Reborn and become a Great Scientist

Chapter 158 106 Superconductivity is the mainstream in the future

After another piece of music ended, Heisenberg, who had been exercising a bit, finally sat on the bench in the corner of the room.

Seeing Chen Muwu who had been here since the beginning of the dance, Heisenberg finally remembered his responsibility as the initiator of the dance, and also remembered who the dance was for.

He was so excited on the dance floor that he forgot to tell the Danish girls to take good care of the protagonist of tonight's dance.

"Mr. Chen, why don't you go for a dance? The young girls in Copenhagen are really nice and enthusiastic. It's a joy to dance with nice girls."

Heisenberg's words sound familiar.

If there is no Chen Wu in this world, then this sentence should appear on the Chunyang Maru that drove from San Francisco to Yokohama in 1929, and the object of his words became the taciturn Dirac.

Like Chen Muwu, Dirac also disliked and was not good at dancing.

When refuting Heisenberg's "heretical theory", he cleverly used the "principle of uncertainty" to "attack the shield with the spear of the son": "Werner, before you measure it, how do you know Are they good girls?"

But now, the principle of uncertainty has been snatched by Chen Muwu. If he said the same thing to Heisenberg again, it would feel almost meaningless, and maybe it would make people feel that he is boasting.

So after a little thought, Chen Muwu decided to tell the truth: "Mr. Heisenberg, to be honest, I am not good at dancing. I had to attend a ball in Paris before, and my dance steps were even more random than Brownian motion. Go out on the dance floor, and it's going to be a catastrophe in no time."

"Mr. Chen, what you said is really interesting."

After all, Heisenberg was also a genius in physics, and he was not as dull as his fellow Germans might make him out to be.

Oppenheimer, who retreated from the dance floor, also came to Chen Muwu and Heisenberg.

After a night of carnival, he had already gotten along well with the latter, and even changed the address from his last name to his first name: "Werner, your dancing skills are really good."

"Robert, yours is great too. It's the first time I've seen an American dance."

While the two of them were chatting about business here, Chen Muwu saw Oppenheimer, and for no reason he thought of the person he saw outside the gate when they first arrived at the Institute of Theoretical Physics this morning.

"Mr. Heisenberg, when Robert and I just arrived this morning, we saw a man from the Far East at the gate. Is this man a student at the Institute of Theoretical Physics? If so, what's his name?"

"You mean Nishina Yoshio? He is indeed a student of Professor Bohr. By the way, you are both from the Far East, so you must have a lot in common. Hey, Nishina, come here!"

While speaking, Heisenberg waved his hand to the other side of the dance floor and shouted loudly.

Just now he boasted that Heisenberg's brain circuit is not as weird as that of ordinary Germans, but in the blink of an eye Chen Muwu was slapped in the face.

Why are people from the Far East bound to have common topics?

Hearing the name, Chen Muwu knew that it was indeed the real person.

But if you ask him if he knows who this person is, the answer he gets must be no.

If the names were written in Chinese characters, Chen Muwu might still have some impressions.

But Heisenberg spoke in Roman accent, not to mention Nishina Yoshio, even Mr. Kaede Karen, the beauty of the age, he couldn't recognize who it was.

Hearing someone yelling, the short, round-faced Chen Muwu or Oppenheimer had met in the morning, ran over from the other side of the dance floor through the crowd.

Chen Muwu took a little observation from the corner of his eye. Judging by his age, he should be in his 30s.

A middle-aged man in his 30s was being bullied around by a 20-year-old Heisenberg. He asked himself that he would never suffer this kind of anger.

"Mr. Chen, this is my negligence, I should have introduced you a long time ago.

"Mr. Chen, this is Nishina Yoshio from the original, who is now studying and working at the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

"Nishina, this is Dr. Chen Muwu from Cambridge University, the most famous Chinese physicist in the world."

It stands to reason that at this time, Chen Muwu, as the party with a high status introduced later, should reach out his hand first.

But he didn't want to shake hands with me at all, so he just played stupid in his position.

But the next operation of the person in front of him really opened his eyes.

Seeing that Chen Muwu didn't intend to shake hands, his expression didn't change at all.

He still had a smile on his face, but put his hands on the sides of his thighs, then faced Chen Muwu directly, and bowed to him.

"Dr. Chen, nice to meet you, I'm Nishina Yoshio."

This nation is really resilient.

Chen Muwu was still very upset. He knew that this person was Nishina, but he still didn't know who this person was.

"Sit down, Werner said you are me, I wonder if you can write Chinese characters?" He deliberately emphasized the pronunciation of the word "China", "You guys insist on inventing a strange pronunciation for Chinese characters, I want to know what your Chinese name is. Robert, do you have any paper and pen with you?"

