Film and Television: Starting from the Journey to Guandong

Chapter 129 Aviation Services (1w)

All in all, in short, civil aviation is a very complicated project.

Just because the plane is available, it doesn't mean that it can start selling tickets immediately. There are still a series of facilities that need to be kept up.

Although there is no need to build a runway in the short term to take advantage of seaplanes, a tower must be installed and a terminal must be constructed, including ground service personnel, ground maintenance personnel, and ground security personnel, all of which need to be equipped.

And these people cannot take up the job casually, they must undergo professional training.

Is this over?

Of course not, you also need flight attendants, commonly known as stewardesses. Of course, the most important thing is pilots. Without pilots, the plane is just broken and cannot fly at all.

Is this over?

Of course not yet!

Do you need to apply for the route? Do you need people for maintenance after landing?

This series of work requires a lot of time and energy to prepare and complete one by one.

Of course, in this era, there is no need to get too fancy, as long as the plane can fly it is enough.

Others can be done gradually and slowly.

In fact, in this era, China has already begun planning civil aviation transportation for carrying passengers and cargo.

In the middle and late period of the Republic of China in the original history, a complete civil aviation system had been established, and a number of airlines were opened, opening routes between major cities such as Beijing, Jinling, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Chengdu.

Of course, flying is still considered a luxury nowadays. If you want to fly, you must first buy a plane ticket.

In later generations, airlines served as operators of civil aviation aircraft. Not only did they have different airlines to choose from, they also had a variety of ways to book and purchase tickets.

China is not too backward in this regard. The first airline in the world to operate fixed-wing aircraft was KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. It was established on October 1919, 10 and is still operating into the 7st century. More than a hundred years of history.

Britain and the United States only established airlines one after another after 1924. It was naturally difficult to establish an airline with Beiyang's strength.

However, in order to conform to the trend of the times and enhance the government's image, Beiyang has planned five air routes and prepared to establish several government-run air transport routes.

The five routes planned by Beiyang are:

Beijing-Shanghai Airlines, Beijing-Hankong Airlines, Beijing-Harbin Airlines, Beijing-Kuco Airlines, and Kuco Airlines.

Beiyang purchased a batch of "Handley Page" aircraft.

At the beginning of the 20th century, European countries took the lead in developing air passenger transport services, but the passenger aircraft they operated were all modified bombers, and even the cockpits of the aircraft were open.

Airlines lend passengers flight suits to keep out the cold, and even light coal stoves to keep warm on board.

Because the seat structure at that time was simple and crude, and the ride was very uncomfortable, airsickness was a common occurrence for early passengers.

In 1931, the British Imperial Airways took the lead in putting the newly designed H·P42 bi-wing passenger aircraft designed by Handley Page into mainline operations.

It was the first passenger aircraft not to be modified as a bomber.

The use of this aircraft has greatly improved the standards of passenger transportation, and air passenger transportation has since entered a new period of development.

This kind of passenger aircraft is very unique in design.

The aircraft has two cabins, front and rear, which can carry 38 passengers.

The four engines are installed on the upper and lower wings respectively to reduce noise and vibration.

The cabin is beautifully decorated and the sofa seats are soft and comfortable.

There is a fixed tea table between the two rows of seats facing each other, and the seats can also be reclined at several angles.

The passenger plane is also equipped with heating and air conditioning. There is a bathroom and a pantry between the front and rear cabins. There are two waiters serving meals to passengers on the way.

The interior facilities of the H.P.42 were the highest standards for airliners at that time, and the passengers' riding environment was very comfortable.

Imperial Airways purchased a total of 8 of this bi-wing passenger aircraft for European and Eastern flights.

H.P.42 has not had a single accident in its 16 years of operation and is world-famous for its safety, reliability and large passenger capacity.

As of the second world station outbreak, the passenger volume of HP 42 exceeded 100000, and the cumulative voyage reached 2092100 kilometers, which is equivalent to more than 5 times the distance from the earth to the moon.

Beiyang is still willing to invest heavily in this regard.

It is also worth noting that these routes opened by Beiyang are centered on the capital and connect to Magic City, Jiangcheng, Bingcheng and other places.

However, Beiyang has established two aviation management departments - the "Aviation Preparatory Affairs Office" and the "Aviation Office" under the Ministry of Transport.

The division of responsibilities between the two agencies is unclear. They purchased some aircraft from abroad, mainly "Vime" and "Handley Page", both of which were civilian aircraft modified based on the bombers in One Station.

