In the Southern Song Dynasty, I competed with Mongolia for the world

Chapter 562 Fortunately, I studied physics, chemistry and biology, not history, politics and geography

Meng Gong was no longer a child, but he was very happy to hear the emperor say that he was young.

Of course, he was a smart man and didn't ask any more questions.

After leaving this factory, Zhao Yurui went to another factory.

This time, the two were shocked when they entered because there was a huge machine inside and the workers were assembling the machine.

The two were stunned as they watched, because the entire machine was made of metal, with most of its parts being made of metal.

The reason why this machine is relatively large is mainly because there is a steam engine installed on the right side.

This is a steam-powered machine tool and also the first machine tool in the Song Dynasty that used steam power for metal processing.

While the workers were assembling, Zhao Yurui explained to the two.

This machine tool will be used to make bullets in the future.

The most difficult part about bullets now is the mass production and assembly of cartridge cases.

Zhao and Rui are currently unable to achieve the complete mass production model of later generations.

He uses a combination of mostly manual work and a small amount of machines to create his work.

Meng Gong and Liu Zheng saw that the materials used here were rectangular brass sheets that had been flattened.

These brass sheets were made in another factory using another rolling machine.

After cutting, a rectangular blank several inches long is formed.

Then put the blank into the machine for the first step, stretching processing, that is, the machine presses to form a hollow part with a bottom, which is also the casting of the bottom of the cartridge case.

Zhao Yurui's current machines only have simple stamping and cutting functions, so most of the work needs to be done manually later.

"Now our rifles have rifling, can be breech-loaded, and can make bullets."

Zhao Yurui then said: "But each of these three steps is very troublesome and requires a lot of machines, craftsmen and even manual work."

“In the short term, it may not be possible to mass-produce it.”

Zhao Yurui's rifle can already be rifled, but it consumes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources.

The same is true for making bullets, so until it can be fully mechanized, production is limited.

Today, Zhao Yurui asked the factory to make a batch of bullets for them to use.

The scene was very busy. First, we had to make the cartridge case, then the bullet, then install the primer, and assemble the bullet. It took nearly half an hour to complete the process by machine and manual labor.

There were more than a dozen people participating, but in the end only twenty bullets were obtained.

There is still a lack of quenching and other processes, so there is no choice but to use it for now.

Military officers like Meng Gong and Liu Zheng knew at first glance that this was too inefficient, especially as the manual work was time-consuming and labor-intensive.

His Majesty the Emperor said that mass production can only be achieved after everything has been mechanized, and it turned out to be true.

At this time, they took the twenty bullets and followed Zhao Yurui to the shooting range.

Someone at the shooting range quickly brought over three of the latest rifles.

"This is called Type 15 rifle." Zhao Yurui handed the gun to the two men. After they held it, they felt that it was not very heavy, probably less than ten pounds.

This sword was manufactured in the 15th year of Yuanzhen, and there are only about ten of them in the entire Song Dynasty.

It has exquisite rifling inside and is breech-loading, similar to the later Type 38 rifle.

The parts of this gun require much higher precision than the previous flintlock rifles, and it is not easy to rifle the barrel.

But its power has surpassed the later Hall M1819 rifle.

"The Type 15 rifle can have individual parts replaced. All parts can be replaced."

"Weighs 65 jin, uses . caliber bullets."

"Five rounds in the magazine."

"The effective range is six hundred to seven hundred steps."

"Fifteen rounds a minute."

"What?" The two generals almost jumped up when they heard it.

Zhao Yurui was talking about the effective range. In fact, based on the effective range, the Type 15 is slightly worse than the Hall M1819 rifle.

The effective range of the Hall M1819 rifle is eight hundred to one thousand meters.

But the Type 15 is more powerful than the Hall M1819 rifle within steps.

First of all, its bullet caliber is larger than that of the Hall M1819 rifle, and its rate of fire is also faster than that of the Hall M1819 rifle. If it does not jam, it can fire fifteen to twenty rounds per minute.

But Zhao Yurui doesn’t have time to quench the brass cartridge case, which would make it easy for it to jam.

So he said he could fire fifteen rounds per minute.

Of course, the minute system of the Song Dynasty also appeared after clocks were invented in the past two years.

The two generals also knew approximately how much time it would take.

The Type 15 magazine only has five rounds, and the magazine needs to be replaced after each shot. In addition, it is prone to jamming, so the average firing range is about fifteen rounds per minute. Zhao Yurui will definitely make improvements in the future to increase the firing rate.

"With this range and firing rate, with the same number of troops, cavalry is basically useless?" Liu Zheng couldn't believe it.

"Hehe, let's try it first." Zhao Yurui took two generals to test the guns personally. The three of them fired all 20 rounds of bullets. The gun jammed three times in the middle, and the jam rate was still a bit high.

