Rebirth of Zhu Di's son

Chapter 430 Extra: Someone asked me what the difference was between the Ming Dynasty Guoshang and Huimin Yamen
The questioner asked: What are the differences between state-owned businesses and Huimin Yamen in the Ming Dynasty?
Master Guo, a geek in history, answered: I think the difference between the two lies in the nature of the business and the form of salary.

First of all, the Ming Dynasty state business refers to a non-communist economic organization in which all assets of the business are owned by the court and are registered and held in accordance with the "Regulations on the Registration and Management of State-owned Business Names in the Ming Dynasty", such as the Industrial Construction Administration of the Ministry of Industry (formerly Hui Hui) Jian'an Road and Bridge Group, a subsidiary company of the Civil Engineering and Construction Bureau, is equivalent to a state-owned enterprise in modern society.

Huimin firms are usually yamen set up by the court with a certain public welfare nature, which are different from administrative yamen, such as Huimin Medical Center, Huimin Pharmacy, Salesian Bureau, etc. Under normal circumstances, the court will give Huimin The Yamen will provide financial subsidies.

Second is the form of salary.

The essence of Guoshang is the business name of the imperial court or local government, and its main purpose is to make profits.

The Huimin Yamen is equivalent to a non-profit business that serves the people. It is a service Yamen set up to operate as a business for the normal operation of the country.

Since the state-owned business is responsible for its own profits and losses, the salary is voluntarily paid by the state-owned business. If the business is in good operating condition, the salary of the state-owned business's servants and stewards will be relatively high; conversely, if the business is in poor operating condition, the salary will be relatively low. some.

There are three forms of salary in Huimin Yamen.

One is to fully refer to the official treatment of the Ming Dynasty, with full financial allocation from the court, such as the Ming Dynasty Meteorological Bureau directly under the cabinet of Huimin Yamen.

One is the balance. The court allocates part of the money, and the rest is borne by the Huimin Yamen where they are located, such as government-run hospitals, schools, academies, etc.

Another method is that the imperial court is only responsible for staffing, regardless of salaries, and the imperial court provides policies, such as museums and libraries in various places.

Regardless of the salary form, all Huimin staff with a formal establishment will be supported by the imperial government's finances after retirement.

All in all, if you choose a state-owned business, you can choose a business with better profits, so that the salary will be more generous. The Huimin Yamen is commonly known as the iron rice bowl by the people and is relatively stable.

I am a scholar. Simian replied: I think the core difference between the Guoshang and Huimin Yamen in the Ming Dynasty lies in their different establishments.

The essence of state business in the Ming Dynasty was mentioned above - a business with the purpose of profit and all assets owned by the court or local government.

This is destined that the employees of the Ming Dynasty's state merchants can only be hired workers. Even shopkeepers, deacons, and stewards are only senior employees whose salary income is close to that of third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade officials.

Only the shopkeepers, deacons, and stewards of Guoshang with particularly outstanding performance are eligible to be transferred to the Huimin Yamen. Only those who still perform well after entering the Huimin Yamen may be transferred to the Administrative Yamen, commonly known as " Be an official".

When I say this, I think the author of the question must have discovered that the Huimin Yamen in the Ming Dynasty were more advanced than the state merchants. In the past, they were called "Qinggui".

Although the Huimin Yamen had no business to speak of, its establishment was infinitely close to that of officials in the Ming Dynasty, even though one was called the Huimin Bureau and the other was called the Official Bureau.

The official establishment of the Ming Dynasty was an administrative establishment, which refers to staff members who performed public duties in accordance with the law, were included in the administrative establishment of the Ming Dynasty, and whose salaries were borne by the finance of the Ming Dynasty.

In the Ming Dynasty, all yamen, whether central or local, except workers and service personnel, were officials and belonged to the official establishment.

As for the people-benefiting system, there are four types, namely, the official-participation system to benefit the people, the full-allocation system to benefit the people, the differential allocation system to benefit the people, and the self-collected revenue and expenditure system to benefit the people.

