Bright Sword starts with the grenade flat.

Chapter 483 The Fifth Method of Black Hole Formation
After all, compared to carrying hydrogen fuel for nuclear fusion, the energy efficiency brought by carrying antimatter for annihilation is naturally higher, and it can also carry out space jumps over longer distances.

Of course, while the protagonist Kane was still taking on missions as a space mercenary, the scientific research team sent by Liu Xiu's Wandering Blue Star had already figured out everything about this unmanned spacecraft with a black hole.

To be honest, this is the first time that humans on the Wandering Blue Planet have come into such close contact with a black hole!

You should know that black holes in the universe are very scary. Therefore, no matter whether it is an unmanned spacecraft or other equipment, it will be swallowed by the black hole when it approaches the black hole.

Therefore, it is extremely difficult to observe a black hole up close.

Moreover, due to the fact that black holes do not emit light, this celestial body is difficult to see. However, in the universe, black holes are not a rare celestial body. There are at least 100 million black holes in the Milky Way. However, most of these black holes are stellar black holes, and there are only a few galaxy-level black holes.

You know, a supernova explosion of a massive star can form a black hole. In fact, as far as the formation of black holes is concerned, there are at least four generation modes.

The first type is naturally a black hole formed by a supernova explosion of a massive star.

The vast majority of stellar-mass black holes in the Milky Way are formed by supernova explosions of massive stars. When a star with a mass more than thirty times that of the sun reaches the end of its main sequence stage, a supernova explosion occurs when nuclear fusion inside it begins to produce iron.

At this moment, the radiation pressure inside the star disappears and gravity completely takes over. However, due to the huge mass of the star, all matter will concentrate to the center. At this moment, the high temperature and high pressure inside the star will directly form a black hole, and this black hole will quickly absorb the star's matter and become a black hole with a mass more than three times that of the sun.

Therefore, most stellar-mass black holes are between three and one hundred times the mass of the sun. However, some stellar-mass black holes will continue to absorb matter from nearby stars and other celestial bodies, or merge with other stellar-mass black holes to become black holes with a mass of tens or even hundreds of times that of the sun.

However, there are very few stellar-mass black holes with a mass more than a thousand times that of the sun, because the absorption of other stellar matter and the merger of black holes will take a long time. The current age of the universe, 13.8 billion years, is not enough to form many massive stellar-mass black holes.

In addition to the first type of black hole formed at the end of a star's life, there is a second mode of black hole formation, which is the supermassive black hole formed directly by the Big Bang. Such black holes are generally galaxy-level black holes.

For example, the central black hole of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*, is a galactic-scale black hole with a mass of 87 million times that of the sun. The black hole at the center of the M galaxy, whose photo has been published, has a mass of billion times that of the sun.

A black hole like this naturally cannot be formed by a stellar supernova explosion, so such a huge super black hole can only be formed during the Big Bang.

This is because at the time of the Big Bang, the energy density of matter in certain areas was very high, which directly formed black holes. This type of black hole is also the original force for the formation of galaxies, because their strong gravity can attract a large amount of matter around them. These materials formed original stars and then created galaxies.

Of course, it must be pointed out that not all black holes formed during the Big Bang are galaxy-level supermassive black holes. There are also some small-mass black holes, some of which are not as massive as the Earth. They are all called primordial black holes. Of course, in addition to primordial black holes and decaying black holes formed by stellar decay, there is another type of black hole, which is a collisional black hole formed by the collision of stars.

It should be noted that in addition to the two black hole formation modes mentioned above, stellar collision is also a major stellar formation mode.

For example, if some supermassive stars suddenly collide with a large massive star, then under the gravitational force generated by the huge mass and the potential energy of the two, the colliding stars do not have to evolve to the end and explode in a supernova to become a black hole.

Instead, it directly collides into a black hole under the dual effects of gravity and potential energy. Even if these two effects do not reach the level of forming a black hole, they will accelerate the level of nuclear fusion inside the star in a short period of time, causing the direct production of iron elements inside the star, causing a supernova explosion and then forming a black hole.

Of course, in addition to stars, the collision of neutron stars can also form a black hole. This is because the mass of a neutron star is relatively large, and the potential energy of the collision between two neutron stars or a white dwarf and a neutron star is also extremely huge. Coupled with the gravitational effect of the mass of the two, it is enough to produce high temperature and high pressure to create a black hole. Therefore, the collision of stars and neutron stars is also a common mode of forming black holes.

In addition to the three modes of black hole formation, namely decaying black holes, primordial black holes, and colliding black holes, scientists from the Wandering Blue Star have also speculated on a method of using the collision of high-energy particles to form micro black holes.

Theoretical physicists on the Wandering Blue Star believe that when some high-energy particles are accelerated to near the speed of light and collide with each other, they will also create some extremely tiny micro black holes. However, such black holes are as small as the Planck unit and will evaporate instantly under the Hawking radiation effect. Therefore, the production of this type of black hole is rather special. It is produced under human intervention and such black holes will not be produced in the universe.

Of course, because the scientists on the Wandering Blue Planet have limited technology, they naturally believe that the formation of black holes is basically no more than these four modes, and there is no other way to form a black hole.

From the evolution and role of black holes, it is crucial to the evolution of the universe and even the formation of galaxies. For example, the Milky Way was formed because of the existence of its central black hole Sagittarius A*. Only when the Milky Way was formed could the solar system be formed. Only when the solar system was formed could there be wandering blue stars and humans on them. Therefore, black holes are actually related to the existence of humans.

Of course, there is no theoretical explanation for how the universe came into being, but there is a hypothesis that it may have originated from a singularity in a super-giant black hole. The matter in this starting point reached its upper limit of mass at a certain moment, or lost its balance for some reason, resulting in a big bang and the birth of the current universe. However, there is no evidence to prove the speculation before the birth of our universe.

Of course, perhaps we can only say that human technology has not yet reached a certain level, so there are not enough means to speculate what the universe looked like before the Big Bang.

This is like when the Wandering Blue Planet had not encountered the Cosmic Alliance, it believed that there were only four ways for black holes to form.

But after meeting the Cosmic Alliance, and especially after obtaining an unmanned spacecraft capable of creating micro black holes, they clearly told the physicists on the Wandering Blue Star that there was a fifth way to form a black hole.

That’s right! The fifth method of forming a black hole is to use a gravity furnace to form a micro black hole that can last for a long time through artificial gravity.

(End of this chapter)