The two agencies are squeezing each other out, competing for funding and resources, and there is no unified plan at all.

The "Five Major Routes" is the masterpiece of the "Aviation Affairs Office", and the "Aviation Office" is not to be left behind, and created "five trunk lines, twelve secondary trunk lines, and eight branch lines" in one go.

However, these plans are all in vain, and Beiyang is simply unable to realize them.

It was not until the end of the Zhijiang-Anhui War in 1920 that the "Aviation Affairs Office" was abolished, and the "Aviation Office" continued to promote the development of the civil aviation industry.

They have dozens of airplanes on hand, so they can naturally create beautiful "aerial scenery" and consider opening an "aerial sightseeing line" to test the waters first.

Taking advantage of the mountain and sea scenery around Beijing and combining the passenger flow trends in different seasons, the aviation office has opened four routes.

The first one was opened on March 3. It takes off from Nanyuan Airport and tours over the capital. You can see the splendid Forbidden City from high altitude.

The operating hours of this line are every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at 2 pm. You can purchase tickets at the aviation coach at Nanyuan Airport and fly directly to the tour, or you can buy tickets in advance at the sales office of Jingcheng Hotel.

There are four levels of fares. First, they are divided into 30-minute A-class tickets and 10-minute B-class tickets based on flight time.

The ordinary fares for A and B are 20 UD and 10 UD respectively. If you want to get the best experience in the cockpit, you have to pay 30 UD and 15 UD respectively.

The second line is seasonal and runs between Beijing and Beidaihe. It is mainly for passenger transportation and supplemented by sightseeing.

Beidaihe has always been a popular place to escape the summer heat. Every year in July and August, a large number of Beijing residents go to the beach to spend weekends.

This route only takes 2 hours and 20 minutes one way, but it takes 18 hours by train, and the aerial scenery along the way is far better than that by train.

It’s just that the fare is not cheap. It costs 60 oceans one way and 100 oceans round trip. It is really a luxurious journey.

The third and fourth strips were both opened in September and are purely for sightseeing.

The sea water in Beidaihe becomes cold in September, and the passenger flow is much less. Therefore, commuter flights are stopped in September and replaced by local sea sightseeing flights in Beidaihe.

This route was launched on September 9 and will operate every Saturday at 3 pm. It will fly for 20 minutes over the Beidaihe Coastal Scenic Area and the fare is 15 Oceans.

On September 9, Nanyuan Airport added a new Great Wall sightseeing route, with a flight duration of one and a half hours and a fare of NT$27.

This route is the most cost-effective. It only takes one and a half hours to fly, and you can have a panoramic view of the towering mountains and the magnificent Great Wall in northwest Beijing.

These various sightseeing flights have not allowed Beiyang to develop in the civil aviation industry.

The aircraft are second-hand goods that were eliminated by European countries during the war, and the pilots are all foreigners hired. The country's aviation manufacturing and aviation education are still in a mess.

The most critical thing is that the cost of this kind of air tour is too high and cannot benefit the people at all.

At that time, the monthly salary of many public officials was only 3-5 yuan, and a flight experience would cost more than half a year's salary. It was completely a pastime for high-ranking officials.

Coupled with the corruption and chaos in Beiyang and the poor management of the aviation office, by early 1922, they could not even pay wages.

Later, the aviation office simply sold 60 aircraft to British businessmen, spending more than 100 million to purchase the aircraft, but only sold them for 40.

In fact, in order to realize the planned "Beijing-Shanghai line" flights, Beiyang also specially conducted a "Beijing-Jiji section carrying" test.

They also use the "Vime" passenger plane, with a British captain as the captain and a Chinese as the co-pilot, flying back and forth between Beijing and Quancheng.

During the trial operation phase, it does not carry passengers, but only transports goods. The freight per kilogram is 50 oceans per 0.3 kilometers.

It is about 390 kilometers from Beijing to Quancheng, and the shipping cost for one kilogram of goods is more than 2 yuan, so mail was mainly used. The postal department at that time also issued my country's first set of air stamps.

However, even the freight only lasted less than ten days. Maintenance and support could not keep up, funds were insufficient, and foreign pilots still had to pay high salaries. It was simply an unstoppable rhythm.

Therefore, Beiyang's short-lived civil aviation industry ended under the corrupt and incompetent bureaucratic mechanism.

To experience the real Republic of China Airlines, you have to go to Jinling.

Time jumps to June 1928. The Jinling government, just one year after its establishment, was determined to vigorously develop the civil aviation industry.

