In the Southern Song Dynasty, I competed with Mongolia for the world

Chapter 512: Initial Thoughts on Electromagnetic Fields and Telegraphs (Recommended Der Spiegel’s new book)
In Zhao Yurui's explanation, the workers placed a metal copper wire between the copper sheet and the zinc sheet, thus creating the simplest version of the primary battery.

"What we have now can be called a primary battery."

On-site workers are still pouring salt, and the salt has not completely melted, so the power of the primary battery is still relatively low, and the pool is used as the primary battery, but it is easy for everyone to see intuitively.

"Ignore this primary battery, it has no practical value. It is mainly used for students to study."

Zhao Yurui waved, let's go this way.

Then he took everyone to another factory area.

The people in the Science and Technology Department here were all prepared early, and everyone saw similar metal rings.

Zhao Yurui got started personally, demonstrating and explaining at the same time.

He picked up one first and put it on the ground.

"This is a brass ring."

At this time, the shape standing high on the ground has become like a battery in later generations.

The scene was noisy, the ministers looked at each other, and then stepped back in unison.

"This is the simplest electric current. It has no power. Why are you panicking? Look at me." Zhao Yurui pressed the back of his finger against it, "Wow, wow," and then he cried out happily.

Qin Zhuo then asked: "Your Majesty said that the higher the level of the stack, the greater the power. How many levels can we stack at the highest level before we can use it on those machine tools? What else can use this so-called electricity? Electricity can't hurt people. ?"

"Ah." He shrank back again.

Some people vaguely seemed to see an electric fire, and their expressions were even more frightened.

"It's magical, it's really magical, haha." Qin Zhuo became bolder and stretched out his hand to try again.

Then he picked up another one: "Of course this is the zinc ring."

"Use your fingers and touch it slowly. Try it, try it." Zhao Yurui said again.

A relatively large Yuanzhen battery was made here, and there were two small metal balls separated by a certain distance. When the battery was used to energize the small balls, the two unconnected metal balls began to make sounds and there was a blue sound. Colorful electric sparks flickered and danced.

Everyone then changed scenes to see Zhao Yurui's new invention.

"We can invent telegraphs, telephones, transformers, electric lights, and countless other things that can be used in the future, but this needs to be done step by step. First, use current to generate an electric field -"

Zhao Yurui said that the higher the layers are stacked, the stronger the current will be.

Zhao Yurui said before that electricity will play a big role in the future, but obviously the current electricity is still too small.

Although I was shocked, I still found it fun.

Qin Zhuoguan was the oldest, and everyone kept asking him to stand at the front. Now everyone took a step back. Qin Zhuo looked around and his face turned red.

Zhao Yurui also said that now that Song Dynasty has rubber, it can be used as an insulator on the outside of wires in the future, so that transformers can be made to generate direct current and alternating current.

He stammered and pointed at the batteries stacked thirty or forty high: "Your Majesty, there are so many layers. Do you want to remove a few layers?"

"Your Majesty, no." Qin Zhuo shouted excitedly, but Zhao Yurui had already broken it.

Hahaha, Qin Zhuo felt amused, laughed, stretched out again, ah, he cried for the third time.

"This needs further research. In the future, we can also make transformers. With current, we can generate magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields can generate electric fields."

This was a big deal. Seeing how much fun it was, the officials rushed forward one after another.

Only Qin Zhuo, the chief assistant, was still standing at the front of the crowd.

Then he picked up a soft object and said, "This is a woolen ring. It's made of wool. You can also use paper soaked in salt water. Of course, woolen is more convenient to reuse at the moment."

This little bit of electricity is of no use.

Zhao Yurui said that the higher the level, the greater the current, and thunder and lightning can kill people. Qin Zhuo was a little panicked.

The next step is to show everyone the current. First I got a copper wire, and then I made a mesh metal wire like an electric mosquito swatter to connect it.

Zhao Yurui said, stacking layers of copper rings, zinc rings, and woolen rings until there are thirty or forty layers.

Part of Qin Zhuo was really eager to learn, and the other part felt that His Majesty must understand and let His Majesty show off.

Zhao Yurui watched them having a great time, and couldn't help but wonder, should he make more in the palace in the future, which could be used as electric mosquito swatters? But the mesh needs to be very small.

Ah, ah, hahaha, everyone at the scene soon became lively.

"Uh, this." Zhao Yurui didn't know how to explain to them. If you want to use machine tools, it's a long way to go. I'm afraid it won't be possible in the past few years.

"Come on, let's try the feeling of acupuncture and electric shock." Zhao Yurui motioned to the ministers to try it.

Of course, this is something to think about later. Let everyone take a look at the electric field first.

"Mr. Qin, have you had enough fun? Give way, give way." Several senior cabinet members ignored him and directly pushed Qin Zhuo to the back.

Qin Zhuo had no choice but to go up, ah ah, and soon screamed, and sure enough he felt as if he had been pricked by a needle.

