Reborn and become a Great Scientist
Chapter 338 77 Seeking Truth from Facts Kapitsa
Chapter 338 77 Seeking Truth from Facts Kapitsa
"Peter, I'm doing an experiment, don't come over here! Get out first, get out!"
Although his experiment was conducted entirely in a metal tube.
Alpha, beta and gamma particles have their penetrating abilities from low to high, while their ionization abilities range from high to low.
The most penetrating gamma particles require very thick lead plates to completely isolate them.
As for the alpha particles, which have the weakest penetrating power, basically anything can stop him from moving forward.
This time Chen Muwu did not need to observe the phenomena in the experimental instrument like electron diffraction, so there was no need to put all the experimental equipment into specially customized special-shaped glass tubes like electron diffraction, so he chose Assembling simpler metal pipes.
This kind of metal tube can definitely block alpha particles, keeping them trapped in the tube and unable to penetrate out.
However, the two products generated by this experiment are not as friendly as alpha particles in terms of penetrating ability.
Whether it is the final product protons or the intermediate product neutrons, the radioactivity of these two particles is higher than the other.
Even if it is a metal pipe, there is a high possibility that it cannot isolate them all inside, and some of them will penetrate the metal and escape.
For safety reasons, Chen Muwu also added an extra lead plate to the outside of the middle part of the metal pipe, where neutrons are generated, for protection.
In the end, when the generated protons were shot into the cloud chamber, Chen Muwu couldn't add lead plates even if he wanted to, because there was not only a camera directly above the cloud chamber to take photos and capture the trajectory of the protons, but also a camera near the cloud chamber. Magnetic field to ensure that protons can deflect smoothly inside.
Both the device and the camera that generate the magnetic field take up a lot of space. If lead sheets are added to the outside for protection, it won't be of much use to be honest.
Fortunately, the penetration ability of protons is much lower than that of neutrons, and after two bombardments, the energy of protons as the final product will not be too high. Chen Muwu was more or less lucky.
But even if it was a fluke, in addition to the experimental equipment itself and the surrounding shielding devices, he still took a lot of protective measures on himself, wearing special clothes and inserting several lead plates in front of important parts.
However, Chen Muwu had protection, but Kapitsa was alone and had no armor or magic resistance at all.
In the final analysis, he was too careless. He felt that no one would come to him after the summer vacation. Even if there was an emergency and came to him, he should knock on the door first and ask, so he did not post the words "Experiment" on the door of the laboratory. Important place, please do not disturb."
Chen Muwu completely forgot that he also had a good gay friend, Kapitsa, which is why today's incident happened.
It is hoped that the amount of neutrons and protons escaping will be very small and will not have any impact on Kapitsa.
Hearing Chen Muwu's sharp shout, Kapitsa first stood on the spot.
Then he immediately followed the instructions in the words and walked backward step by step out of the door.
Chen Muwu closed the baffle containing the polonium-210 lead box so that it would no longer emit alpha particles.
Then he turned off the power to the vacuum pump, cloud chamber, and camera, bringing the entire experiment to a complete halt.
After doing all this, he walked out of the door wearing heavy clothes and appeared in front of Kapitsa.
"Peter, why are you here?"
"It's not that I've been busy with getting married recently. There are too many things and I'm a little stressed, so I came back to the Cavendish Laboratory just like you to take a little break." Kapitsa teased jokingly. Chen Muwu said: "Chen, it's already summer vacation. Why don't you go back to your home in London? What are you doing in the laboratory?"
"Uh……"
Chen Muwu was at a loss for words. He didn't know how to explain it to Kapitsa. Should he tell him the truth and say that he wanted to discover the neutron quietly?
But he couldn't let Kapitsa dry for too long, so after thinking briefly, Chen Muwu chose to say nonsense:
"As you can see, I'm experimenting."
Kapitsa, who felt like he was being played with like a child of a few years old, was a little dissatisfied: "Of course I know you are doing experiments! I asked you what experiments you are doing. Wrap yourself in three layers and three layers outside, just like in the newspaper. Just like the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun published."