The civil aviation industry is a very sensitive industry, and its relationship with military aviation is far closer than the relationship between ground transportation and the army, or maritime transportation and the navy.

After Germany's first stop, it relied on the development of the civil aviation industry to secretly accumulate air force strength, especially the development of aviation manufacturing technology and the training of pilots.

Moreover, relying entirely on foreign pilots will affect homeland security. They can take the opportunity to obtain China's airspace information, collect flight charts and meteorological data, and even take aerial photos of terrain and military facilities.

Therefore, Jinling attaches great importance to it and allocates 600,000 yuan to establish China's independent civil aviation industry.

The next year, China's first complete civil aviation operating organization was born - the "Shanghai-Chengdu Airline Management Office".

It is not a commercial organization, but a subordinate unit of the Aviation Administration Department of the Jinling Ministry of Transportation.

In addition to management personnel, there are mainly 1 American pilot, 3 Chinese pilots, 3 foreign maintenance engineers, and 6 Chinese maintenance engineers, achieving a certain degree of autonomy in flight and technical personnel.

The planned route at that time was "Magic City→Jinling→Hankou→Yichang→Fog City→Rongcheng" in order to strengthen the connection between Zhengzhi, the economic center and the southwest Sichuan and Chongqing regions.

Because it has been known since ancient times that "the road to Shu is difficult" and it is difficult for railways and highways to penetrate the foggy capital, so the only choice is slow water transportation out of Sichuan.

To this end, they purchased six Stimson SM-1F small passenger planes, each of which can accommodate two pilots and co-pilots and four passengers.

At the same time, flight stations were opened at Shanghai Hongqiao Airport and Jinling Ming Palace Airport, and trial operation of passenger routes from Shanghai to Jinling began.

At that time, the ticket price was 26 silver dollars, and a dozen eggs cost about 0.4 silver dollars. Now, a dozen eggs cost almost 10 yuan, and the ticket price is 650 yuan in st century RMB.

Although this price comparison is not completely accurate, in general the fare is not too outrageous. After all, air travel was very rare at the time, and it was much cheaper than the "air tour" during the Beiyang period.

Therefore, after the Shanghai-Jinling flight started operating, many people enthusiastically bought tickets.

In just one year, the flight mileage reached 15 kilometers, the number of passengers carried reached more than 1200, and 20 kilograms of mail were transported.

However, before the Shanghai-Rongcheng route could be realized, the "Shanghai-Chengdu Air Line Management Office", which had been operating for only more than a year, was replaced and merged into the newly established "China Airlines". This was also the first airline in the history of China company.

When this airline was first established, it was wholly owned by the United States. It encountered various objections and eventually had to be changed to 55% owned by China and 45% owned by the United States.

After the ten-year contract expired, the Chinese shareholding was further increased to 80%.

Since the Chou people control so many shares, all the planes flying are naturally made by the Chou people.

These aircraft come from various manufacturers, including the famous Douglas Aircraft Company, also known as "McDonnell Douglas Aircraft".

它生产的DC-2、DC-3、DC-4都是全世界畅销款客机，特别是DC-3后来还改装为C-47军机，生产量接近13000架。

After the establishment of "China Airlines", it gradually expanded its routes.

First, it was based on the "Modu-Jinling" section of the "Shanghai-Chengdu Aviation Line Management Office" and gradually extended to Yichang, Wudu and Chengdu, completely connecting the "Shanghai-Chengdu Line".

The second route is the "Jingping Line" connecting Jinling and Beijing. The route is "Jinling→Xuzhou→Quancheng→Tinmen→Beiping".

However, this route was robbed of a large number of passengers by the "Jinpu Railway" and suffered serious losses. It was once adjusted to the sea route of "Modu→Haizhou→Qingting→Tinmen", and it did not improve until 1933.

The third route is the "Shanghai-Guangdong Line" from Shanghai to Guangdong Province. One is the financial center of East Asia, and the other is the birthplace of national isolation. The exchanges between the two places are very close.

Starting in 1936, the "Shanghai-Guangdong Line" also added an intermediate station in Xiangjiang, attracting a large number of upper class people and foreigners from the three places as customers.

So far, "China Airlines" has built three trunk lines connecting "East, West, South, North, and Central" and began to plan new routes.

At that time, the haze of war in East Asia was already very strong. Jinling hoped to strengthen air transportation in the southwest and soon opened up the route "Jinling → Fog City → Guiyang → Spring City".

