Reborn and become a Great Scientist

Chapter 151 99 Academic Thief Dirac

Oppenheimer didn't know who Dirac was. He only saw a tall and thin British man who rushed to his teacher as soon as he entered the door.

That's pretty cool!

He hastily put down the paper and pen in his hand, rushed to Chen Muwu's side, and stood in front of him.

Although Oppenheimer was the shortest of the three, he still stood firm.

He has been in Cambridge for nearly a month, and he can't stand the rigid and closed environment of England more and more.

Although Chen Muwu treated him well, he was always full of anger.

Just as he was about to go to sleep, someone handed him a pillow. Oppenheimer had already made up his mind that if this blunt british guy wanted to do something, he would just give him an uppercut and punch him in the stomach.

After thinking for a while, Chen Muwu understood what the situation in front of him was all about.

It seems that this American should agree with himself from the bottom of his heart, so he should not be in danger of being poisoned in his life.

"Robert, don't be too nervous. This is my good friend, a theoretical genius-Paul Dirac. He is not a bad person, so don't worry!"

Oppenheimer was very embarrassed. He didn't expect that he would meet his teacher's friend for the first time in his career.

Chen Muwu then introduced his student to Dirac: "Paul, this is Robert Oppenheimer, a top student at Harvard University in the United States. He just entered the Cavendish Laboratory this summer and is now doing some research with me. "

"Mr. Dirac, I'm so sorry, I thought, uh, you wanted to do something to Mr. Chen."

"It's ok."

"By the way, Robert, can you sort out all the content I said today as soon as possible, and then hand it to me?"

"Of course no problem, Teacher Chen!"

After giving Oppenheimer a task and sending him away, Chen Muwu pulled Dirac by the sleeve and walked out the door.

"What's the matter, let's go outside and talk."

The reason why he wanted to leave in such a hurry was that he was afraid that after the group of people who came to the lecture today thought deeply about the problems related to probability waves, they would surround themselves and ask various questions.

Chen Muwu directly took Dirac to his room at Trinity College, made him a cup of tea, and then asked, "Paul, which mistake of mine did you find out, which made you so anxious?"

"It's about Chen statistics and Chen's exclusion principle. There are contradictions between the two papers you published before and after."

Oh, it turned out to be this.

Unlike most physicists in the world, the matrix used by Chen Muwu in quantum mechanics is not a problem for Dirac, who is a mathematics major.

This is just a mathematical tool, and it is no different from the four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, but it is slightly more advanced than the latter.
However, another problem about atoms troubled Dirac all summer.

Before the discovery of the neutron, physicists and chemists distinguished elements simply by the number of electrons outside their nuclei.

So Dirac has always been unable to understand why neon Ne and sodium Na only differ in the number of electrons by one, but show great differences in chemical properties, one is a gas, and the other is a metal.

Until he saw the wave equation proposed by Chen Muwu in his latest paper published in the journal Nature.

Dirac thought about using Chen Muwu's wave equation, trying to figure out what would happen if there were two electrons in an atom.

And he also wants to know, if the two electrons are exchanged, whether the two results obtained will be the same or different.

The result of the solution shows that exchanging the position will only change the sign of the front of the wave, and will not produce other differences.

This made Dirac think of the idea proposed by his good friend Chen Muwu when he established matrix mechanics, that is, the experiment cannot observe the difference between the two electrons after they exchange positions.

Because people cannot observe electrons specifically, they can only judge through the light emitted from atoms.

Obviously, whether the position of the electron is exchanged or not has no influence on the light emitted from the atom at all.

He realized that this was probably the incompatibility principle proposed by Chen Muwu about electron orbits in atomic models.

But before Dirac was happy for too long, he suddenly realized the contradiction between Chen's exclusion principle and another theory he had put forward before.

At about this time last year, Chen Muwu proposed a new statistical method different from Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics in macrophysics, and used this quantum statistical method called Chen statistics to successfully obtain The principle derives from Planck's law of thermal radiation.

However, Chen Muwu used photons in his calculations at that time, and the spin of photons is [-], which is an integer.

Therefore, a large number of photons can be infinitely superimposed on the same quantum state.

However, after this, Chen Muwu proposed the "Chen Exclusion Principle" named after him at the beginning of this year. Particles with a spin of [-]/[-], such as electrons, are not allowed to occupy the same quantum state. , even if they have exactly the same quantum number.

Therefore, for microscopic particles such as electrons, the quantum statistical method of Chen statistics can no longer be used. If it is forcibly applied, it is very likely that the extremely absurd conclusion that the entropy of the system becomes negative infinity will be obtained.

So there is an urgent need to find a new form of quantum statistics that can be applied to electrons.

Dirac hurried from his hometown in Bristol to Cambridge by train just to tell Chen Muwu about this matter.

Although a butterfly named Chen Muwu kept flapping its wings, the wheel of history was still rolling forward, and Dirac still found this thing that belonged to him.

Historically, shortly after Schrödinger proposed his equation, Dirac submitted a theoretical report to the Royal Society, which wrote a new quantum statistical method for electrons that he derived.

But less than a month after his article was published, a letter from the University of Rome was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge University.