"I...I am replicating an experiment by Sir Rutherford and Patrick!"
Chen Muwu finally found a reasonable excuse.
"Old Crocodile and Patrick's experiment? What was that? The one where alpha particles were used to bombard the nitrogen nucleus, and then a proton was obtained?"
"That's right!"
They all use alpha particles to bombard other elements fixed on the target, and they also knock out a new type of particle from the atomic nucleus.
Except for the different products of the experiments, the two experiments should be similar, right?
He just changed the target in Rutherford and Blackett's experiment from nitrogen to a lighter and just fixed boron element.
From nitrogen, which is ranked seventh on the periodic table, to boron, which is ranked fifth, the difference between the two is not too big!
Chen Muwu feels that his doubts are more reasonable. This is called drawing inferences from one example and having a strong spirit of scientific exploration!
The more he thought about it, the more he felt that his explanation was perfect, so he became more and more confident in his heart, and the tone of his voice when talking to Kapitsa became stronger and stronger.
This startled Kapitsa, who had just startled Chen Muwu.
Just do the experiment. Why are you yelling so loudly?
Chen Muwu continued to tell Kapitsa the "ins and outs" of why he did the experiment: He was bored today and suddenly thought that he and Blackett had looked at the cloud chamber photographic films, and discovered a new isotope and artificial nuclei. The matter of transmutation.
Why can protons appear when alpha particles bombard nitrogen nuclei, but cannot when bombarding other nuclei?
Was it because the previous experiment was not done well, so protons were not detected, or was it that protons could not be detected at all?
So he was bored today and wanted to do this experiment again.
As a result, just after setting up the experimental bench and before starting the experimental equipment, Kapitsa suddenly opened the door of his laboratory.
This statement made Kapitsa stunned. He really believed Chen Muwu's lies and felt that what he said was very reasonable.
Dr. Chen is right. Why can't other elements bombard protons?
Little did he know that this was because the bombardment was actually neutrons.
Rutherford first experimented with using alpha particles to bombard nitrogen. He added a layer of aluminum foil after the nitrogen. The thickness of the aluminum foil was just enough to block the alpha particles with the weakest penetrating ability.In this way, the alpha particles originally emitted from the particle source cannot penetrate the aluminum foil. If new particles can be produced after the alpha particles bombard the nitrogen nuclei, they will pass through this layer of aluminum foil and hit the place where they are placed. On the fluorescent screen behind the aluminum foil, let the light spots with particles stay on the fluorescent screen for a short time.
However, the only things that can make the fluorescent screen shine are charged particles, such as alpha particles and protons, so Rutherford initially added a layer of aluminum foil behind the nitrogen to block the alpha particles in order to prevent radiation from coming out. Alpha particles emitted from the source can mislead experimental phenomena.
However, when conducting experiments with other elements that are lighter than nitrogen, even though the same experimental device is used, a new type of particle can be bombarded - neutrons. The neutrons can also penetrate such a thin layer of aluminum foil. .
But the crux of the problem is that because neutrons are uncharged, even if they pass through aluminum foil, they cannot leave a light spot on the fluorescent screen. This made Rutherford, who was doing the experiment at the time, unaware that he had discovered the neutrons he was longing for. So much so that he spent the next dozen years trying to find this thing.
And because there was no point left on the fluorescent screen, when Rutherford commissioned Blackett to repeat his experiment of alpha particles bombarding atoms, he only used nitrogen and did not try other elements.
Of course, even if Blackett alpha particles bombard lithium beryllium boron and produce neutrons, the neutrons will not leave a trajectory in the cloud chamber.
However, when Chadwick later discovered neutrons, he also used a cloud chamber.
Although neutrons have no trajectory in the cloud chamber, neutrons can collide with other particles in the cloud chamber, leaving corresponding collision trajectories.
Chadwick used the recoil trajectories of protons and other nuclei recorded in the cloud chamber to calculate the relative atomic mass of this mysterious particle, which is similar to the neutron properties previously predicted by Rutherford, so he published it in the journal A paper was published saying that neutrons may exist.
