at low speeds.

When the speed of electrons is close to the speed of light, that is, after entering the sphere of influence of the relativistic effect, the Schrödinger equation becomes invalid.

At the same time, just like when Chen Muwu deduced how to guess the Schrödinger equation for de Broglie before, using this equation to solve the spectrum of the hydrogen atom can only get three quantum numbers, but cannot get the fourth quantum number controlled by the electron spin. quantum number.

That is to say, the Schrödinger equation cannot describe the spin of electrons.

In order to solve the first problem that the Schrödinger equation can only describe low-speed electrons, people have made many attempts under the relativistic effect.

It cannot be blamed that Schrödinger did not learn the theory of relativity well, and could only start with classical mechanics.

In fact, at the very beginning, when Schrödinger established the wave equation describing matter waves, he used the relationship between energy and momentum in special relativity, E=pc+mc.

It is just that the equation obtained under the energy-momentum relationship of the special theory of relativity cannot obtain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, which made Schrödinger think that this is a wrong equation.

However, according to the energy-momentum relationship E=p/(2m) of classical mechanics, the obtained equation can perfectly solve the problem of hydrogen atom spectrum.

But in fact, what Schrödinger did not know was that the equation he solved under the relativistic energy-momentum relationship at the beginning was exactly this Klein equation independently proposed by Swedish physicists Oske Klein and Walter Gordon. In-Gordon equation!
It's just that this Klein-Gordon equation is actually a beautiful looking silver pewter tip
Not to mention that it cannot correctly solve the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, there are many other big problems.

Because in the Klein-Gordon equation, the part about particle energy used in it is not the energy E itself, but the square term E of the energy.

This leads to the fact that in the process of solving the particle energy, the square term must be squared to obtain the final energy.

Even middle school students know that when the root sign is opened, there will be both positive and negative solutions at the same time, which means that the final energy obtained will also have positive and negative two solutions.

Particles have positive energy, which is fine, of course.

And particles have negative energy...

According to Einstein's mass-energy equation, E=mc, if the energy of a particle is negative, its mass should also be negative.

However, how can there be particles with negative mass?
This is simply the big joke of the slippery world!
However, the absurdity of the Klein-Gordon equation does not stop there, because solving this equation can not only get negative energy, but also negative probability.

Compared with negative energy, negative probability is even more unreasonable!

On weekdays, the probability of an event being described is very small. We will only say that it is a zero-probability event, but we will never say that it is a negative probability.

The ghost knows what negative probability time is!
Knowing that the Klein-Gordon equation is a joke, why did Chen Muwu insist on writing this equation into his thesis?

There are two reasons for this. One is that this equation is not useless. After a long time, people discovered that although the Klein-Gordon equation cannot describe fermions with half-integer spins like electrons, it can describe The laws of motion of some particles with spin zero.

For example, the famous God particle "Higgs-Boson" is the only elementary particle that can be described by this equation. In addition, there are composite particles such as π-mesons and so on.

And in addition to particles, it can sometimes be used to describe the state of a field.

The second is because if there is no Klein-Gordon equation to bring up the two big troubles of negative energy and negative probability, physicists would not know how good the Dirac equation is to solve the big trouble of negative probability.

When I was in junior high school, my Chinese teacher taught me the benefits of this writing method in the composition class.

So this method was also used by Chen Muwu in his paper on wave mechanics.

I'll throw out two big annoyances that physicists can't deal with, and then I'll fix them myself.

Squeeze your emotions hard first, then let them burst out at the end.

Chen Muwu felt that after his paper was finally written and published, it should give physicists today a little shocking experience.

Chen Muwu wrote more and more excitedly on the desk, and the keyboard became louder and louder.

He didn't realize that the day had passed until someone knocked on the door one by one to inform him that it was six o'clock in the afternoon, the closing time of the laboratory.

And Oppenheimer, like a mushroom, sat on the sofa for a whole day.

Fortunately, he was also reading with great interest, which made Chen Muwu feel a little relieved, at least he shouldn't feel that he was left out, right?

Chen Muwu decided to get close to him: "Robert, I'm off work. Today is your first day in the Cavendish laboratory. I invite you out for a meal. How about it? And what is your book? I think You seem to be very absorbed in reading."

Hearing Chen Muwu call his name suddenly, Oppenheimer immediately relieved a lot.

He hurriedly stood up respectfully: "Mr. Chen, this book was recommended to me by a student of the Christian College. It is said to be a bestseller in the UK market. After I read it today, I found it really interesting, and I fell in love with it without knowing it. Spent a whole day in this room.

"Please look," Oppenheimer closed the book and turned the cover to Chen Muwu, "This book is called Murder on the Paris Express, and it is the debut novel written by a writer named Chandler York."

　Finally finished, sorry again!
　　
　
(End of this chapter)