"Don't bother," I quickly took out a notebook and pen from my clothes, wrote my name, and handed it over respectfully.

The sharp-eyed Oppenheimer first pointed to a Chinese character on the notebook and said, "I know this character. It's called '仁', which means benevolence!"

There was a bit of showing off in his words, and Chen Muwu was really a little surprised. Why did Oppenheim learn Chinese so silently?
But what surprised him even more was the four vertical Chinese characters written on the notebook.

Nishina Yoshio.

Oppenheimer did get the first one right.

Chen Muwu never expected that he would actually meet the person in charge of the "Ren Project" at the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.

The so-called "Nito Project" is Ben's atomic bomb project, named after the first letter of the name of the person in charge, Yoshio Nishina.

So now sitting next to Chen Muwu is a man who will build an atomic bomb for the United States in the future, sitting next to a man who will build an atomic bomb for Germany in the future, and standing in front of him is a man who will build an atomic bomb for Japan in the future.

……

Yoshio Nishina should be regarded as the person who most admires Chen Muwu in the entire Institute of Theoretical Physics.

My morbid muqiang mentality is fully manifested in Nishina Yoshio.

Because Heisenberg is Bohr's favorite and most valued young man in the whole institute, so at the ball today, Nishina Yoshio was willing to be summoned by this young man who is more than ten years younger than himself. go.

His admiration for Chen Muwu also comes from this kind of Mu Qiang's heart.

As an East Asian with black hair and yellow skin, Chen Muwu is not only gifted in physics at a young age, he is also a good swimmer in sports.

But Yoshio Nishina is also the one who looks down on Chen Muwu the most in the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

Like Kikujiro Ishii, the Japanese ambassador to France who was in the auditorium of the previous Olympics, Yoshio Nishina believed that Chen Muwu was a despicable supporter.

It's just that this supporter was lucky and made several discoveries and inventions that shocked the world, so Yoshio Nishina had to bow his knees in front of him.

At first, Chen Muwu just wanted to ask Heisenberg who the Nishina Yoshio he met outside the gate of the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

Unexpectedly, because Chen Muwu didn't dance a dance from the beginning to the end, Heisenberg felt a little guilty.

So he was a little too enthusiastic, and directly called Yoshio Nishina over.

Until now, Heisenberg is still in a state of being wrong.

Seeing Yoshio Nishina's respectful expression, he thought that there should be endless conversations between the two Far Easterners.

So Heisenberg stood up consciously and made way for Yoshio Nishina who had been standing all the time.

"Dr. Chen, PeopleSoft, you talk, I'll go dance again."

So Yoshio Nishina took advantage of the situation and sat in Heisenberg's original position.

On the contrary, Oppenheimer still sat there without moving, because he clearly remembered the disgusted expression on Chen Muwu's face when he told him that the person was himself in the morning.

"Mr. Chen, I have admired your name for a long time, and I finally got to meet you today." After sitting down, Yoshio Nishina directly patted Chen Muwu's ass, "Mr. Chen is a handsome talent at a young age. Discovered the ninth planet in astronomy, and won four gold medals in the Olympic Games, really I am the light of East Asia!"

Uh.

Once the Chinese made achievements, I began to say that the advocacy is the light of East Asia, as if they are also honored as East Asians.

How they licked Su Shen, who ran [-] seconds in the [-]-meter semi-finals at the Tokyo Olympics, is now how Nishina Yoshio licked Chen Muwu.

However, Yoshio Nishina refused to even mention the name of the Yellow Emperor Star, and kept talking about the ninth planet. It can be seen that he is still very unconvinced in his heart.

"Thank you."

Chen Muwu didn't want to waste even one more word with him.

But Yoshio Nishina still didn't give up, and he pestered Chen Muwu to chat about domestic politics.

"Mr. Chen, I heard that these days in your country are not peaceful.

"General Wu of the central government and General Zhang outside the pass started a war, and the entire area around the capital has become a battlefield. Who do you think will win?"

What Yoshio Nishina said was the Second Zhifeng War that took place in September 1924.

It is said to be a war between the two major warlords, the Zhili and the Fengli, but at its root, it is still a proxy war.

The forces behind them are the European and American powers and Japan, which are competing for interests in China.

Cao Kun, Wu Peifu, and Zhang Zuolin, the nominal leaders of the direct line and the Feng line, are just pawns on the surface.

But in any case, it is always "prosperity, the people suffer; death, the people suffer".

