Film and Television: Starting from the Journey to Guandong

Chapter 139

Lao Chang still values ​​Zhu Chuanren's suggestions very much. In his opinion, Zhu Chuanren is a thoughtful and knowledgeable junior.

Please note that the emphasis is on the younger generation, after all, they are relatives of the daughter-in-law’s family.

Of course, he recognized Zhu Chuanren's ability very much. At least Zhu Chuanren completed the tasks he assigned well.

After much thought about equipping the navy this time, he decided to give it a try and first import a submarine from abroad.

The range of options currently available may seem large, but it’s actually quite a lot!

The first is the German Navy. In the history of submarine warfare, the Germans are recognized as the top masters. There is no doubt about this.

When the Second Station broke out, the German Navy only had 57 submarines, even inferior to France and Italy. However, it had 1113 submarines in service during the war, making it the navy that built and used the most submarines in World War II.

The combat range of German submarines covers the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean, which is also quite broad.

The main force of German submarines is medium-sized submarines represented by Type VII submarines. This type of submarine is actually based on the German submarines of World War I and was improved. Its performance is relatively balanced, but not particularly outstanding. It can be manufactured in large quantities, thus To meet the needs of large-scale submarine warfare, the Type XXI submarine built in the later period represents the highest level of submarine technology during the Second Station period and can be called a milestone in the history of submarine development.

The tactical application of German submarines was also very successful in the early stages of the war. The name of the "wolf pack" tactic is probably well-known among military fans.

至于战绩德国人更加傲视群雄，在战争期间德军潜艇击沉了149艘战舰（包括3艘航母、3艘护航航母、2艘战列舰、6艘轻巡洋舰、34驱逐舰）和2882艘商船（总吨位1440万吨）。

Of course, behind the huge numbers of results were also high losses. During the war, the German army lost 793 submarines, about 28000 crew members died, and the loss rate was as high as 70%.

In the Pacific battlefield, the U.S. Navy's submarine force achieved results that were not inferior to those of the German Navy.

During the second station, 314 submarines entered service with the U.S. Navy, 260 of which were deployed in the Pacific.

Most Ugly submarines are large ocean-going submarines with a displacement of more than 2000 tons. They are generally equipped with 10 torpedo launch tubes (6 at the front and 4 at the tail) and advanced sonar and electronic equipment. They have strong attack power and long endurance, and are very suitable for deep dives. Conduct break-up and ambush operations in enemy waters.

In terms of tactical application, the Ugly Army adopted cluster attack tactics similar to those of the German Navy, and achieved impressive results in breaking engagements and fleet engagements.

Although the tonnage of submarines only accounts for 2% of the total tonnage of the U.S. Navy, they have sunk more than 30% of the ships of the Neon Navy, including 8 aircraft carriers, 1 battleship, and 11 cruisers. In addition, they also sunk the Neon Merchant Fleet. 60% of the merchant ships caused a devastating blow to the neon shipping line.

According to statistics, the U.S. Navy's submarine force sank 1560 enemy ships during the war, with a total tonnage of 530 million tons, accounting for approximately 55% of the U.S. Navy's total tonnage sunk. 52 submarines were lost due to various reasons. .

The Little Book Navy had the most diverse submarine force in World War II, ranging from the smallest pocket submarine to the largest diving aircraft carrier, and it also had a lot of creativity in technology.

When the Pacific War broke out, the Neon Navy had 65 submarines and built an additional 126 submarines during the war (excluding pocket submarines and special submarines).

Neon Navy submarines are mainly large ocean-going submarines, equipped with powerful oxygen torpedoes, with strong endurance and long-lasting combat capabilities. Some submarines are also equipped with carrier-based aircraft, and some of their technologies even surpass the U.S. Navy.

However, the tactics used by the Neon Navy submarines were quite unsuccessful. They focused on attacking Ugly warships and neglected breaking diplomatic relations. Although they were quite capable, they had few achievements and suffered heavy losses.

