The best idlers of the Tang Dynasty

Adding a baby to the family, although he has the benefits of drunk Chang'an and Chang'an laughing, Du Rui doesn't want to just sit and eat like this, after all, he needs to increase his income, otherwise his plan of the Grand View Garden, if he wants to realize it, he doesn't know how to do it. What year and month has it been accumulated.

Open source is indeed a must. If you want to say something that is the wealth of the traverser, it is nothing more than two kinds. One is wine making. Du Rui has been eager to do this, and it has also brought him a lot of money. , and the other is glass.

Although Du Rui studied ancient studies in his previous life, he was not as deep in modern scientific knowledge as those studies, but he was smart since he was a child, and he could learn everything thoroughly, and things like glass can't help him.

The so-called glass is nothing but a relatively transparent solid substance, which forms a continuous network structure when it is melted, and the viscosity gradually increases during the cooling process, and hardens and does not crystallize the silicate non-metallic material.The composition of ordinary glass chemical oxides (na2o? cao? 6sio2), the main ingredient is silicon dioxide, to put it bluntly, it is sand!

Glass was originally formed by the solidification of acidic rocks ejected from volcanoes.As early as about 3700 BC, the ancient Egyptians had produced glass decorations and simple glass vessels, but the transparency of the glass was very poor, and only colored glass was available at that time.About 1000 BC, China produced colorless glass. Of course, this is only accidental, and the specific process is not very detailed.

To say that the real invention of glass is actually still in Europe. It is said that in 1000 BC, a European Phoenician merchant ship was loaded with the crystal mineral "natural soda" and sailed on the Beluth River on the Mediterranean coast. .The merchant ship ran aground due to the ebb tide.So the crew boarded the beach one after another.Some crew members also brought a big pot and firewood, and used a few pieces of "natural soda" as a support for the big pot to cook on the beach.

When the crew finished their meal, the tide began to rise.When they were about to pack up and board the ship to continue sailing, someone suddenly shouted: "Everyone, come and see, there are some crystal bright and shining things on the sand under the pot!"

The crew took these shining things to the ship and studied them carefully.They found that some quartz sand and melted natural soda were stuck to these shiny things.It turned out that these glittering things were the natural soda they used to make pot supports when they were cooking. Under the action of the flame, they chemically reacted with the quartz sand on the beach to produce crystals. This is the earliest glass.Later, the Phoenicians combined quartz sand and natural soda, and then melted them in a special furnace to make glass balls, which made the Phoenicians make a fortune.

What is really recorded is that in about the 4th century, the Romans began to apply glass to doors and windows.By 1291, glassmaking technology in Italy was well developed.

At that time, in order to keep the glass manufacturing technology secret, the rulers of Rome gathered all the glass craftsmen together to produce glass!In this way, Italian glass craftsmen were sent to an isolated island to produce glass, and they were not allowed to leave the island during their lives.

As for later generations, the glass that people use now is actually made of quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone at high temperature.A non-crystalline solid material obtained by gradually increasing the viscosity of the melt during cooling.Brittle and transparent.There are quartz glass, silicate glass, soda lime glass, fluoride glass, etc.Usually refers to silicate glass, made of quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone as raw materials, after mixing, high-temperature melting, homogenization, processing and forming, and then annealing.

Du Rui remembers the main production process very clearly. The first is the pre-processing of raw materials, crushing bulk raw materials such as quartz sand, soda ash, limestone, feldspar, etc., drying the wet raw materials, and removing iron from the iron-containing raw materials. To ensure the quality of glass.After that, it is the preparation of batch materials. Weigh a certain amount of various powder materials according to the planned batch list, and then melt them. Liquid glass required for molding.Then there is molding, which processes the liquid glass into products of the required shape, such as flat plates, various utensils, etc.The last is heat treatment, through annealing, quenching and other processes, to eliminate or generate stress, phase separation or crystallization inside the glass, and to change the structural state of the glass.