In 1936, a route from Guangdong Province to Yue Di was opened, which was also the first international route in China.

During the war, China Airlines' domestic passenger transportation was basically interrupted, and it mainly maintained navigation with Myanmar and Asan.

Beginning in May 1931, it also participated in the "Hump Airlift", transporting a large amount of anti-war materials.

After the victory of the war, "China Airlines" acquired a large number of new passenger aircraft, such as DC-54 modified from C-4 military aircraft, which greatly improved the passenger capacity and passenger experience.

At the same time, a large number of domestic and international routes have been added, including Wudu-Beiping, Wudu-Guangdong Province, Shanghai-San Francisco, etc. The total transportation turnover even ranks 8th in the International Civil Air Transport Association.

China's civil aviation market is a huge cake, and many domestic and foreign capitals want a piece of it. Therefore, other airlines have been established in addition to "China Airlines".

The only one that can compete with China Airlines is the Sino-German joint venture Eurasia Airlines.

At that time, in order to secretly reserve air military power, Germany vigorously promoted aviation technology and produced famous aviation companies such as Messerschmitt and Junkers.

On the other hand, in order to expand their presence in the Far East, the Germans tried their best to close relations with China, so they invested in Lufthansa.

Eventually, "Eurasia Airlines" was formed, with two-thirds of China's shares and one-third of Lufthansa's shares. The original intention of the name "Eurasia" was to connect the air corridor from Jinling to Berlin.

In order to connect Europe and Asia, they have planned three routes:

Magic City→Beiping→Manzhouli→Siberia→Berlin

Magic City→Beiping→Kulun (Ulaanbaatar)→Siberia→Berlin

Magic City → Lanzhou → Dihua (Urumqi) → Central and Western Asia → Berlin

The hope of completely connecting these three routes is very slim. The first two require the support of Mao Xiong, and Mao Xiong has begun to be wary of Germany. They will not provide Germany with the opportunity to conduct military reconnaissance across Mao Xiong territory;

The third one has to cross the vast Central and Western Asia, and it is very difficult to supply fuel and route maintenance along the way.

Therefore, Eurasia Airlines' routes are actually limited to domestic flights.

However, the Germans have never given up on the possibility of connecting Europe and Asia and insist on developing the northwest route.

After various efforts and adjustments, Eurasian Airlines in 1937 already had 4 routes with a total range of 6760 kilometers.

All Eurasia Airlines passenger aircraft are from the German Junkers Company, which produced many famous bombers in World War II, such as the Ju-87 "Stuka dive bomber".

欧亚使用的容克飞机有四种型号，截止1939年，欧亚航空总计拥有F13型飞机2架、W33型飞机6架、W34型飞机6架以及JU52型飞机8架。

However, as the international situation changes, Eurasia Airlines, which has German shares, has been impacted.

In August 1941, China and Germany severed diplomatic relations, all German personnel evacuated, and Eurasia Airlines became completely Chinese-owned and state-owned.

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, most of the Eurasian Airlines' aircraft were bombed by the Little Book Air Force at Qide Airport in Hong Kong. Only one Ju-52 was left to barely maintain the "Fog City-Guilin" route.

In addition to "China Airlines", "Eurasia/Central Airlines", and "Southwest Airlines", during this period there were also "China-Soviet Airlines", the "Civil Air Transport Fleet" of the Chen family, and the "Civil Air Transport Fleet" organized by the Kong family. UOB Airways”.

With so many airlines, it is easy for people to have "difficulty in choosing". How can we choose the best "air travel"?

Since the aerial scenery in different regions is a flying experience, the first thing to consider should be the aerial scenery.

The civil aviation industry during the Republic of China was different from today. Passenger traffic was very limited, and often only one airline could support one route in one direction.

Therefore, AVIC, China Central Airlines, and Southwest Airlines each occupy a certain amount of airspace and routes.

If Eurasia Airlines releases a pass, you can continue to enjoy different scenery in the air such as the Jiangnan Water Town, the North China Plain, the Northwest Desert, the Hetao Plain, the Sichuan-Chongqing Basin, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, etc., as well as the three ancient capitals of Beijing, Chang'an, and Jinling. The weather of the imperial city.

Relatively speaking, AVIC's route layout is slightly inferior, with one route along the Yangtze River waterway and two along the coast branching off to the north and south.

The best scenery is the Three Gorges and the mountains and rivers of Hujian. The mighty East China Sea and Yellow River are very monotonous.