据统计，霓虹海军在战争中击沉了大型航空母舰2艘（约克城、黄蜂）、护航航空母舰1艘（利姆康斯湾）、重巡洋舰1艘（印第安纳波利斯）、轻巡洋舰1艘（朱诺）、驱逐舰5艘、潜艇3艘；击沉商船179艘，约90万吨，却损失了131艘潜艇。

The main combat mission of the British Navy is to protect sea lines of communication, because submarines play a minor role in the British Navy fleet. However, in the war against the Axis powers, the British Navy's submarine force also achieved quite outstanding results.

During the second station, the British Navy had about 200 submarines put into operation, mainly large and medium-sized submarines. The more distinctive technical design of British submarines is to arrange additional external torpedo launch tubes in non-pressure-resistant shells to improve Attack ability.

British submarines mostly focused on dispersed hunting during operations. The main operating areas were the Norwegian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and they sank 57 enemy ships and about 200 million tons of merchant ships.

It is particularly worth mentioning that British submarines have sunk as many as 35 enemy submarines, and also created the only underwater sinking of a submarine submarine in the two stations, laying the foundation for post-war underwater submarine attack tactics. Base.

During the war, the British Navy lost 74 submarines, 42 of which were sunk in the Mediterranean.

In addition to the above-mentioned submarine powers, Mao Xiong, Italy, and France also have sizable submarine forces. Among them, the Mao Xiong Navy had 1941 submarines in June 6, which was the largest underwater fleet in the world at that time. During the war, the Mao Xiong Navy had 215 submarines. An additional 57 submarines were built.

However, due to geographical location and technical and tactical limitations, its operations were inactive and its results were quite small. According to statistics, it only sank 118 merchant ships, about 26 tons.

When the second station broke out, the French and Italian navies had 78 and 102 submarines respectively, both exceeding the British and German navies. However, due to the rapid defeat of France and the Italian navy being mainly limited to the Mediterranean, the submarine forces of the two navies did not perform outstandingly. .

Therefore, the submarine force with the largest number, the largest scale of operations, the most advanced technologies and tactics, the most sinking results, and the greatest losses is undoubtedly the German Navy.

The submarine force with the highest combat efficiency and the most number of warships sunk is the U.S. Navy.

The submarine force with the most types of submarines, the most distinctive technical features, and the worst tactics is the Neon Navy.

The British Navy has the strongest ability to attack submarines.

Lao Chang is naturally willing to place an order with Chouguo people, which is also a sign of goodwill.

However, the most glorious record of Ugly Country, but the most unknown one is Ugly Country's "Little Shark" class submarine.

The "Little Shark" class submarine is a conventionally powered submarine built by China during the second station. It is also the main submarine of the US Navy during the second station.

The construction of the Little Shark-class submarine began in 1940. Four shipyards participated in the construction. During World War II, a total of 4 ships were built.

This class of submarine is 95 meters long, 8.3 meters wide, with a draft of 5.2 meters, a surface displacement of 1525 tons, a submersible displacement of 2424 tons, and a submersible speed of 9 knots. Using diesel/electric propulsion, the surface endurance is 9500 nautical miles (10 knots) and the underwater endurance is 500 nautical miles (3 knots).

Compared with submarines from various countries at that time, the "Little Shark" class submarines of the United States did not have good endurance and maneuverability after diving. If they sail underwater at high speed, the battery will quickly run out of power.

Therefore, the "Baby Shark" class submarine spends most of its time sailing on the surface, and its speed on the surface is obviously much faster than underwater.

But even so, the "Little Shark" class submarine performed very well in the second station, often achieving major results, and it specializes in "eating" big guys, and its appetite is not ordinary.

For example, in the Battle of the Philippines, they sank the neon "Xianghe" aircraft carrier and the "Gale" aircraft carrier. Such a record was even more brilliant than the U.S. aircraft carrier.

In the Battle of Leyte Gulf, it was the "Baby Shark" class submarine that sank the USS Atago and USS Maya cruisers.

Of course, while the performance was brilliant, the losses of the "Little Shark" submarines were also quite large. Of the total 77 submarines, 18 were sunk by enemy ships during the war, and another one was lost due to an accident. The loss was close to Quarter.