Rutherford had the opportunity to discover neutrons a long time ago, but because of a small fluorescent screen that would not display neutral particles, he missed neutrons at that time.
But fortunately, in the end, it was Chadwick who was still in the Cavendish Laboratory who discovered the neutron. Is this considered "the paper airplane of my childhood, now it finally flew back into my hands"?
Chen Muwu does not need to re-enact the steps Chadwick took when he discovered neutrons, letting the bombarded neutrons bombard protons and other atomic nuclei to calculate the mass of the neutrons.
Again, as long as he can bombard the protons in paraffin with neutrons, he can prove that his experiment is a perfect success.
Because he didn't need to write a paper for his experiment this time, he just wanted to discover the neutron in advance so that he could have food in his pocket and not panic.
It felt as if he had disturbed Chen Muwu's experiment, and Kapitsa was a little embarrassed.
"Well, Chen, I'm really sorry. I didn't know you were doing experiments. I didn't delay you, right? Then you go ahead and I'll come back when you are free."
After saying that, he turned around and left.
"Now that you're here, don't leave. Fortunately, my experiment didn't reach a critical moment. I just assembled the instrument and it's now suspended. - When will you get married?"
When he first entered, Kapitsa seemed to have mentioned that he was getting married soon, and Chen Muwu secretly hid in the laboratory instead of helping him.
"The date has just been set. It's at the end of September, just a few days before school starts in October. Otherwise, everyone is on summer vacation, and it wouldn't be appropriate to call them all back for the wedding in the hot summer."
Chen Muwu nodded after hearing Kapitsa's answer and felt that this arrangement was very reasonable...
wrong!
"Peter, shouldn't you go back to China and get married in Lezhigrad? From what you said, it sounds like you are going to hold the wedding in Cambridge?"
Chen Muwu just casually expressed the doubts in his heart, but he didn't expect that his question would make the expression on Kapitsa's face dim.
"Chen, you know how inconvenient it is for me to go out to the UK and go through customs when I come back since the UK and my motherland severed diplomatic relations.
"Besides, I don't have many relatives or friends over there."
"Sorry, sorry, Peter, I forgot about it."
The reason why Kapitsa was able to leave Sulian to study at Cambridge University was because he suffered major changes at home. His relatives, first wife and children were either infected with the Spanish Flu or got other diseases. .
In order to help this young man with extremely high talent in physics get out of his depressed state of mind, Su Lian first went to Professor Fei for physics education, and then helped Kapitsa get an opportunity to come to the Cavendish Laboratory for exchanges. .
And because of his cleverness, Kapitsa transformed himself from a student who went on exchange visits to a physicist rooted here.
"Aren't there any relatives coming from China?"
"My mother will come here with Professor Yoffei, and then after the Solvay Conference is over, she will return to China with Professor Yoffei."
"Why don't you stay in England longer?"
"I guess even if I wanted to stay, I wouldn't be able to stay long."
Kapitsa gave Chen Muwu a "you know" look with a wry smile.
Yes, even if Gamow wanted to study abroad openly with a passport like Kapitsa, he would not be allowed to do so, so he could only use his brain to think of crooked ways.
It is estimated that allowing Kapitsa's mother to come to the UK to attend her son's wedding is already a great favor to Kapitsa.
"Okay, then if my aunt comes to England, she can live in my home in London first and let the two old people live together, which can be considered as companionship."
"I'm afraid this won't work either. One of them speaks Chinese and the other speaks Russian, so they don't understand each other.
"I recently plan to buy a house in Cambridge and settle down completely, but I haven't decided on my birth date yet. Let's not talk about it anymore, Chen, in China, are there any specialties when getting married?"
Chen Muwu initially wanted to tell Kapitsa about the marriage troubles in China. Before the wedding, several groomsmen pranked the groom.
But he was not sure whether the current marriage process was like this, so he decided to take the most conservative approach and put dates, peanuts, longans and lotus seeds on the wedding bed, which meant giving birth to a child early.
"This is good, this is good. When I give birth to children, I will definitely ask you to be their godfather. After all, you are my best friend."
"But why don't you let me be the best man when you get married?"
"You are too handsome to let you outshine me on your wedding day."