Such a simple craft is naturally easy to make in later generations, but now in the Tang Dynasty, it is not an easy task to produce absolutely qualified glass products, but it is not difficult for Du Rui.

For a whole day, Du Rui was in the study, tinkering with the glass making process and some tools that needed to be equipped, and then took Du Gui. Yi, Taizong did this very kindly, and the arable land occupied by the five hundred households was all high-quality fertile land.

When Du Rui arrived, Li Li was in a hurry to greet him. He also heard that their little master is now a celebrity in front of Taizong and the crown prince, and he still enjoys the fiefdom of five hundred households for nothing. It's okay, even though Du Rui is young, the villagers dare not neglect him.

Du Rui chatted with Li Zheng for a few words. It was the middle of winter. Although last year's harvest was good, Du Rui also spared their tribute. Li Zheng was naturally grateful.

Then Du Rui wandered around the place now named Dujiabao, choosing the address for the glass workshop he was about to start. This is his fief, which is his nominal territory, a small In a country within a country, in his fiefdom, Du Rui has the final say on governance rights and taxation rights, except that he does not enjoy legal rights.

For two consecutive days, Du Rui finally chose a location near the river. This place is on the edge of the entire Dujiabao, backed by an earthen mountain, and close to the diversion of the Jing River. Whether it is confidentiality or geographical location, it is excellent .

Then Du Rui called Lizheng here again, and the two had a secret conversation all afternoon. As a result, early the next morning, the young and middle-aged people in the whole village were mobilized to break ground in the position chosen by Du Rui according to his command. Start work and get busy.

To build a glass kiln is not difficult to say. Du Rui had studied "Heavenly Creation" in his previous life, and these things were just child's play for him. As a result, the glass kiln was erected in seven days In the eyes of these villagers, the big chimney as high as six feet is also very impressive.

Burning glass is not as easy as YY novels. If you want to burn good glass, you must burn it at a temperature above [-] degrees Celsius, otherwise you can only burn those imported products from the West on the market-glass.

If it was in Du Rui's previous life, it would be very simple, and this temperature could be reached with a large electric blower.But now if you want to generate electricity, you must have at least a large steam engine, and you also need a generator, battery, and transformer.Du Rui knows how to make some rough machines, but now it's nothing like a fantasy.

There is another method, which is Du Rui's method now, using a blast furnace and coke with a high combustion rate.Of course, this is the first step. Afterwards, an oven will be built. The finished product after high-temperature melting must be slowly annealed in the oven. The crucible needs to be kept at high temperature for 24 hours. The pliers and bullock carts required for glass forming are mainly used for heat preservation and preheating. The purpose is to soften the glass so that it can be used.

This is the preparation work, followed by the selection of materials.Sand (silicon dioxide), limestone (calcium carbonate), soda ash (sodium carbonate), these things are available now, but they are not pure, especially sand, pH, metals and other components, in this primitive condition The next step is to go through repeated tests to find out, and then find out the relevant minerals and add them for neutralization.But in general, although it is cumbersome, the technological content is not high, so Du Rui is sure, it just takes a long time.

After choosing the raw materials, after a few days of preparations for the hot kiln, after that, continuous experimentation and re-proportioning of the raw materials, failed, failed, failed again, and finally on the day when Du Rui came out for nearly a month, the first batch of finished products was finally finished. It was made.

When Du Gui walked out of the kiln door holding a clear and transparent goblet, the neighbors looked at Du Rui with reverence.

"Young Master! Those Bi Luosi in Chang'an City also sell colored glaze, why is their colored glaze not like this?"

Du Rui turned to the goblet and looked at the sun. Although it was not perfect, it was considered extraordinary in this day and age with such a level of craftsmanship.

"They are just Liuli, which is very different from this!"

Du Gui's curiosity was also aroused, and he said, "What's the difference?"

Du Rui laughed and said: "Theirs are just glass, but this one made by this young master is glass!"