Therefore, some people say that the submarine force of the Ugly Army during World War II had the highest combat death rate.

In fact, the Little Shark-class submarine is the product of the one-stop "fleet submarine" concept.

People hope that this kind of submarine can follow the surface fleet in action, scout the enemy's position and course ahead, wait for opportunities to attack with torpedoes, and prepare for the decisive battle of our own main battleships.

Therefore, it needs to have a large endurance, a water speed of no less than 20 knots, and powerful weapons.

China is one of the founding countries of submarines. As early as the late 19th century, a large number of outstanding engineers such as John Holland and Simon Lake were actively exploring submarines.

1897年5月，56岁的老霍兰经过38年努力，5次迭代升级终于研制出第一艘汽油机与电动机结合的“霍兰6号”潜艇，从此将潜艇带入新时代。他也当之无愧地成为“现代潜艇之父”。

In April 1900, the U.S. Army spent $4 to buy the submarine "Holland No. 15" and named it SS-6. Soon after, the first submarine force was established.

Since then, the country's submarines have developed slowly, launching seven or eight models one after another with little progress.

It wasn't until one station broke out that Ugly's submarines rapidly improved under the stimulation of the tragic war.

After World War I, the Ugly Army continued to experiment along the "fleet submarine" idea, and successively built several experimental boats such as AA-1 class (3 ships) and V class (9 ships), but they were not very successful.

It was not until around 1940 that with the development of science and technology and the experience accumulated from a series of submarines such as the Porpoise-class, Salmon-class, Big Tooth-class, and Puffer-class submarines, the Ugly Kingdom finally had the long-awaited fleet submarine with perfect performance—— Baby Shark level.

The hull adopts a single-double hybrid shell structure, the fore and aft torpedo rooms are single-hulls, and there is an outer shell and a pressure hull in the middle of the hull. Ballast water and additional fuel can be loaded between the two layers to improve endurance.

Four high-power diesel engines are placed in two watertight engine rooms, which greatly enhances the damage resistance.

The 5400 shaft horsepower power output drives the submarine to a maximum speed of 21 knots on the surface and 9 knots underwater.

It also has a long range of 11000 nautical miles, and 75 days at sea at a time is enough to run from Hawaii to Neon and back.

The huge size also provides the 6 officers and 54 sailors on board with a superior life that submariners from other countries cannot imagine.

Air conditioning, refrigerators, and washing machines are all standard, and almost every sailor has his or her own bed.

The colleagues of the Axis Powers were so envious that their eyes almost fell out. Even if the British Empire had a powerful navy, they would feel incompetent just looking at their own small submarines.

A comfortable environment and sufficient logistics can allow officers and soldiers to have a good rest, high morale, and be more efficient in battle. It also improves the mechanical and electrical reliability of the boat, once again verifying the correct conclusion that "air conditioning is also combat effectiveness."

The disadvantage is that it is large and slow to dive, so the designer added a fast diving chamber that allows the submarine to dive from the surface to periscope depth in 45-50 seconds.

1940年9月11日，第一艘鼓鱼号（SS-228）潜艇在缅因州朴茨茅斯海军造船厂铺下龙骨，1941年11月1日服役。

随后小鲨鱼号（SS-212）于10月5日在康涅狄格州电动船公司开工，1941年12月31日服役。

By the time the last Croaker (SS-1944) entered service in April 4, a total of 246 Little Shark-class submarines had been built by Electric Boat Company, Manitowoc Company, Portsmouth, and Mare Island Naval Shipyards.

Among them, the electric ship company takes over half of the production tasks, and has built 7 new docks to ensure speed.

These sharp teeth are equipped with 10 533mm torpedo tubes, 24 torpedoes, 1 76mm deck gun, 1 40mm Bofors anti-aircraft gun, and 1 20mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft gun "Shark" group They are about to start a bloody war in the Pacific.

In the Battle of the Marianas, the USS Big Fish sank the neon armored aircraft carrier Taiho, which had been in service for less than 3 months.

In the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Horse Mackerel sank the enchanting main aircraft carrier Shokaku, the Barbel (SS-220) sank the escort aircraft carrier Cloud Eagle, and even blew up a neon train full of supplies!