As for Southwest Airlines, its flying airspace is limited to Guangdong, Guangxi and the Qiongzhou Strait. It does have a lot of southern style, but basically there is no change. Compared with China Airlines, it is far inferior.

Of course, this comparison is only the situation before the war. After the victory of the war, "China Airlines" took the lead. After Eurasia evolved into Central Airlines, it was difficult to compete with China Airlines.

Another key element of the flight experience is the aircraft. Flights often last for several hours, and turbulence, vibration, noise, air pressure and temperature can greatly affect passenger comfort.

One is to look at the size of the aircraft.

For piston engine aircraft, the smaller the aircraft, the less comfortable it is.

The aerodynamic surface is small and is particularly susceptible to the influence of airflow and turbulence.

Usually a single engine is used, which is less powerful and less safe. The interior space is narrow, only simple seats can be arranged, and it is difficult to provide cabin service.

Due to the small weight of the aircraft itself, passengers have a great influence on the aircraft's center of gravity.

Passengers are not allowed to move violently in the cabin during flight, otherwise flight safety will be affected due to rapid changes in the aircraft's center of gravity.

The second is to look at the structure of the aircraft.

The most obvious structural difference is the layout and structure of the wings.

Aircraft during World War I often used bi-wings, but such wings greatly reduced aerodynamic characteristics. Therefore, with the development of aviation technology, monoplanes gradually began to be used.

For monoplanes, the biggest question is, where to place the wings? Is it better to place the wings on the upper or lower part of the fuselage?

It can only be said that each takes what he needs. The wing layout on the upper part of the fuselage is called an upper wing, and the wing layout on the lower part is called a lower wing.

It can be seen from modern aircraft that military transport aircraft often use upper monoplanes, while most civil aviation aircraft use lower monoplanes.

The main reason is that the lower single wing is very suitable for the needs of civil aviation aircraft in terms of economy, comfort and route maintenance. In particular, the wings can shield part of the engine noise and improve passenger comfort.

The third is the cabin design of the aircraft.

The design of the cabin has the most direct impact on passengers’ flight experience.

For passenger aircraft with sufficient internal space, they can create greater space for passengers to move around, and can also install kitchens, washrooms and other facilities to provide a variety of cabin services. The exquisite cabin interior can provide passengers with a better flying environment and a more pleasant mood.

Small planes can also improve passengers' flying experience through cabin design, such as reducing seats to expand personal space, and even adding stoves to the cabin to heat the cabin in winter.

Of course, the most critical difference in the cabin is whether it is a pressurized cabin.

Because the higher the flight altitude, the lower the air pressure and temperature, so aircraft without cabin pressurization usually fly at altitudes below 3000 meters.

Once the cabin is pressurized, the aircraft can rise to a more stable stratosphere, avoiding the turbulent airflow at low altitudes, so that passengers are less likely to suffer from turbulence.

Of course, the only drawback is that the scenery on the ground is easily obscured by clouds, and often you can only see white clouds and blue sky.

Based on these three points, comparison can be made.

In the early days, both AVIC and Eurasia owned a large number of small aircraft with less than 10 seats, some of which were even biplane amphibious aircraft, and the experience was relatively poor.

The American-made DC-2 and the German-made Ju-52 are larger, both of which were competitors at the same time as the Boeing 247.

The Boeing 247 already had a bathroom and a stewardess at that time, which shows that the cabin comfort of the DC-2 and Ju-52 was not too bad.

After the war, "AVIC" took advantage of its unique advantage to purchase a large number of new C-46 and DC-4 aircraft.

DC-4 was modified from a C-54 military aircraft and named "Skymaster".

DC-4 is already very luxurious, with special cooking equipment and heating equipment for heating in winter.

Of course, the most luxurious passenger aircraft during the Republic of China was the Convair 240 introduced by China Central Airlines, which was known as the "Palace in the Sky."

The Convair 240 is the first passenger aircraft with a pressurized cabin introduced by China. It can carry up to 52 passengers and sail in the relatively stable stratosphere.

Cabin service is a "plus point" and has become a routine. Even "low-cost airlines" require flight attendants to guide passengers and provide the most basic cabin services.

In the Republic of China, flight attendants and cabin services appeared very late, and once attracted widespread attention.

When the Boeing 247 made its first commercial flight in 1933, the world's earliest stewardess appeared, which marked the birth of modern civil aviation crews.

Given the development level of the civil aviation industry in the Republic of China, there was no ability to provide flight attendant training and cabin services before the Anti-Japanese War.

