Short video spoiler history: The beginning of modern warfare

Chapter 114 History of Virus Discovery

Late Han Dynasty, Nanjun.

Zhang Fei and other generals pretended not to care, but they were actually quite greedy. In this chaotic world, it was extremely difficult to get enough food, and eating meat and drinking wine was even more of a luxury.

As soldiers, their daily training consumes a lot of energy, and their desire and need for meat are even stronger. Therefore, you don’t need to look to know how greedy the soldiers are.

This also made Liu Bei very sad. The people in the Thirteen States, not just Jingzhou, were even more miserable. The people in Xuzhou, Yanzhou, Guanzhong and other places were even more miserable.

Fortunately, with the introduction of chemical fertilizers last year, grain production has increased by more than 3%. Although we cannot guarantee meat, we can basically make sure we have enough to eat.

Liu Bei discussed this in detail with his advisers such as Zhuge Liang, and concluded that this increase in production was not exaggerated, because there is a world of difference between having fertilizers and not having them, not to mention that there is also a difference in production between meticulous care and extensive management.

All the knowledge mentioned by Tianmu is beneficial to all people, but Liu Bei and others have no choice as they do not have enough manpower. Therefore, they only selected some simple and practical technologies to apply, such as fertilizers, breeding and other technologies, and combined with the summary and dissemination of advanced farming techniques, the grain output of the counties under their rule has increased somewhat.

In addition, there are things that can affect the direction of the war, such as gunpowder technology. However, over the past six months, we still only know the proportions, and still have no idea about the production of the most important raw materials.

[My friend watched the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and followed Guan Yu in cursing the Jiangdong rats every day. Who knew that he, a native of Anhui, was also under the jurisdiction of Jiangdong]

[He was not only a rat, but also a Shanyue man who was surrounded and beaten by Sun Ce and Sun Quan every day. Later he found out that half of China was once Jiangdong rats.]

[My friend from Guizhou said, I have seen the map of the Three Kingdoms, we are definitely Shu Han, I told him that the people in Yunnan and Guizhou are all immigrants from southern China, and Zhuge Liang captured Meng Huo seven times, and he captured you]

[Nanzhong is an extremely unstable factor for Shu Han. You rebelled when Liu Bei died, and you still rebelled when Zhuge Liang died. This is why Liu Chan would rather surrender than retreat to the rear. If he surrendered to the Sima family, he would be happy and forget Shu. If he retreated to Nanzhong, he would only become bacon.]

[My friends in Northeast China said that there is nothing wrong with us in the Three Kingdoms period, right? There is indeed nothing wrong with us. The White Wolf Mountain where Zhang Liao killed Tadun is in Liaoning, and he surrendered 20 people. ]

[The Goguryeo King of Jilin wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to grab some land and population in Liaodong, but was killed by Guanqiu Jian of Wei. Even the palace was taken over by you.]

[Friends from Hebei said that our land of Yan and Zhao is full of heroic and tragic stories. During the Three Kingdoms period, apart from Yuan Shao, there was only Cao Cao, who was simply the sky of the Three Kingdoms. Yes, but "the blue sky is dead, the emperor should be established" and those three brothers were all in Hebei, "please die in Han Dynasty" and you are definitely the main force of the Yellow Turbans]

[Friends from Shandong said that we are a country of etiquette and the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, so we can't be villains, right? Indeed, we are not villains, and we are worse than villains. When Cao Cao ran out of food, Cheng Yu from Dong'a went home and made jerky with his fellow villagers to serve as military rations. It tastes like crispy chicken.]

Late Han Dynasty, Eastern Wu.

Sun Quan is already numb, so why does he become a rat when talking about Dongwu?

The fact that Jingzhou was able to be defended was due to the desperate fighting of our soldiers. Without our army, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and others would have died long ago.

However, when he heard Tianmu mention the Shanyue people, Sun Quan's face darkened. Whether it was the hatred of his brother's murder or the new hatred in recent years, he and the Shanyue people had long been irreconcilable.

In Nanjun, Liu Bei and others were not in the mood to ridicule Dongwu at this time. Seeing that the sky curtain had revealed some news, they hurriedly recorded it down.

However, history has been changed, and the Sima family is no longer a concern. Now that the plan to enter Shu is known to everyone, it is not easy to easily enter Shu, and it is even more impossible to know how the outcome will develop in the future.

Everyone felt helpless when they thought of this. This kind of information was basically useless because it was known to everyone, unless it was some news that was unfavorable to us, which could make people alert and prepare in advance.

Although they knew that this was a time of chaos, it was only after hearing Tianmu's words that everyone realized Cheng Zhongde's sinister tactics.

"What a sinister villain!" Zhao Yun said in a low voice. He felt disgusted by this kind of "fellow villagers meeting and stabbing each other in the back" behavior.

"This is a person who will do anything to achieve his goals. If you meet him on the battlefield, you must be cautious and on guard!" Although Pang Tong and others despised his character, they were also deeply afraid of him.

Liu Bei sighed in his heart. He had heard about this incident in his early years. It was probably around the first year of Xingping. Now it was the spring of the sixteenth year of Jian'an. It had been more than ten years before anyone spoke up for the victims.