The Carp (SS-227) sank the heavy cruiser Atago, and the Minnow (SS-247) sank the heavy cruiser Maya... The little sharks all took the lead bravely, fighting against all the neon invincibles, and finally The impressive record was praised by people.

20 submarines were lost in the battle, one was seriously damaged and scrapped, and the rest survived the war safely.

After the second station, some of the remaining 56 submarines traveled to other countries, some were converted into experimental boats and for other purposes, some were decommissioned and dismantled, and 6 became museums open to the public.

The sharks who once made great achievements went their separate ways, leaving only those legends that are endlessly memorable.

The Balaobo class is an improved version of the Little Shark class, so its appearance and size are very similar.

However, the pressure shell and frame of the Balaobo class are made of higher-tensile HTS alloy steel, and the thickness of the steel plate is increased from 14.3 mm to 22.2 mm, so the diving depth is larger. The test depth was increased from 90 meters to 120 meters, and the Surgeonfish even dived to a depth of 187 meters during the test!

巴劳鱵级换装了口径更大的甲板炮，早期型号装备4英寸MK9甲板炮，1944年后换上了火力更强的5英寸MK17甲板炮，比小鲨鱼级的3英寸甲板炮厉害多了。

In addition, the dome and conning tower system have continued to improve on the basis of the 4 times optimization of the Little Shark class. The appearance is smaller and smoother, and the radar and periscope layout are reasonable, which is deeply loved by the crew.

The war catalyzed the construction of a large number of Baraobo-class ships. A total of 1942 ships were built from 1946 to 120, and they also created brilliant achievements. Hefengmantan is original and plagiarism is prohibited.

射水鱼号（SS-311）击沉了当时世界上最大的航空母舰——信浓号（72000吨），海狮号（SS-315）击沉了金刚号战列舰，刺尾鱼号（SS-306）则摘取了潜艇总击沉吨位榜冠军。自身有9艘在战斗中损失。

After the war, as German Type XXI submarine technology was popularized in various countries, the Balaubo-class submarines quickly became obsolete.

Like the Little Shark class, some of the 111 surviving submarines were upgraded, some were resold abroad, and the rest were decommissioned.

These two classes of excellent submarines supported most of the U.S. submarine force in World War II. Together with many submarine officers and soldiers, they fought against the rising sun, sneaked together in the dark night, cuddled and supported each other amidst the waves and flames, and finally became immortals in the Pacific. legend!

However, it is impossible to purchase them now, after all, they only exist on design drawings.

So we can only set our sights on Great Britain for the time being.

As far as Zhu Chuanren knows, the British Royal Navy is currently planning to build new submarines to replace its aging O, P, and R-class submarines. The T-class submarines were designed and built with a variety of factors taken into consideration, including the naval treaties at the time. , in the second station, the T-class submarine became one of the main submarines of the Royal Navy.

At the time of design, taking into account the restrictions of the naval treaty, the displacement of the submarine must not exceed 2000 tons, which limits the construction of large ocean-going submarines.

However, this does not trouble the Royal Navy, because according to their experience, bigger submarines are not better. Judging from the technical conditions at that time when submarines mainly used torpedo attacks, larger submarines were more likely to be discovered by alert destroyers, and once The other party casts a net to search for submarines, and it is difficult for large and bulky submarines to escape.

At the same time, they believe that the focus of submarine operations lies in the first round of attacks. When a submarine discovers the enemy fleet, it must launch a large number of torpedoes in the first round of attacks in order to severely damage the opponent in the first round of attacks. Next, consider Retreat or continue the attack.

The British Royal Navy has an absolute advantage in Europe, and no navy has the ability to confront it alone;

However, the British Empire, which has been declining since its first stop, has lost its former glory. After concentrating its power near its homeland, the interests of East Asia cannot be guaranteed.

Especially at that time, the Neon Combined Fleet was developing rapidly and obtained the third largest tonnage allocation in the world in the Washington Naval Treaty. Coupled with the country's geographical location, there was no strong navy to compete with it in East and Southeast Asia. Therefore, The Combined Fleet became the number one opponent threatening Britain's interests in East Asia.