Kapitsa said matter-of-factly.
(End of this chapter)
"Peter, I'm doing an experiment, don't come over here! Get out first, get out!"
Although his experiment was conducted entirely in a metal tube.
Alpha, beta and gamma particles have their penetrating abilities from low to high, while their ionization abilities range from high to low.
The most penetrating gamma particles require very thick lead plates to completely isolate them.
As for the alpha particles, which have the weakest penetrating power, basically anything can stop him from moving forward.
This time Chen Muwu did not need to observe the phenomena in the experimental instrument like electron diffraction, so there was no need to put all the experimental equipment into specially customized special-shaped glass tubes like electron diffraction, so he chose Assembling simpler metal pipes.
This kind of metal tube can definitely block alpha particles, keeping them trapped in the tube and unable to penetrate out.
However, the two products generated by this experiment are not as friendly as alpha particles in terms of penetrating ability.
Whether it is the final product protons or the intermediate product neutrons, the radioactivity of these two particles is higher than the other.
Even if it is a metal pipe, there is a high possibility that it cannot isolate them all inside, and some of them will penetrate the metal and escape.
For safety reasons, Chen Muwu also added an extra lead plate to the outside of the middle part of the metal pipe, where neutrons are generated, for protection.
In the end, when the generated protons were shot into the cloud chamber, Chen Muwu couldn't add lead plates even if he wanted to, because there was not only a camera directly above the cloud chamber to take photos and capture the trajectory of the protons, but also a camera near the cloud chamber. Magnetic field to ensure that protons can deflect smoothly inside.
Both the device and the camera that generate the magnetic field take up a lot of space. If lead sheets are added to the outside for protection, it won't be of much use to be honest.
Fortunately, the penetration ability of protons is much lower than that of neutrons, and after two bombardments, the energy of protons as the final product will not be too high. Chen Muwu was more or less lucky.
But even if it was a fluke, in addition to the experimental equipment itself and the surrounding shielding devices, he still took a lot of protective measures on himself, wearing special clothes and inserting several lead plates in front of important parts.
However, Chen Muwu had protection, but Kapitsa was alone and had no armor or magic resistance at all.
In the final analysis, he was too careless. He felt that no one would come to him after the summer vacation. Even if there was an emergency and came to him, he should knock on the door first and ask, so he did not post the words "Experiment" on the door of the laboratory. Important place, please do not disturb."
Chen Muwu completely forgot that he also had a good gay friend, Kapitsa, which is why today's incident happened.
It is hoped that the amount of neutrons and protons escaping will be very small and will not have any impact on Kapitsa.
Hearing Chen Muwu's sharp shout, Kapitsa first stood on the spot.
Then he immediately followed the instructions in the words and walked backward step by step out of the door.
Chen Muwu closed the baffle containing the polonium-210 lead box so that it would no longer emit alpha particles.
Then he turned off the power to the vacuum pump, cloud chamber, and camera, bringing the entire experiment to a complete halt.
After doing all this, he walked out of the door wearing heavy clothes and appeared in front of Kapitsa.
"Peter, why are you here?"
"It's not that I've been busy with getting married recently. There are too many things and I'm a little stressed, so I came back to the Cavendish Laboratory just like you to take a little break." Kapitsa teased jokingly. Chen Muwu said: "Chen, it's already summer vacation. Why don't you go back to your home in London? What are you doing in the laboratory?"
"Uh……"
Chen Muwu was at a loss for words. He didn't know how to explain it to Kapitsa. Should he tell him the truth and say that he wanted to discover the neutron quietly?
But he couldn't let Kapitsa dry for too long, so after thinking briefly, Chen Muwu chose to say nonsense:
"As you can see, I'm experimenting."
Kapitsa, who felt like he was being played with like a child of a few years old, was a little dissatisfied: "Of course I know you are doing experiments! I asked you what experiments you are doing. Wrap yourself in three layers and three layers outside, just like in the newspaper. Just like the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun published."
"I...I am replicating an experiment by Sir Rutherford and Patrick!"
Chen Muwu finally found a reasonable excuse.