Fermi, a professor at the University of Rome, pointed out very bluntly in his letter, "In your interesting paper entitled "On the Theory of Quantum Mechanics", you proposed a theory of ideal gases on the basis of Pauli's exclusion principle. .Now, an ideal gas theory nearly identical to yours was published by me earlier this year. I assume you have not read this article of mine, so I now draw your attention to it."

Fermi's letter appeared to be polite on the surface, but it was actually hidden in the truth.

The meaning between the lines in this letter is to want an explanation, whether the statistical law obtained by Dirac in this paper was derived independently, or was he inspired by reading Fermi's paper, in other words, he plagiarized here.

The physics community in later generations has never made a conclusion on this case of academic plagiarism.

Because Fermi's wife is Jewish, and because of Mussolini's anti-Semitic policy, he ran from Italy to the United States.

Therefore, a group of Jewish scientists in the United States, especially represented by Thomas Kuhn, firmly believed that Dirac, an Englishman, had stolen the wisdom of the Jews.

They not only believed that Dirac plagiarized Fermi in quantum statistics, but also believed that Dirac also plagiarized the achievements of the Jewish Born in the study of quantum mechanics.

And the reason why a young man who has not even obtained a doctoral degree can have such a great ability to "plagiarize" many great scientific achievements one after another, but still not be accused by others.

The reason given by these American Jews is that Dirac studied at Cambridge University, the top university in the UK, and at the same time was the lover of Rutherford's son-in-law Fowler, and later had a close personal relationship with Bohr.

However, Pauli, who is also a Jew, stood up and firmly supported Dirac on this issue. He believed that Dirac had never read Fermi’s article before writing the thesis, and plagiarizing this statement is simply nonsense .

"The old things of the Six Dynasties follow the flow", whether Dirac plagiarized or not plagiarized in this matter, it was all a matter of the previous life.

Anyway, in this life, if nothing else happens, he should be the first, er, second person to propose this new statistical law.

At this time, Fermi should still be studying relativity issues under Ehrenfest of Leiden University, and he has not completely shifted his academic focus to the microscopic world.

Recently, Chen Muwu first participated in the Olympic Games, and then he was busy writing these papers on the wave equation, leaving behind the quantum statistical method originally called Fermi-Dirac statistics.

It was only after being reminded by Dirac that he remembered that there was such a thing.

"Paul, you are right. I have thought about this issue before, but because I have been too busy these days, I put this issue on hold, and even forgot about it completely. Let me think about..."

Chen Muwu quickly retrieved the difference between Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi-Dirac statistics in his mind.

Then he picked up the pen and paper on the desk and wrote down two lines of formulas on it.

"The statistical laws of the two kinds of particles, photons and electrons, are indeed somewhat different. I have calculated it once before, and it is at this place." Chen Muwu pointed to the only difference between the two lines of formulas on the paper except for the corner mark. "Here It's a plus or minus sign."

Chen Muwu acted so confidently that Dirac was both surprised and admired.

He took out a few pieces of draft paper from the document bag he carried with him, and the formulas written on them were completely consistent except for the use of letters that were slightly different from those given by Chen Muwu.

"Chen! Could it be that you have deduced the formula for the average particle number of this energy level a long time ago, so you are so calm after hearing my question?"

In front of the master, Chen Muwu nodded a little ashamedly: "Well, it's just that I have been studying quantum mechanics recently, and I haven't been able to devote my energy to statistical physics.

"Look at this, you also calculated the same result as me?"

Dirac nodded, his expression was happy at first, and then turned into deep helplessness: "I thought I found one of your mistakes, but I thought I could finally get ahead of you this time. One step too late."

"It's not too late, it's not too late! Although I have deduced this formula, I have never written a paper, let alone published it. It just so happens that you have also obtained this result, so I invite you to write a paper and put this new quantum statistics method, publish it in a journal!"

"But this is the theory you discovered first, how could it be my turn to publish it?"

"It doesn't matter. After all, you deduced it independently. Just pretend that you don't know that I have done such a job! I really don't have much time to write this paper right now."

Chen Muwu thought that Dirac just discovered the inconsistency and didn't calculate the answer himself, so he just wrote the formula on paper.

If he had known that Dirac had deduced this new statistical law, Chen Muwu would never want to take this credit away.

After all, he already has a quantum statistics called "Chen statistics" under his name, and a particle classification method called "Chenzi" will also be produced in the future.

If he now takes the second statistical method as his own, how should the two formulas be distinguished in the future?

Chen [-] statistics and Chen [-] statistics?Chen Yizi and Chen Erzi?
It sounds really awkward.

So he is thinking now, no matter what, he should give this credit to his friends.

In the future, Chen statistics and Dirac statistics will be mentioned in statistical physics, and Chenzi and Diraczi will be mentioned in particle physics, which can be regarded as a good story.

Maybe at that time, there will be a sign next to the door of Mrs. Brown's house.

On the sign are engraved the portraits of Chen Muwu and Dirac, and the formulas of Chen Statistics and Dirac Statistics.

At the bottom, maybe there will be a few lines of small words for explanation:
From 1923 to 1924, physicists Chen Muwu and Paul Dirac lived here.

During this period, the two proposed quantum statistical laws for Chen Zi and Dirac Zi respectively.

But everyone seemed to forget that there was another man named Kapitsa who also lived in this house for a long time.

(End of this chapter)