In order to deal with potential crises, the Royal Navy decided to hand over the burden to the new T-class submarines. After all, maintaining a submarine force is much cheaper than maintaining a large surface fleet.

The Royal Navy hopes that if a war breaks out, the T-class submarines can launch a sneak attack on the combined fleet at sea. Although this will not eliminate the opponent, if it can cause some casualties to the main warships, it will buy time for the arrival of the main force, even if some submarines are lost. It is also acceptable.

Now that the design idea had been decided, the submarine design work began in 1934.

After repeated communication between the design department and the Navy, the design was basically finalized in 1935 and approved early the next year.

The biggest feature of the T-class submarine is its firepower layout. In order to launch as many torpedoes as possible in the first round of attack, the bow of the submarine adopts a bulge-shaped structure and has three pairs of 3mm torpedo launch tubes stuffed in it.

However, this was not enough. The designer also added four torpedo launch tubes above the bow and on both sides of the conning tower. However, these four launch tubes cannot be loaded from the inside and are disposable.

In this way, the T-class submarine can launch up to 10 torpedoes in the first round of firing. At a normal combat distance, if a large fleet is attacked by a sneak attack, it will be difficult to escape such an intensive attack, effectively increasing the hit rate.

In the early days, people had been debating whether to place torpedoes at the stern of the boat. Many people believed that setting up torpedo tubes at the stern would occupy valuable space and the combat effect was not good. However, later submarine officers frequently reported that the lack of torpedo tubes at the stern was not enough. To facilitate combat, two more were added.

Like other submarines at the time, the T-class submarine was also equipped with a 4-inch deck gun with a gun mantlet, initially with 100 rounds of ammunition, but later increased. The early standard anti-aircraft weapons were three Lewis machine guns, which were changed to Vickers machine guns in 3, and some were changed to twin 1941mm cannons.

Because armament occupies too much space, in order to maintain the fuel demand for ocean voyages, the space left for the submarine power compartment is much smaller. Most T-class submarines are equipped with 1250 horsepower 6-cylinder 4-stroke injection diesel engines. Although Its unit power is relatively low, but it has high reliability.

In addition, some submarines built before the war used German diesel generators. They also had the problem of low unit power. You must know that these engines were only used to propel U-boats of a few hundred tons in the German army.

Generally speaking, T-class submarines are still very good. The standard T-class submarine has a surface displacement of 1325 tons and an underwater displacement of 1570 tons. The maximum surface speed is about 15 knots, the maximum underwater speed is about 9 knots, and the crew is 61 people.

The first T-class submarine was put into service at the end of 1938, and the war broke out a year later. Therefore, the British army did not actually have time to deploy a T-class submarine force in Southeast Asia as envisaged.

When the second station broke out, the T-class submarine first participated in the battle in the Nordic region. Unfortunately, the first result was one of its own. On September 9, the Triton discovered a submarine (USS Oxley) during patrol. Being too nervous, he directly launched two torpedoes from the external torpedo tube. One hit the target and directly sank the friendly HMS Oxley.

However, the subsequent battles were somewhat effective, sinking and damaging some German ships during the Norwegian Campaign.

After the Battle of France, T-class submarines moved to the Bay of Biscay to establish an undersea patrol circle and block the passage of U-boats in and out of the Atlantic Ocean. They did not play a big role here. The main discoveries or kills were made by aircraft and surface submarines. The ship is completed.

At the end of 1941, the British army dispatched T-class submarines to the Mediterranean. Their main task there was to destroy the enemy's sea transportation lines and perform interception and killing missions similar to U-boats.

In the Mediterranean theater, the Italian Navy has relatively complete anti-submarine means, and the water in the Mediterranean is calm and the visibility is high, which is very unfavorable for submarine operations;

Despite this, T-class submarines still played a huge role in the Mediterranean. Four submarines won the Victoria Cross, effectively weakening the transportation capabilities of the Mediterranean.

However, T-class submarines also paid a heavy price, with a total of 13 being sunk.