"The changing electric field and the changing magnetic field can form an inseparable unified field, which is the electromagnetic field, and the propagation of the changing electromagnetic field in space forms electromagnetic waves. The changes in electromagnetism are like the breeze blowing on the water surface to generate water waves, so it is called It is an electromagnetic wave, also often called an electric wave.”

But his questions were too advanced.

The famous voltaic battery in history was changed to the Yuanzhen battery by Zhao Yurui. There was no other way. Whoever invented it would be named after him. Volta was not born yet.

"This is our Song Dynasty's new invention, called Yuan Zhen Battery."

He quickly retracted his head and took a closer look. There seemed to be no wounds.

Zhao Yurui said that there is an electric field between the two balls now.

This is what all ministers can see and hear with their own eyes.

The electric field can excite the magnetic field, and the magnetic field can excite the electric field. The continuous diffusion in this way forms electromagnetic waves.

"Electromagnetic waves can be received. If you can receive them, you can use them."

At this time, following the direction of Zhao Yurui's fingers, four or five steps away, workers placed a notched copper ring.

Zhao Yurui said: "If we turn on the electricity again, if there are sparks jumping in the gap of the copper ring, it proves that it has received the electromagnetic wave emitted from here, but we cannot see this wave."

Following Zhao Yurui's orders, the workers continued to energize the two small metal balls.

As soon as the power was turned on, chirp, there was lightning flashing at the notch on the notched copper ball in the distance.

There was an uproar at the scene, and the ministers were amazed as if they were watching Zhao Yurui cast a spell.

Zhao Yurui said at this time: "Although we can't see electromagnetic waves with the naked eye, we can only see firelight, but we have tested that there are real electromagnetic waves, and since there are waves, there must be wavelengths, frequencies, and speeds. This is the sum of It’s the same as water waves.”

"First, you can test the wavelength." Zhao Yurui asked the workers to bring the copper ring closer to the two metal balls, and then pull it farther away. The scene soon started to crackle and buzz non-stop. Sometimes there would be electric light, and sometimes there would be no electric light.

Everyone was stunned as if they were seeing a magic spell.

"The brightest ones are the peaks or troughs, and the ones that are not bright are zero values, so you can estimate the wavelength."

As for the speed of the wave, there is no need to forget it, it is the same as the speed of light.

"Do you know how fast this wave is?"

Of course the ministers didn't know, and they all looked at His Majesty the Emperor with expressions of eagerness for talents.

"The wave speed can travel hundreds of thousands of miles per breath (when Zhao and Rui promoted muskets in the army, one breath represented one second)."

"From Lin'an in the Song Dynasty, we can reach the Persian Gulf thousands of miles away in an instant, and even Baozhou (America), which is further away, can also be reached in an instant."

"We can first build a machine here to generate radio waves, and then build a machine in the Persian Gulf to generate radio waves and receive them at the same time, so that the two sides can establish contact and transmit signals, even if they are tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of miles away. , I am in Lin'an and can communicate with Liu Zheng in Persia in real time at any time."

"No matter how far away it is, anything that happens locally can be conveyed to Lin'an as soon as possible."

"In the future, when you are traveling far away, you don't need to write letters home. Instead, you can send a telegram and it will arrive in an instant. Wouldn't it be nice?"

Today, Zhao Yurui opened the eyes of the ministers with him. Several of the most important inventions of the Song Dynasty are on the right track.

Of course, it may take several years, even five, or ten years before it is put into practice.

But with Zhao Yurui's nationwide efforts and his experience and knowledge in later generations, he will definitely avoid many detours. In his lifetime, others dare not say that there will definitely be no problem in solving telegraph communication.

The last section of the Science and Technology Department is about the use of rubber.

Rubber trees have been fully planted in the Song Dynasty. Tires and raincoats made of rubber have also begun to enter the army in the Song Dynasty. Due to the promotion of rubber, wires and cables have also become possible.

The carriage tires of the Song Dynasty will gradually adopt a combination of metal and rubber, which will not only ensure the use of long-distance marches, but also increase the load.

But the raincoat was a bit heavy, and it was far from reaching the level of later generations. But compared to the previous raincoats, it was light and easy to carry, and it lasted a long time.

Cables and wires wrapped in leather have already been made, but the efficiency is still relatively low. The imperial court is improving the machines for making cables.

After Zhao Yurui returned to the palace, he immediately summoned several important ministers to set up a new telegraph department in Dujin Memorial Hall to prepare for laying cables later.

Zhao Yurui rebuilt the Dujin Memorial Hall of the Song Dynasty in the Baoqing period, that is, in more than ten years.

At that time, Wei Liaoweng, the Minister of the Ministry of War, served as the first governor of the capital. The deputy governor was temporarily named Qin Zhuo. Later, Qin Zhuo took over as the governor and entered the cabinet.

At that time, there were more than 1,400 inns in the Southern Song Dynasty, including 1,110 land inns and more than 300 water inns.