The hateful thing is that this is only what Tianmu mentioned, and there is no telling how much more there is that has not been mentioned.

[Around 1850, European tobacco farmers discovered that some light green spots had grown on the leaves of the tobacco they grew, which seriously affected the yield and quality of the tobacco leaves]

[In 1879, German scientist Mayer began to study this phenomenon, which he named tobacco mosaic. At that time, humans had already discovered bacteria and were able to observe them through an optical microscope.]

[Mayer speculated that tobacco mosaic was caused by bacteria, but he did not observe the bacteria he speculated using the most advanced optical microscope at the time. Mayer's most important research achievement at the time was the discovery that tobacco mosaic was contagious.]

[In 1892, Russian scientist Ivanovsky continued to study tobacco mosaic disease. He used the most advanced bacterial filter at the time to filter the juice of diseased tobacco mosaic and found that the filtered juice was still pathogenic] [This shows that the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease is not bacteria, but something smaller than bacteria. Ivanovsky believed that this was a toxin secreted by bacteria]

[In 1897, Dutch scientist Beijerinck conducted a more in-depth study on tobacco mosaic disease. He found that these pathogenic factors can reproduce in infected cells, which means that this is a living substance. He named it virus]

[Now we know that viruses are the root cause of almost all infectious diseases, such as smallpox, Ebola, dengue fever, SARS in 03, COVID-, etc.]

Jinling City, in front of Fengtian Palace.

Zhu Yuanzhang was still thinking about the affairs in Yunnan and Guizhou. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, the imperial court's rule over this region was actually very poor and it felt out of reach.

It just so happens that this fertile land is not only rich in resources, but also an important gateway to the southwest. It is impossible for any Central Plains dynasty to allow it to become independent, and the same is true for my Ming Dynasty.

Unification by force is one thing, but the difficult part is how to make them loyal, identify with the Ming Dynasty, and unite together.

Previously, the policies of the Tang and Song dynasties in Yunnan and Guizhou regions had not been very effective. Zhu Yuanzhang frowned and could not think of a suitable solution for a while.

In the Science Department, everyone selectively copied down some content. This part of history is now useless "past events". In fact, this part should be studied by people from the Imperial Hospital. However, the Science Department is also responsible for some biological research, so it was copied down as well, perhaps it will be useful in the future.

Everyone in the Imperial Hospital was relatively cautious. The reason was that each outbreak of the various viruses mentioned by Tianmu corresponded to a plague, and they were invisible even under an optical microscope, so people could not ignore them.

In the past, if we didn’t know about bacteria and viruses, it would be fine. If anything happened, it would be directly diagnosed as “evil spirits entering the body.” Now that we have microscopes, it is obvious that if something goes wrong with a noble person in the palace, the Imperial Hospital will be under great pressure.

In addition, bacteria are everywhere and are the cause of many diseases.

Whether for the sake of their own brains, their future, or the improvement of their medical skills, the people in the Imperial Hospital were extremely diligent in their research on bacteria.

Now that they have a glimpse of the true face of the virus, everyone is still somewhat excited.

[In 1939, the world's first commercial electron microscope was introduced, and humans were finally able to directly observe the appearance of viruses. Scientists saw that tobacco mosaic virus was liver-shaped particles under an electron microscope]

[With the deepening of various studies, we now know that viruses have liver-shaped, spherical, crown-shaped, filamentous, tadpole-shaped, etc.]

[Viruses are extremely small, with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers. One nanometer is equal to 1/1000000 of a millimeter.]

[Can you imagine how small it is? For comparison, the smallest unit of our human body is the cell. The diameter of a red blood cell is about 6000-9000 nanometers.]

[It can be seen that viruses are much smaller than our human cells. Although viruses have different shapes, their structures and compositions are similar.]

[It is generally composed of two parts. The core of the virus is nucleic acid, which is the genetic material of the virus, and the outer shell is composed of protein. The composition of the virus does not form a complete cell.]

[Therefore, viruses cannot reproduce and replicate independently. Only when they invade living cells can they use the various raw materials in the cells to reproduce and replicate more new viruses.]

[From this perspective, viruses are tiny parasites that parasitize the cells of various organisms. Once they leave the living cells, the viruses are just a bunch of large molecular clusters and do not have the characteristics of life. Therefore, whether viruses are living things or non-living things is still a controversial topic.]

At Hexing Tea and Snack Shop, Manager Wan and others had no idea about units like millimeters and nanometers. They only knew that they were very small.

To be honest, he didn't know much about bacteria, and all he knew was hearsay, making it difficult to tell whether it was true or false.

However, what can be confirmed is that several major medical clinics spent a lot of time and money to hire someone to build a microscope. They changed dozens of sets of lenses before they could barely make one that could see bacteria.

As for the virus, we haven't even seen its shadow. We only know that it is much smaller than bacteria.

Seeing that bacteria are so much smaller than normal cells and their terrifying power, I was scared.

Ordinary people would be in danger if they encountered this kind of virus once. In nature, humans seem so strong, yet so fragile.

As an ordinary person, Shopkeeper Wan only hopes that doctors can understand this as much as possible.
"The question is, how does bacterial filtration work?"

(End of this chapter)