"Old Crocodile and Patrick's experiment? What was that? The one where alpha particles were used to bombard the nitrogen nucleus, and then a proton was obtained?"
"That's right!"
They all use alpha particles to bombard other elements fixed on the target, and they also knock out a new type of particle from the atomic nucleus.
Except for the different products of the experiments, the two experiments should be similar, right?
He just changed the target in Rutherford and Blackett's experiment from nitrogen to a lighter and just fixed boron element.
From nitrogen, which is ranked seventh on the periodic table, to boron, which is ranked fifth, the difference between the two is not too big!
Chen Muwu feels that his doubts are more reasonable. This is called drawing inferences from one example and having a strong spirit of scientific exploration!
The more he thought about it, the more he felt that his explanation was perfect, so he became more and more confident in his heart, and the tone of his voice when talking to Kapitsa became stronger and stronger.
This startled Kapitsa, who had just startled Chen Muwu.
Just do the experiment. Why are you yelling so loudly?
Chen Muwu continued to tell Kapitsa the "ins and outs" of why he did the experiment: He was bored today and suddenly thought that he and Blackett had looked at the cloud chamber photographic films, and discovered a new isotope and artificial nuclei. The matter of transmutation.
Why can protons appear when alpha particles bombard nitrogen nuclei, but cannot when bombarding other nuclei?
Was it because the previous experiment was not done well, so protons were not detected, or was it that protons could not be detected at all?
So he was bored today and wanted to do this experiment again.
As a result, just after setting up the experimental bench and before starting the experimental equipment, Kapitsa suddenly opened the door of his laboratory.
This statement made Kapitsa stunned. He really believed Chen Muwu's lies and felt that what he said was very reasonable.
Dr. Chen is right. Why can't other elements bombard protons?
Little did he know that this was because the bombardment was actually neutrons.
Rutherford first experimented with using alpha particles to bombard nitrogen. He added a layer of aluminum foil after the nitrogen. The thickness of the aluminum foil was just enough to block the alpha particles with the weakest penetrating ability.In this way, the alpha particles originally emitted from the particle source cannot penetrate the aluminum foil. If new particles can be produced after the alpha particles bombard the nitrogen nuclei, they will pass through this layer of aluminum foil and hit the place where they are placed. On the fluorescent screen behind the aluminum foil, let the light spots with particles stay on the fluorescent screen for a short time.
However, the only things that can make the fluorescent screen shine are charged particles, such as alpha particles and protons, so Rutherford initially added a layer of aluminum foil behind the nitrogen to block the alpha particles in order to prevent radiation from coming out. Alpha particles emitted from the source can mislead experimental phenomena.
However, when conducting experiments with other elements that are lighter than nitrogen, even though the same experimental device is used, a new type of particle can be bombarded - neutrons. The neutrons can also penetrate such a thin layer of aluminum foil. .
But the crux of the problem is that because neutrons are uncharged, even if they pass through aluminum foil, they cannot leave a light spot on the fluorescent screen. This made Rutherford, who was doing the experiment at the time, unaware that he had discovered the neutrons he was longing for. So much so that he spent the next dozen years trying to find this thing.
And because there was no point left on the fluorescent screen, when Rutherford commissioned Blackett to repeat his experiment of alpha particles bombarding atoms, he only used nitrogen and did not try other elements.
Of course, even if Blackett alpha particles bombard lithium beryllium boron and produce neutrons, the neutrons will not leave a trajectory in the cloud chamber.
However, when Chadwick later discovered neutrons, he also used a cloud chamber.
Although neutrons have no trajectory in the cloud chamber, neutrons can collide with other particles in the cloud chamber, leaving corresponding collision trajectories.
Chadwick used the recoil trajectories of protons and other nuclei recorded in the cloud chamber to calculate the relative atomic mass of this mysterious particle, which is similar to the neutron properties previously predicted by Rutherford, so he published it in the journal A paper was published saying that neutrons may exist.
Rutherford had the opportunity to discover neutrons a long time ago, but because of a small fluorescent screen that would not display neutral particles, he missed neutrons at that time.