It was not until after the victory of the war that with the rapid development of China National Airlines and Central Airlines, aircraft became larger and larger, and funds were sufficient, they began to consider setting up flight attendants for flights.

In 1946, AVIC began to recruit its first batch of flight attendants, and the application conditions were very demanding.

An unmarried woman under the age of twenty-six. Must be over five feet (166cm) tall and weigh no more than 120 pounds (109 jins).

Proficient in Jingcheng dialect, Modu dialect, Cantonese and English, with a high school degree or above.

Admitted candidates must also undergo rigorous course training, including aviation history, geography, customs and immigration policies, medical rescue, aircraft structure, cabin service regulations, etiquette and gestures, etc.

These reserve stewardesses even have to go to the aircraft repair shed in Longhua to have Chinese people teach aircraft structure on-site.

The first batch of flight attendants went through repeated studies and training and did not officially graduate until July 1947, 7.

China Central Airlines has also recruited flight attendants. Their Convair 240 has more space and higher comfort, allowing you to experience cabin service in the stratosphere.

In the 20s, the press declared that the United States was entering a golden age of aircraft, largely due to the Douglas Aircraft Company.

The Douglas DC-3 was the first aircraft to profit from transporting only passengers rather than mail. The aircraft gradually changed people's view of air travel by providing passengers with safety, comfort and elegance.

For passengers, the journey is no longer difficult but becomes a pleasure. This is a new era of travel.

Then, Boeing launched an all-metal monoplane called the Messenger Monoplane.

This aircraft has retractable landing gear and an aerodynamically designed streamlined fuselage. It can fly twice as fast as the previous generation biplane.

Soon, Boeing began developing another monoplane, the Boeing 247 with a more revolutionary design.

In many ways, the Boeing 247 can be regarded as the first modern civilian aircraft.

The Boeing 247 is equipped with an adjustable-pitch propeller, a cabin heating system, retractable landing gear, wing and tail de-icing devices, and an autopilot.

Every new technology from the late 20s to the 20s was used in this aircraft, which was a huge improvement.

Boeing received an order for 60 aircraft from its United Airlines unit.

Because Boeing 247 needs to be given priority to United Airlines, a subsidiary of Boeing.

The impatient TWA, US Airways and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines all found another company, which was Boeing's rival at the time, Douglas Aircraft Company.

Donald Douglas may be considered one of the greatest geniuses of the 20th century.

He was charismatic, good-looking, a poster-worthy type, and a brilliant engineer.

He had a knack for surrounding himself with the greatest aerospace engineers around, who headed to Southern California partly for the sunshine and partly for a chance to work for one of the world's top aircraft companies.

The competition between Boeing and Douglas may be regarded as the most fierce rivalry in the history of the U.S. aviation industry.

In terms of civil aviation, Boeing lags behind Douglas. This is because although it is innovative, it is not innovative enough. Douglas adopts the so-called "latecomer strategy".

The risk of being number one is that competitors can use the leader's model as a prototype, learn from it, and then modify it to build a better aircraft.

Douglas's DC-1 is entirely manufactured using this model.

Douglas was able to identify the design advantages of the Boeing 247 and then go beyond it, using different, stronger and more durable materials, using a more sophisticated aircraft design, and then subjecting this design to extensive wind tunnel testing and analysis.

In many ways, the Douglas DC-1 was the first American aircraft designed according to scientific methods.

Then, Douglas launched a fierce attack on Boeing with its further improved DC-2 and DC-3 aircraft. They completely defeated their opponents and completely dominated the aviation industry.

Airlines bought hundreds of DC-3s, the military bought thousands,

The Boeing 247 became history.

In the end, the total production of various models, including DC-3s produced under foreign license, reached an astonishing more than 1.6 aircraft, becoming the most produced transport aircraft in history.

Before Boeing launched the Boeing 707 airliner, the Douglas airliner series dominated the civil aircraft market.

Zhu Chuanren has already placed an order with Douglas Company. Before that, he could only use a seaplane instead.

But other departments can start working on it first.

Take stewardesses as an example. The future stewardesses of Renhe Airlines will all be between 20 and 25 years old, with good appearance, height between 1.5 meters and 1.7 meters, weight between 40 and 59 kilograms, and can speak Mandarin, Cantonese, and English. And can read and write Chinese and English characters.

The scenery is beautiful in front of others, but it is difficult behind others.

Being a flight attendant is really not an easy job, especially under current flight conditions.