But of course he wouldn't tell the person in front of him what he was thinking: "I haven't thought about domestic affairs, I'm only interested in physics now."

At the mention of physics, Yoshio Nishina's glasses also brightened up: "Then Mr. Chen, what do you think will be the mainstream development direction of physics in the future?"

Chen Muwu, a young man in his early 20s, has produced so many achievements in physics in just over a year.

This makes people have to sigh, his physics intuition is very keen.

Yoshio Nishina also saw this, so he pretended to ask this question inadvertently, hoping to find some inspiration from Chen Muwu's answer.

Hearing this question, Oppenheimer, who had been idling on the sidelines just now, also leaned over, wanting to hear the teacher's answer.

"Robert, go and dance again. I will only tell Nishina about the following words. This is a secret between us Asians."

Although Oppenheimer was dissatisfied with the teacher's approach, he finally got up and left his seat.

But the moment his butt left his seat, he wanted to understand one thing.

Since Mr. Chen hates this person very much, he will definitely not tell him his true thoughts.

The reason why I didn't let myself stay here was because I was afraid that I would go astray after hearing about it.

It must be so!

"Hmm..." Chen Muwu frowned, pretending to think for a while, although he already had the foolish answer in his heart, "I think the mainstream direction of future physics development should be the superconducting effect."

His answer was somewhat unexpected by Yoshio Nishina.

Originally, Yoshio Nishina thought that the answer given by Chen Muwu should be inside the nucleus. After all, he had just established quantum mechanics to solve the problems of the microcosm.

"Mr. Chen, could you explain this point of view in detail?"

"No problem at all.

"At a certain stage in the development of electricity, one way people distinguished conductors from insulators was by looking at how resistance varied with temperature.

"If the resistance decreases with decreasing temperature, then the substance is a conductor, and vice versa, an insulator.

"But what happens to the resistance of the conductor when the temperature drops to a very low level?

"Lord Kelvin believed that the electrons in a conductor would be frozen by the low temperature, but Sir Dewar believed that if there is an ideal conductor without any impurities and defects, its resistance may be zero when it reaches absolute zero.

"It's a pity that neither of the two people was right. In 1911, Professor Kamaling Onnes of Leiden University in the Netherlands discovered in experiments that when the temperature dropped to about [-] Kelvin, the resistance of mercury metal decreased. The rate becomes so small that it cannot be measured, and it can be regarded as zero. This is the first time in human history that superconductivity has been discovered.

"One needs only a basic education in physics to know what it means when the resistivity of a material goes to zero.

"Even if silver is the most conductive but expensive wire to make wires, there will be considerable losses in the process of transmitting electricity over long distances.

"But what if this superconductor with zero resistivity is used to make wires? Then the loss during transmission can be ignored, which not only improves efficiency, but also saves energy.

"With the development of technology, people's demand for electricity will only increase in the future.

"Physics, in turn, serves to improve the quality of human life.

"That's why I say that the superconducting effect is the mainstream development direction of physics in the future."

Seeing Chen Muwu speak so earnestly, Yoshio Nishina really thought that this young Chinese was defenseless, so he spoke out all the thoughts in his heart.

He wanted to extract more useful thoughts from Chen Muwu, so he continued to ask: "But Mr. Chen, the superconducting effect can only appear at a temperature below ten Kelvin. If the conductive material is kept at such a low temperature Under the environment, wouldn’t it also consume a lot of energy?”

"You're right, humans can only obtain superconductors at extremely low temperatures.

"But you overlooked one point, that is, for different materials, the critical temperature for superconducting effect is different.

"The first metal mercury Hg to discover superconductivity is element 80, and its critical temperature is 4.2 Kelvin.

"In 1913, people discovered the 82nd element lead Pb, which also has superconductivity, and its critical temperature is nearly twice as high as that of mercury, which has reached 7 Kelvin.

"Although the phenomenon of superconductivity has been proposed for more than ten years, people's understanding of it is still only a blind man's feeling, and he cannot see the whole picture.

"For example, element 81, thallium Tl, is sandwiched between the two.

"Thallium is a relatively rare metal element compared to the mercury and lead that exist in abundance on the earth on both sides of it.

"As far as I know, so far, no physicist has designed and conducted corresponding experiments to verify whether the thallium element sandwiched between mercury and lead has superconducting properties?
"If it exists, what is the superconducting critical temperature of thallium?
"I think that if we can find the critical temperature of thallium, maybe we can find some rules about the superconducting effect from these three adjacent elements."

Chen Muwu finally finished what was on his mind.

And what he said was really not serious nonsense, but all the truth that couldn't be more real.

Superconductivity is indeed a popular subject in later generations of physics.