But fortunately, in the end, it was Chadwick who was still in the Cavendish Laboratory who discovered the neutron. Is this considered "the paper airplane of my childhood, now it finally flew back into my hands"?
Chen Muwu does not need to re-enact the steps Chadwick took when he discovered neutrons, letting the bombarded neutrons bombard protons and other atomic nuclei to calculate the mass of the neutrons.
Again, as long as he can bombard the protons in paraffin with neutrons, he can prove that his experiment is a perfect success.
Because he didn't need to write a paper for his experiment this time, he just wanted to discover the neutron in advance so that he could have food in his pocket and not panic.
It felt as if he had disturbed Chen Muwu's experiment, and Kapitsa was a little embarrassed.
"Well, Chen, I'm really sorry. I didn't know you were doing experiments. I didn't delay you, right? Then you go ahead and I'll come back when you are free."
After saying that, he turned around and left.
"Now that you're here, don't leave. Fortunately, my experiment didn't reach a critical moment. I just assembled the instrument and it's now suspended. - When will you get married?"
When he first entered, Kapitsa seemed to have mentioned that he was getting married soon, and Chen Muwu secretly hid in the laboratory instead of helping him.
"The date has just been set. It's at the end of September, just a few days before school starts in October. Otherwise, everyone is on summer vacation, and it wouldn't be appropriate to call them all back for the wedding in the hot summer."
Chen Muwu nodded after hearing Kapitsa's answer and felt that this arrangement was very reasonable...
wrong!
"Peter, shouldn't you go back to China and get married in Lezhigrad? From what you said, it sounds like you are going to hold the wedding in Cambridge?"
Chen Muwu just casually expressed the doubts in his heart, but he didn't expect that his question would make the expression on Kapitsa's face dim.
"Chen, you know how inconvenient it is for me to go out to the UK and go through customs when I come back since the UK and my motherland severed diplomatic relations.
"Besides, I don't have many relatives or friends over there."
"Sorry, sorry, Peter, I forgot about it."
The reason why Kapitsa was able to leave Sulian to study at Cambridge University was because he suffered major changes at home. His relatives, first wife and children were either infected with the Spanish Flu or got other diseases. .
In order to help this young man with extremely high talent in physics get out of his depressed state of mind, Su Lian first went to Professor Fei for physics education, and then helped Kapitsa get an opportunity to come to the Cavendish Laboratory for exchanges. .
And because of his cleverness, Kapitsa transformed himself from a student who went on exchange visits to a physicist rooted here.
"Aren't there any relatives coming from China?"
"My mother will come here with Professor Yoffei, and then after the Solvay Conference is over, she will return to China with Professor Yoffei."
"Why don't you stay in England longer?"
"I guess even if I wanted to stay, I wouldn't be able to stay long."
Kapitsa gave Chen Muwu a "you know" look with a wry smile.
Yes, even if Gamow wanted to study abroad openly with a passport like Kapitsa, he would not be allowed to do so, so he could only use his brain to think of crooked ways.
It is estimated that allowing Kapitsa's mother to come to the UK to attend her son's wedding is already a great favor to Kapitsa.
"Okay, then if my aunt comes to England, she can live in my home in London first and let the two old people live together, which can be considered as companionship."
"I'm afraid this won't work either. One of them speaks Chinese and the other speaks Russian, so they don't understand each other.
"I recently plan to buy a house in Cambridge and settle down completely, but I haven't decided on my birth date yet. Let's not talk about it anymore, Chen, in China, are there any specialties when getting married?"
Chen Muwu initially wanted to tell Kapitsa about the marriage troubles in China. Before the wedding, several groomsmen pranked the groom.
But he was not sure whether the current marriage process was like this, so he decided to take the most conservative approach and put dates, peanuts, longans and lotus seeds on the wedding bed, which meant giving birth to a child early.
"This is good, this is good. When I give birth to children, I will definitely ask you to be their godfather. After all, you are my best friend."
"But why don't you let me be the best man when you get married?"
"You are too handsome to let you outshine me on your wedding day."
Kapitsa said matter-of-factly.
(End of this chapter)
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