After being successfully selected, you need to go through a lot of training, and the work is very hard. It is not easy to take care of the guests during a twenty-hour high-altitude flight. Many flight attendants lose five pounds in one flight.

And the time in the industry is also very short: "There are very few who have served for more than one year. The main reason is that 50% of the flight attendants get married every year and no longer fly. Not only that, it is very difficult to get into the exam and the training More difficult.

The homework after admission is also quite strenuous. The training period is two months. They must study aviation history, company history, organization and routes, Chinese geography, customs and immigration rules, learn rescue and service rules, and be familiar with aircraft equipment structure and Application method. "

They are also taken to the airport's repair bays and various departments for on-the-spot instruction.

Compared with the Chou Country's space, Renhe's flight attendants undoubtedly have an advantage. They are both talented and beautiful, and their behavior and attitude at work will definitely satisfy people. Needless to say, if you look at their uniforms first, they can be called 'extremely beautiful'.

A brown woolen jacket and short skirt, with a brown leather belt and brown semi-high-heeled leather shoes. The right lapel of the jacket without a lapel has two gold buttons on the left lapel, and a silver airplane is embroidered under the right shoulder. , any aviation markings embroidered next to the left sleeve shoulder.

This kind of clothing looks much more beautiful than the uniforms of the ugly female soldiers.

As for meals and drinks, they are still very generous in this day and age.

On an international flight, it’s okay to drink some foreign wine or eat some steak.

So Renhe Airlines will also provide it, but instead of steak, it will provide more delicious Chinese food and Chinese wine.

Everyone has the responsibility to spread traditional culture, and Zhu Chuanren is still very patriotic in this regard.

As for what delicacies to serve, Zhu Chuanren said that Chinese dim sum is undoubtedly the first choice.

Especially Jiangnan’s pastries are very suitable for taking on the plane.

After coming to Magic City for so many years, Zhu Chuanren has become accustomed to the living habits here.

In terms of refinement, it is definitely much more refined than in the Northeast.

At a certain time, people will be salivating because "the cakes are like chewing moon cakes, with crispy and sweet fillings in the middle", "the jade color becomes uniform when rubbed with delicate hands, and the tender yellow color is deep when fried in green oil".

The various pastries may be another kind of Jiangnan besides the scenery.

If the flowing water under the bridge and Wu Nong's whispers represent the shapes and sounds that impress Jiangnan, then Jiangnan pastries are the flavor that the tip of the nose and lips and teeth are attached to.

In the delicate and cool late autumn, you can make a cup of warm tea, add a few soft and delicious snacks, and chat with a few friends. This picture vividly describes the happy and elegant life of the people in Jiangnan.

The taste of pastries also perfectly conveys memories and emotions, condensed into the aesthetic symbols of the poetic Jiangnan.

In the north it is called pastry, in the south it is called thin pastry. As the name suggests, the most important thing is its exquisiteness.

Not only are there a wide variety of fine points, but they are also distinguished by their exquisite materials and exquisite production.

The snow-white, fragrant and glutinous rice can be kneaded, shaped, and colored. After skillful transformation, it can be transformed into fancy pastries of various shapes.

High-yield and high-quality grains are the key to making snacks and delicacies.

The Hangjiahu Plain has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, and fertile soil since ancient times, which makes it particularly suitable for the growth of various crops.

The local rice has strong stickiness and good taste after being cooked, making it a good raw material for making thin noodles.

The local people have lived up to this unique geographical environment and integrated the craftsmanship passed down from generation to generation into the golden signboard of "Jiahu Fine Point".

The white dew and the hanging beads are the beginning of autumn.

Every time during this season, people in Sanqu always buy a stack of Duze Osmanthus Cake.

This pastry with a bottom layer of sesame seeds is shaped like a steamed bun. The crust is crispy but the inside is hollow, as if to neutralize the richness of the golden cinnamon and the sweetness of the caramel in the filling.

In Quzhou, there are more than 15000 sweet-scented osmanthus trees, the city flower, some of which are over a thousand years old.

In Yang Wanli's view, this kind of fragrant flower "is not grown on earth, but comes from the middle of the moon." It can be seen, smelled, and eaten. It has always been the local autumn spirit and is most loved by the people. According to legend, there was once a wild osmanthus forest in the area of ​​Tongshanyuan Reservoir in Duze, and the fragrance was so fragrant after autumn. Considering this, it is not surprising that osmanthus cake was born here.

The land has the flavor of the land, and the sea naturally has the flavor of the sea.

On the other side of Dinghai, the delicate moss growing deep in the blue waves has always been the finishing touch on the dining table.