There is no way, the mechanization capabilities of this era are here.

Zhao Yurui's next step is to manufacture precision mother beds first, and then mass-produce related machine tools. However, this will take a long time, and steam power is not enough. He has to use real electricity. According to the current progress, five to ten years will be enough.

Fortunately, I majored in physics and chemistry. Zhao Yurui thought to himself that if he had chosen liberal arts, he would probably have no hope of seeing electricity in his lifetime.

After the shooting, Zhao Yurui sent Meng Gong and Liu Zheng away first, because there was not much progress on the last thing, it was not considered a success, and it was not easy to show off.

In the 15th year of Yuanzhen, the Song Dynasty made considerable progress in all aspects.

The power of the steam engine has been further improved, and bullets can be made by machinery and hand. Early generators have been completed, and radio is getting closer and closer, and there is cement.

These achievements are nothing compared to later generations, but they provided the foundation and motivation for subsequent improvements.

After Meng Gong, Liu Zheng and others left the capital, Zhao and Rui had already planned which types of mother beds to build first.

Now he needs to use machinery in many places, including cement manufacturing, guns and weapons, and the parts of ships and vehicles are also evolving into metals. Zhao Yurui thought about it and decided to start with the simple ones.

Bearings, gears, screws, nuts, etc., which are used more frequently now, can all be mass-produced by machines. The only difficulty is that the accuracy is not as good as that of later generations, and the appearance is not as beautiful as that of later generations, but this can be done step by step.
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In June of the fifteenth year of Yuanzhen, when the Song Dynasty had already taken one step into industrialization and mechanization, Goryeo, not far away, was still in the agricultural civilization.

This was the end of the reign of the powerful minister Choi Yi in Goryeo.

During this period in history, Goryeo was attacked by Mongolia several times. There were continuous wars in the country and the people had a hard time surviving. There were internal and external troubles, but Cui Yi still lived a life of extravagance and luxury.

At that time, Goryeo was forced to move its capital to Ganghwa Island. Choi Yi immediately conscripted the capital's office and four generals to build a luxurious mansion for him. He also transported pine and cypress trees from Kaesong and Anyang to Ganghwa Island. Many people drowned or froze to death on the way. People from counties and prefectures along the way abandoned their homes and hid in the mountains. Someone angrily posted an anonymous notice at Seongpyeongmun, writing: "Which is more important, a man or a cypress?"

Cui Yi used the blood and sweat of the soldiers and civilians to build a garden for himself that was dozens of miles long. In May of the Yisi year (1245), Cui Yi held a grand banquet to entertain high-ranking officials. The scene was grand and cost a huge amount of money. More than 1350 workers from the eight quarters were mobilized alone.

If Shi Miyuan was a powerful official before the Southern Song Dynasty, he was nothing but child's play compared to Cui Yi.

What Shi Miyuan wanted was power, while Cui Yi not only wanted power, but also money and human lives. He regarded human lives as worthless and exploited the people of Goryeo at will.

During this time and space, Mongolia only attacked Goryeo once, and was then driven out of Mongolia by the Song army. Goryeo then ceded five states along the Yalu River, including Tiezhou, to the Song army, and maintained trade with the Song people for many years.

Zhao Yurui has fully supported trade with Goryeo in recent years. The annual trading volume between the Song Dynasty and Goryeo is huge. A large amount of Goryeo's money, silver, timber, ginseng and other goods flow into the Song Dynasty, and Song people's sugar and silk flow into Goryeo.

The lives of the Goryeo people became increasingly miserable, while the lives of the nobles became increasingly luxurious.

By the 1247th year of Yuanzhen (), the situation in Goryeo was worse than ever before. Due to the oppression of nobles such as Cui Yi, many Goryeo people fled to the mountains, and there were even civil uprisings in some places.

Cui Yi suppressed it forcefully to ensure his rule.

Unlike the Song Dynasty, the fields of Goryeo were allocated grain fields under the Tianchaike system. In theory, all fields belonged to the Goryeo royal family. When Goryeo officials were in office, the court would allocate grain fields to them, which were similar to the official fields of the Song Dynasty. In principle, they could not be inherited, and officials had to return them to the court after they were transferred or retired.

In addition, the law also stipulated that a certain amount of land would be allocated to each government office of the imperial court to be used as operating expenses for the department.

Although according to regulations, the right to collect rent from fields and firewood should be returned to the state after the death of the recipient and cannot be inherited, since the military and clerks of the Goryeo Dynasty were hereditary positions and the court did not take back their land in time, this rule that in principle it could not be inherited soon disappeared.

Land privatization and mergers are also becoming more serious.

During the Yuan and Zhen eras, the right to collect rent was in the hands of different people. When the imperial court held the power, the land became public land, but when it was held by landlords, it became private land.