The emperor requested that each land post be equipped with ten men and ten horses, one captain, each water post be equipped with twenty people, and three boats (all fast boats and small boats, only transport letters, not people and goods), and the whole country needed it. About 20,000 people.

The basic monthly salary per person is 500 Wen, which includes food and accommodation. Travel and delivery of additional military information are charged by the mile, and the amount of Wen is given for each mile traveled.

At that time, it was agreed with Qin Zhuo that the annual salary for the entire Kuaiyi Division staff and officials at all levels would cost approximately 150,000 guan. "

"The annual cost of maintaining horses, boats and food is estimated to be 150,000 yuan nationwide."

"The expedited rewards and others (including station maintenance, etc.) are probably around 150,000 yuan."

The annual expenditure is about 450,000 yuan.

Later, as the territory of the Song Dynasty continued to expand, there were more and more inns.

So far, there are 3,468 post stations in the Song Dynasty, including 2,700 land posts and more than 700 water posts.

There are more than 40,000 post workers nationwide. More than doubled.

But this number was similar to that of the late Ming Dynasty, when there were thirty to forty thousand people. Chongzhen accidentally laid off more than twenty thousand people, forcing Lao Li to rebel.

Such a small amount of territory in the Ming Dynasty was not as good as one-third of what Zhao and Rui had in the Song Dynasty now, and they also hired 30 to 40 thousand people. The efficiency was low, and a lot of money was invested every year.

Of course, Zhao Yurui's current investment is not low. With the publication of each issue of the newspaper, the annual expenditure on the memorial hall has been close to 1.6 million yuan. Fortunately, his financial situation is many times better than that in the late Ming Dynasty. This is considered Little money.

These stations spanned tens of thousands of miles from the Far East to the Persian Gulf, transporting intelligence and current newspapers for the Song Dynasty, conveying Emperor Zhao Yurui's decree, so that Zhao Yurui's imperial decree could be spread to all parts of the Song Dynasty at any time .

"Not all stations need to be set up. Cables will pass through most stations. Where the cables pass, the local stations are responsible for maintenance, inspection and ensuring communication."

"The investment in setting up a station is relatively large."

Zhao Yurui estimated that this work would take several years. It would start in Zhejiang, Jiangnan, Shandong and other provinces, and then slowly spread to the surrounding areas. In the first two years, telegraph machines and cables would be studied, and after three years, they would strive to spread them to Zhejiang, Jiangnan, Shandong, and ten years later. In the future, it will be able to reach the Far East and the Persian Gulf.

Dujinzouyuan's investment will be relatively large in the next few years, but after all investments are successful, the post staff can be reduced.

After the telegraph came out, there was no need for so many postmen.

Of course, Zhao Yurui will not cut it across the board, but will only allow those over the age of fifty or sixty to retire slowly.

At this time, Zhao Yurui also thought about the retirement system. If you let everyone retire, it would be better to let everyone have money to take it.

"I want postmen, craftsmen, teachers, as well as officials, sergeants, etc., to allocate ten percent of their monthly wages and deposit them in the imperial bank for retirement."

"When they retire, they can take it out in one lump sum and keep it for themselves. If they die early of illness or something, their wives, children, or parents can inherit it."

Zhao Yurui wants to establish the retirement system of the Song Dynasty.

And you can't eat from the same pot. Everyone saves together and then takes it together. In the end, some people take more and some take less.

Zhao and Rui asked everyone to take what they have, and all state-owned enterprises and officials must save it. After they retire, everyone can take back their own, and after the death, their family members can inherit it and take it out in one go. This is The fairest way.

You can get as much as you save. It will be promoted in various departments of the imperial court first. After a few years, it can be gradually promoted to local governments.

At present, in the Song Dynasty, the only people who can save money every month are officials, sergeants, and craftsmen, teachers, doctors, and postmen who are financially dependent on them.

This is mandatory and must be saved to ensure that they have money to spend after retirement. The key is to publicize it well so that everyone can accept it, and it will not be rolled out all at once. It will be promoted in Jiangsu and Zhejiang first to see the reaction of officials.

"To ensure that everyone can accept it, there will be interest when deposited in the bank. Of course, the interest will be relatively small."

In the future, if the whole country saves money, the interest will be too high and Zhao Yurui will not be able to pay it.

This kind of pension savings has relatively low interest rates, and at the same time, it is to encourage everyone to do this.

The court will issue an announcement. Because the court now collects taxes, these people are also the focus of paying taxes. When they retire, half of the taxes they paid will be refunded as retirement bonuses.

In this way, for the public officials of the Song Dynasty, the pension will consist of two parts in the future, one part will be paid by themselves every month, and the other part will be half of the personal income tax as bonus.

In the twelfth year of Yuanzhen (1244), Zhao Yurui made the most important restructuring of the Song Dynasty and formulated the pension policy of the Song Dynasty.

The pension policy not only protects the retirement life of officials, but also further promotes banks.

(Recommend Der Spiegel’s new book "I Died Again and Again in the Ming Dynasty". Welcome to collect it. Please continue to support it)
(End of this chapter)