Even if you don't count Onnes, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913 for the discovery of the superconducting effect.

In the future, the research on superconductivity will also allow nine other physicists to wear the physics award in the four years of 1972, 1973, 1987 and 2003.

This number may not be the largest among all sub-disciplines of physics, but it is undoubtedly among the best.

And the thallium element mentioned by Chen Muwu is an unavoidable obstacle in the corresponding superconductivity research.

Although the superconducting critical temperature of thallium metal is only 2.4 Kelvin, it is not as good as mercury's 4.2 Kelvin and lead's 7 Kelvin.

但是铊－汞－铜－钡－钙－氧系材料（Hg12Tl3Ba30Ca30Cu45O127）的超导临界温度，却达到了惊人的138开尔文。

Before 2015, this was the highest superconducting critical temperature that humans could achieve in the laboratory.

For this person who has national hatred and family hatred with himself, Chen Muwu can be said to be high-spirited and selfless. Basically, he basically revealed the development of superconducting physics in the next 100 years to Nishina Fangxiong in relatively obscure words.

From the beginning to the end, he never said a word that was contrary to the future development of superconductivity.

However, human memory is always limited. Even a genius like Einstein cannot remember everything clearly.

And Chen Muwu was even more impossible.

What's more, he is not a student majoring in chemistry after all, and his knowledge of chemistry is just scratching the surface.

Then it is understandable that Chen Muwu did not remember the fact that "whether it is thallium element or thallium salt, it is highly poisonous to human beings", isn't it?
Perhaps because of the Zhu Ling case, the Chinese people know about the terrible poison of thallium, and everyone knows about it.

But now in 1924, thallium has only been discovered for more than 60 years, and people's understanding of this element is still very limited.

In the 90s, French dermatologist Sablan discovered that his patients would lose a lot of hair after taking a small amount of thallium salt.

Just like sildenafil, which was originally developed to treat cardiovascular diseases, was transformed into an aphrodisiac after it was found to have miraculous effects on male function.

When people discovered that thallium salts had the side effect of hair loss, they also had a flash of inspiration and made hair removal cream with thallium acetate with a mass percentage of [-], which sold well in Europe and the United States, and entered thousands of households just like other ordinary beauty products.

In today's world, it should be said that apart from Chen Muwu, no one knows how toxic thallium is.

Although historically, the Ren Plan under the leadership of Yoshio Nishina, because the bombing by the US military did not succeed in the end.

But Chen Muwu was very afraid that the butterfly effect brought about by his time travel would change this, and the world would enter the timeline of The Man in the High Castle.

Regarding Heisenberg, Chen Muwu still wanted to try to change it a little, to see if he could prevent him from returning to China to participate in the uranium project.

But for Nishina Yoshio?I'm really sorry.

Regardless of whether he is a great physicist or not, for Chen Muwu, because he is a person, it is already an unforgivable crime.

But from the beginning to the end, the kind-hearted Chen Muwu did not choose to assassinate, shoot, or cause a car accident.

He just introduced to Yoshio Nishina the mainstream direction of the future development of physics in his mind.

Similarly, Yoshio Nishina decided to study the superconductivity of thallium only because of his own interest, because of his love of physics, because of his pursuit of truth, and because of superconductivity, a noble cause that can improve the quality of human life. characteristic.

If during the experiment, Mr. Yoshio Nishina was accidentally poisoned, then lost his hair, produced various reactions, and eventually died.

Then Chen Muwu must express his deep regret for the death of this physics colleague.

After all, he died in pursuit of the truth!

Chen Muwu, who was still sitting on the bench by the dance floor, had a smile on his face, but he was a little anxious in his heart.

He really wanted to know if the fish in front of him would take the bait in front of the pie he had drawn.

Nishina Yoshio was thoughtful: "So, Mr. Chen, is your research direction for a period of time in the future, is the superconducting properties of thallium metal?"

Chen Muwu pretended to sigh: "PeopleSoft, to tell you the truth, I have more energy than I want. Rutherford, the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, has always been only interested in the things inside the atom,"

He started talking nonsense again, "He didn't let me focus on low-temperature physics and metal superconductivity at all.

"I saw today that you are as Asian as I am, and you are also a genius in physics, but you are excluded everywhere in the European territory.

"I saw my own shadow in you, that's why I told you so much from the bottom of my heart, expressing the truest thoughts in my heart.

"Mr. Nishina," after talking so much today, Chen Muwu finally added a title after Yoshio Nishina's surname for the first time, "Are you interested in collaborating with me once to study the superconducting properties of this metal thallium?" How is it?"

(End of this chapter)