The rent ratio in Goryeo was different due to different land attributes.

During the Yuanzhen period, there were three main rent rates for fields in Goryeo: 50%, 250%, and 10%.

The first two types are public fields and private fields, and the last two are private fields.

However, there were very few private farmlands in Goryeo, and most of the new land was cultivated by ordinary people themselves, but it would soon be subject to large-scale land annexation.

During Choi Yi's reign, farms reappeared in Goryeo.

Farms are the result of land annexation, which can be especially seen in temples and among the powerful.

They put public land, private land, and even private land together to form farms. The rent rate was not based on public land or private land. They could rent as much as they wanted. This led to more intense conflicts between the new and old forces.

At that time, the general rent rate in Goryeo was over 30%, and grain tax had to be added, which put great pressure on the farming people.

The common people were divided into lower households and slaves, who were the main population engaged in farming.

The eighth day of the sixth month in the fifteenth year of Yuanzhen.

Tongzhou City of Goryeo.

Tongzhou City is about sixty miles east of Tiezhou. Goryeo built Tongzhou City in 1008, mainly to guard against the Liao Kingdom.

During the Baoqing period, Goryeo ceded five states, namely Yizhou, Suzhou, Tiezhou, Guizhou and Linzhou, to the Song court. The Song Dynasty stationed 10,000 troops in each state and controlled the local area for a long time.

Tongzhou is one of the five states closest to Goryeo and the Song Dynasty, and the local people also have the most contact with the Song people.

The Song army had been operating Tongzhou for more than ten years. Previously, each of the five states had more than ten thousand Korean households. After more than ten years of operation by the Song army, the population of each state exceeded 20,000 households, but the number of Korean households dropped to less than three thousand households.

The Song people and other ethnic groups in various states (of course, they are all called Song people now) far outnumbered the Koreans.

Even so, the local Koreans still tried desperately to go to Tiezhou and other five states.

The living standards in the two places are completely different, and all the Koreans living near Cheoljuk want to go to Cheoljuk.

Early in the morning of that day, Park Dayong and his family came to the wheat field early.

The Goryeo people were divided into different classes. Park Dayong was a lower-class householder, slightly better off than a slave, but he also did not have his own land.

He rented land from a local official at a rental rate of 40%, and he also had to pay taxes. All in all, he had to hand over more than half of his annual harvest.

He rented ten acres of land, and the annual grain output was only 22 shi. After handing over various taxes, he could keep about 10 shi for himself.

There are six people in his family, including his parents, wife and children, and these ten stones are barely enough for their food.

If we encounter natural disasters or war, it will definitely not be enough.

Today is the day for harvesting wheat fields. Park Dayong and several other households came to their fields together.

Except for the youngest son, Park Dayong's whole family went out.

He stood in the field and saw that all around him were servants and slaves like him. Some of the slaves had rents as high as 50%, which was even worse off than theirs.

At the very edge of the field, many servants were holding weapons and bows and arrows, watching them to prevent them from escaping.

That’s right, right now in Tongzhou, there is a serious problem of Koreans escaping, and local officials are keeping a very strict watch.

There is no way. Every year, people spread the news that life in the Song Dynasty's territories in Tiezhou and other five states is good and the tax rate is low. The people all want to flee to Tiezhou and other places. A large number of local people fled ten years ago. Later, the Koreans began to send soldiers to guard them and kill those who escaped, finally stopping this unhealthy trend.

But despite this, some people still dare to run at night.

Tongzhou and Tiezhou are very close. For example, the grain fields on Park Dayong's side are just over a hundred steps ahead of a long river, and Tiezhou is on the other side of the river.

At this time, when they were standing on the fields, they could see a large number of Song people on the opposite side also harvesting grain.

"What are you looking at? Come and harvest quickly. Don't even think about running over. We will kill you if you are caught." Just as Park Dayong looked up to the west, a servant suddenly shouted at him and raised his bow.

Pu Dayong quickly lowered his head. His land belonged to a Tongzhou official. It was originally public land, but was later turned into private land by the officials.

According to Goryeo's earliest tax rate, the rent for private land was only 25%, but the other party charged 40%. Park Dayong had no choice but to accept it in order to survive.

Many slaves have to pay 50% rent. Thinking about it, this place is relatively good. It is close to the Song army, there are few wars, and it has always been peaceful.

Japanese pirates often appeared in the south, and the exploitation in the south was serious. The local tyrants were far away from the capital, and the taxes were higher. Many people wanted to farm but had no land.

It’s better than having no land to farm, Park Dayong thought to himself, and lowered his head to start working.

After the whole family harvested an acre of land, they immediately sat down to rest and began to replenish water.

At this moment, a lot of large carts came from not far away, and behind the carts were many soldiers, servants and the like.

The people at the scene immediately turned their heads to look over.

(End of this chapter)