As for the war on the other side of the earth, when the Second Station broke out, no T-class submarines were in service there. Only two T-class submarines were dispatched before the Neon attack on Pearl Harbor. Singapore had already fallen when they arrived, and they had to fight side by side with the Dutch submarine team. , did not play a big role.

By the end of the second station, the T-class submarines had become outdated, but there were no major problems in the face of the overall superiority of the Allies.

After the second station, the Royal Navy still retained a lot of T-class submarines. Some of them were modified a few years later. Structures such as the raised bow were eliminated, and the appearance was smoother. They were used for patrols and other tasks in the Nordic region.

The British Royal Navy's T class, also known as the "Triton" class, was used to replace the O, P and R classes.

The four T-class submarines in service with the Royal Netherlands Navy are called the "Swordfish" class.

In the decade after the war, the surviving older submarines were scrapped and dismantled, and the remainder were converted into anti-submarine vessels to combat the growing threat of the Woolly Bear submarine.

However, these similar class submarines proved unsatisfactory. They were mechanically unreliable, large, slow, and overly complex.

In addition, the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty required these submarines to be decommissioned after 13 years of service.

Therefore, the O-class submarines would have to be decommissioned in August 1940. As a result, when war broke out in 8, the O-class submarines had to continue to serve.

The 1930 London Naval Treaty limited the total tonnage of the British submarine fleet to 52 tons, with a maximum standard surface displacement of 700 tons for all submarines and a maximum gun armament of 2 inches (000 mm).

The Americans proposed a 1935-ton limit at the London Disarmament Conference in 1200, but it was rejected by the Admiralty because it did not include the "Orca" class mine-laying submarine.

The Admiralty itself proposed retaining the 2000-ton limit in the hope that rival navies would build fewer but larger submarines to maintain their national pride, which would be much easier than hunting down large numbers of smaller submarines.

Conservatives led by Stanley Baldwin had also proposed a complete ban on submarine construction and use, or a limit on the displacement of each submarine to 250 tons, but the Admiralty accurately predicted that other countries would not accept such strict restrictions. and went on to design what was then known as the "Repeat P" or "Replacement P" class submarines.

The O-class, P-class, and R-class were originally designed to counter the increasingly powerful Neon Imperial Navy.

In the absence of a fleet available for combat, submarines would become the primary offensive weapon against the Neons.

Therefore, the replacement "Repeat P" class must have similar endurance, but be easier to maintain and anticipate that future treaty restrictions will be looser.

When formulating the future requirements of the UK submarine fleet, it was estimated that 20 of these new submarines would be needed, with a total tonnage of 20 tons.

Rear Admiral Noel Lawrence, Rear Admiral (Submarines), was one of the most distinguished British submariners of the First World War and promoted the development of torpedo weapons.

He was convinced that in the face of powerful neon surface forces, British submarines would have difficulty penetrating the destroyer barrier and that only a massive torpedo salvo could ensure the required number of hits at greater distances, using only ASDIC if necessary Hydrophones provide parameters for torpedo firing.

On February 1934, 2, the Director of Naval Construction, Sir Arthur Johns, was asked to design a patrol submarine with a displacement of 27 tons.

The two designs drafted by the DNC initially formed the basis for personnel requirements in November 1934.

这些设计要求装备六具内部21英寸鱼雷发射管，两具外部发射管和一门3英寸（76.2毫米）舰炮（或4英寸换算后约101毫米，如果稳定性允许的话)，和以11节航速续航4，000海里的巡逻能力加上足够28天巡逻的燃料(对应于以11节航速续航5，500海里)。

The underwater endurance time is 2 hours at 15 knots or 5 hours at 8 knots.

The maximum underwater speed is 9 knots, the surface speed is 15 knots, and the diving depth is 300 feet (91.44 meters).

Another suggestion made by Rear Admiral Lawrence was the use of double hulls to improve survivability against depth charge attacks.

However, his suggestion was rejected by the Director of Naval Construction, who favored the use of a more traditional single-hull saddle-type tank.

Later, in 1935, the design of the "Repeat P" was modified to reduce the displacement to 1000 tons in line with the treaty limit.