Different styles of moss cakes combine the freshness of moss with the aroma of sesame, nuts and other ingredients, as if a wisp of autumn sea breeze soothes the stomachs of men, women and children.

In Shanghai, moss cakes are also popular.

A closer look shows that Jiangnan pastries are mostly related to festivals and celebrations.

Zhou Zuoren asserted that the pastries here tend to be delicate rather than solid, and are of the nature of snacks that are not intended to satisfy the hunger.

This further highlights its cultural attributes. From participating in etiquette and customs to reflecting folk customs and inheriting skills, pastries carry people's collective memories and life details, and contain the "Jiangnan style" within them.

Jiangnan pastries embellish the refreshing fireworks life and decorate the passing years with uniqueness and exquisiteness.

People in Jiangnan seem to have long been accustomed to the role of cakes in ritual activities.

The hairy-footed son-in-law needs to prepare a door-to-door gift when he visits his parents-in-law for the first time.

The glutinous Liang Nong cake is a classic configuration.

The old-fashioned Liangnong cake is made of japonica rice and glutinous rice as the main ingredients, with bean paste as the filling. It has a snow-white and square shape and is engraved with red auspicious words such as "Fu Lu Shou Xi". You can feel the festive atmosphere at a glance.

In contrast to the joy of weddings, during the Qingming Festival, which is filled with sorrow, cakes also have a place in the ancestor offerings of Jiangnan people.

The common green dumplings and Qingming cakes are made with wheat straw or mugwort juice to give the appearance a greenish color. They are slightly sticky but full of the fragrance of spring grass. They are not only a symbol of etiquette but also in line with the seasonal characteristics.

"The square ones are called cakes, the round ones are called dumplings, the flat ones are called cakes, and the pointed ones are called rice dumplings." These delicious pastries passed down from generation to generation decorate every ordinary and special day, and also entrust people's wishes for a good harvest and life expectations. .

When Quzhou people talk about Shao Yongfeng’s sesame cakes, they will inevitably talk about the real skill in making the cakes.

Imagine how precise the hand strength is required to flip more than 30 cakes in the bamboo plaque with a diameter of about 80 centimeters without overlapping each other.

This kind of process, whenever the pastry chef shows his skills, can become the scenery on the streets and be deeply imprinted in the minds of pedestrians and customers.

In The Deer and the Cauldron, when Wei Xiaobao first entered the palace, he secretly ate Jiangnan dim sum mille-feuille cake. Xiaobao "picked up a piece of mille-feuille cake and put it in his mouth. He chewed it only a few times and couldn't help but secretly cheered."

This thousand-layer cake is made of a layer of flour sandwiched with a layer of honey lard. It has the aroma of osmanthus and is both loose and sweet."

It is said that thousand-layer cake originated in the early Ming Dynasty.

When Zhu Yuanzhang was conquering the world, he defeated Quzhou and was intercepted by officers and soldiers on Mount Linzhu in Changlin, Shouchang County.

At this critical moment of life and death, I saw bursts of white mist coming from Zhushan Mountain, blocking the sight of the officers and soldiers. Zhu Yuanzhang survived the desperate situation.

When Zhu Yuanzhang became Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, he kept thinking of this strange thing. Then he decided to go south to Shouchang.

Zhu Yuanzhang went on the road incognito and came to Changlin, Shouchang. He saw the people grinding new rice and steaming cakes to celebrate the harvest.

Zhu Yuanzhang just wanted to go into the farmhouse to see what was going on, but he was stopped by the magistrate of Shouchang County who went to the countryside to inspect.

Zhu Yuanzhang hurriedly winked at the county magistrate, indicating that he should keep quiet so as not to alarm the people.

He whispered again: How about we go grindstone together?

So Zhu Yuanzhang and the magistrate of Shouchang County started pushing a mill at a farmer's house, and performed a wonderful scene of "double grinding" between the monarch and his ministers.

The slurry of ground rice flour is like ambergris, and the layers of rice slurry steamed cakes are taller than the previous ones.

After Zhu Yuanzhang finished grinding the flour, he tasted the newly steamed cake and felt that he was full of energy, so Long Yan was very happy.

Zhu Yuanzhang praised while eating: What a sweet cake, layer cake, like a thousand-layer cake!

The emperor's words are golden and jade, and the height is nine stories, which means that he will have plenty of food and clothing every year.

Since then, Thousand Layer Cake has become famous all over the world.

(End of this chapter)