The jobs in the Guan Huimin Bureau are managed according to the official establishment, but they do not belong to the official establishment, but only belong to the establishment of the Huimin Yamen.

Such Huimin yamen undertake certain government functions and are called Shenguan management yamen, and the staff of Shenguan Huimin can move among officials when they are promoted.

To put it simply, the management of participating officials is based on the management of official personnel. The treatment is the same, but it is not the establishment of official personnel.The yamen fully allocated to benefit the people are actually not much different from the administrative yamen of the imperial court. Their salaries are paid directly by the imperial treasury.

Of course, this group is second only to officials and officials. Their age structure is relatively younger and their knowledge level is relatively high. Most of them have technical titles.

At work, some capable young employees of the fully funded Huiminbian will be seconded to undertake important tasks in the imperial offices where people are most needed. If they perform well, they can even be directly transferred to officials through assessment.

Most of the Huimin yamen that draw the balance of funds and revenue from the Huimin Bureau have their own sources of income, such as Huimin Medical Center that provides consultation and treatment services, Huimin Pharmacy that provides pharmaceutical services, and book publishing and printing services. Huimin Bookstore and so on.

This type of Huimin Yamen has its own specialized and systematic revenue and salary mechanism, which does not require imperial finance to pay for it.

People working in such places can participate in professional title evaluations. There are also positions where the salary is higher than that of officials, or positions at the same level have higher wages.

So are Huimin Yamen staff really inferior to officials?

I don’t think we can look at it in general terms, but rather it depends on the specific circumstances.

For example, the administrative officials of a township government office and the Huimin staff directly under the cabinet are not at the same level; or there is also a big gap between the officials in a county government and the Huimin staff directly under the government.

why?
Because the regions have different levels of economic development, these are the main factors that affect the salary, status, promotion, etc. of Huimin staff and officials.

Generally speaking, Huimin Yamen is a subordinate Yamen of the Imperial Court Administrative Department, so there is not much difference in treatment between Huimin staff and administrative officials.

However, compared with official yamen, Huimin yamen have looser management. Coupled with their own efficiency, many Huimin yamen have higher salaries than official yamen.

For example, the difference between the official staff and the official staff is mainly due to the different establishments used by the personnel. Others, such as salaries and daily management, are all stipulated in the Ming Dynasty Law on Officials and its supporting regulations and policies.

It can be said that, in addition to the different establishments, the conditions, obligations and rights of the staff of the official Huiminbian and the officials stipulated in the "Daming Law of Officials", job levels, recruitment and assessment, appointment, dismissal, promotion, reward and punishment training, resignation and dismissal, accusations and appeals, legal Legal responsibilities, etc., including retirement, exchange and transfer, etc. are all the same.

The difference between officials and people-benefiting staff can also be analyzed from the following aspects.

In terms of work content, officials are mainly engaged in government affairs, while Huimin staff are mainly engaged in administrative work, and many of them are highly professional jobs. It is difficult for officials to meet their professional counterparts and apply what they have learned, while Huimin Yamen can , such as hospitals, pharmacies, academies, newspaper offices, etc.

Judging from the historical reform of the government offices that benefited the people that the Ming Dynasty continued to implement, the focus of the reform was on the people-benefiting establishments such as doctors, teachers, and self-financing.

Different types of Huimin yamen will undergo different reforms. Those with administrative functions will be converted into officials, and those with self-financing will be converted into state businessmen. However, there will be little impact on Huimin staff with full and balance status.

From the perspective of promotion and long-term development, officials are promoted slightly faster than Huimin employees.

Although Huimin clerks are not as good as officials in terms of future prospects, in most administrative offices, Huimin clerks and administrative officials work in mixed positions, so there is no question of who has a greater workload.

Huimin employees also have the same characteristics as officials: stability, relaxation, and low pressure. Therefore, apart from the difference in status, there is no problem of who has a greater workload.

To sum up, there is no comparison between Huimin staff and officials. Even if we insist on comparison, Huimin staff are no worse than officials.

(End of this chapter)