In order to achieve this, the "C" design had to sacrifice some engine room space, reduce the surface speed to 14.5 knots, and reduce the surface endurance to 8600 nautical miles.

The design was again revised to the "D" design, which eliminated the external fuel tank design (which proved problematic on the O, P, and R classes and easily caused fuel leakage) and instead stored the fuel in a pressure chamber. .

But it proved impossible to reduce the displacement to 1 tons without reducing endurance, and the displacement was allowed to be increased to 000 tons.

After slight reductions in the design's length and fresh water storage and diving capabilities, the final design was approved in May 1935.

On June 1935, 6, the Admiralty officially canceled the "repeat P" designation and decided that all submarine names would begin with the letter t.

Finally, on September 1935, 9, the Triton class was selected as the lead ship of the class.

Ultimately, the Navy Department approved the design on February 1936, 2.

The design of the T-class submarine requires strong forward-firing torpedo capabilities and long-term patrol endurance in the Pacific against Japan, as well as compliance with various treaty restrictions.

These challenging requirements resulted in many compromises in the design.

Combat experience gained before and during the war resulted in many modifications to the class's design, and the differences between each submarine were noticeable.

In order to provide enough space for the torpedo tubes on the outer bow, most T-class submarines have a unique bulbous bow.

The initial bow shape of the first batch of T-class submarines had an adverse effect on the surface speed. Among them, the "Triumph" and "Thunderbolt" canceled the external torpedo launch tubes during the modification process, resulting in the two ships having A slimmer bow.

The external bow torpedo launch tubes of the second batch of submarines were moved back, making the bow slimmer and reducing speed loss.

They also installed two external torpedo tubes (the two external torpedo tubes were connected together) and an additional torpedo tube to the stern of the ship, which resulted in a unique bulge on the outside of the hull.

Finally, the bow of the third batch of submarines was further optimized, and the shell around the conning tower and the tail torpedo tube shell were designed to be flatter, making the hull profile smoother.

Pre-war T-class submarines were of riveted construction.

The riveted hull proved so strong that many T-class submarines exceeded their rated diving depth of 300 feet (91 meters) in combat.

1940年4月23日，“郡主”号下潜至400英尺(122米)后幸存下来。

After hesitating for a long time, the Navy Department officially approved the use of welding for the hull structure in July 1942. It was initially only used for the pressure-resistant hull of the third batch of submarines, and later expanded to the entire hull.

The welded hull is quite strong, capable of diving to depths of 350 feet (107 meters), and carries fuel in external ballast tanks for increased endurance.

The partially welded third batch of submarines had riveted external ballast tanks; before they were sent to the Far East, their external ballast tanks were welded together to prevent leaking fuel from exposing the submarine's position. This batch of submarines is expected to have a maximum diving depth of 626 feet (191 meters).

The first ship of the T-class submarine, the USS Triton, has a very high open bridge with good ventilation.

Although the bridge shape of the first batch of submarines in this class will be slightly different, they will also be easily exposed to bad weather.

Some of the first batch of submarines were equipped with a closed bridge to solve this problem, which became standard on the second batch of submarines.

Wartime experience ultimately showed that the wider field of view afforded by an open bridge during combat was more important than the comfort gained from a closed bridge, and the final third batch of submarines was changed back to open bridges.

T-class submarines have 11 main (ballast) tanks, 2 auxiliary tanks for adjusting trim, 5 compensation tanks for adjusting changes in water density and the displacement of the submarine when the water storage is used up. The Q tank at the bow is used to adjust the trim. For quick dives or rapid changes in depth.

The two main ballast tanks of the third batch of submarines were converted into fuel tanks to increase their endurance in operations in the Far East.

According to British submarine standards, the dive time at 50% buoyancy is 30 seconds.

第二批次和第三批次潜艇的燃料储量增加至230吨，水面航程为11，000海里（约20，000公里；13000米），以10节航速(约19公里/小时；12英里每小时)。

T-class submarines use different types of diesel engines depending on where they are built.

Ships built at Vickers Dockyard naturally used Vickers engines, while Royal Dockyard ships used naval diesel engines; Canmore Ryder Dockyard used Sulzer engines, while pre-war S-class submarines used It is a German MAN supercharged diesel engine.

这些发动机驱动两个轴，每个轴的制动马力为1250马力(930千瓦)，最高水面航速约为15节(28公里/小时)；17英里/小时)。

T级潜艇首舰“特里同”号在它的首次试航中达到了16.29节(30.17公里/小时；18.75英里/小时)的航速；这个速度从来没有被任何其他的T级潜艇超越，它们通常能达到14-15节的航速(26-28公里/小时；16-17英里/小时)。

The Vickers 6-cylinder 4-stroke 1250 hp diesel engines fitted to most T-class submarines proved to be very reliable engines, even if they were not as advanced as the diesel engines used by German submarines.

The engine is designed to isolate the cylinders from the crankshaft, allowing the engine to continue running even if one cylinder fails.

The 12 submarines completed at the Royal Dockyard and equipped with Admiralty diesel engines proved equally reliable, even if the engines were more complex than Vickers's.

In comparison, the MAN diesel proved quite troublesome.

In particular, MAN Diesel was built under license. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, the German MAN Company immediately stopped its technical support.

By 1943, there were only two T-class submarines equipped with MAN engines - "Tuna" and "Tribune", which were relegated to training ships.

In March 1944, when the Royal Navy faced a severe submarine shortage in the Far East, HMS Tuna was rejected from being sent there because of her unreliable foreign engines.

The Canmore Ryder Sulzer two-stroke engines received mixed reviews; some, like the Thresher and Triton, were very satisfactory, while others developed problems.

Their design was flawed and could easily cause cylinder rings and cylinder blocks to crack when the ship was running at full speed.

Powering the submarine underwater is provided by 336 batteries driving two 1450 horsepower (1080 kilowatts) Lawrence Scott electric motors.

这些潜艇能够以2.5节(4.6公里/小时；2.9英里/小时)的速度续航48小时，或以9节(17公里/小时；10英里/小时)的最大水下速度续航1小时。

The battery proved vulnerable to damage from the impact of a depth charge attack, which led to the sinking of the Tempest in 1942.

The depth charges dropped by the Italian torpedo boat "Circe" caused damage to the submarine's battery compartment. The interior of the submarine was filled with chlorine gas, and the submarine was forced to surface and surrender.

This problem was solved by strengthening the protection of the battery compartment and installing rubber shock absorbers.

Compared with the "Tempest", the modified "Freshwater Turtle" survived the prolonged depth charge attack by the Neon frigate. Its hull was severely damaged, but its battery compartment was not damaged.

In the research and development of submarine hydrophones, the British expect that other countries will also develop similar submarine detection equipment.

Faced with anticipated enemy anti-submarine measures, submarines may have to conduct long-range attacks without the aid of a periscope, using only hydrophones.

To offset the resulting inaccuracy, a massive salvo of at least 8 torpedoes was required.

British operational plans at the time also assumed that international treaties would prevent unrestricted submarine warfare and that the primary purpose of submarines would be to attack enemy warships.

In this case, the commander may only have one chance to attack, so a massive volley is essential.

Pre-war T-class submarines fired more salvoes of ten torpedoes than any combat submarine fired.

All T-class submarines have six internal 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow.

Bow louvres were fitted to early first batch submarines to reduce underwater drag; this proved ineffective and the louvres were easily disturbed by floating objects, and the idea was abandoned in favor of reshaping the torpedo tube openings shape to reduce drag.

The Thetis sank due to the accidental opening of the torpedo tube loading hatch with the torpedo tube front cover open. A special safety clip called the "Thetis Clamp" was later introduced to prevent The torpedo tube loading hatch door was opened without the torpedo tube front cover being in place.

Each T-class submarine carried six torpedoes for reloading in internal torpedo tubes in the torpedo loading bay.

The torpedo reloading process was manual, although a powered reloading system was trialled on the Triumph in 1939 and was based on the Grimpus.

But the system proved underpowered, and wartime production pressures limited its development.

(End of this chapter)