The Four Steps to the Sky

Aizioni, on the other hand, believes that the basis of power is the means of force, material rewards, and symbols of legal "sex" (such as prestige or affection). (Literary Museum)

Dennis Lang divides the power base into individual resources such as wealth, prestige, and expertise, and collective resources.

Futurist Toffler also put forward the theory of power transfer, arguing that power has shifted from traditional violence and property to knowledge.

Manifestations of Power As a kind of social relationship, there are many forms of power.

According to the different fields of power application, it can be divided into:[

Political power: A relationship of the nature of public authority.

Economic power: Power based on social and economic relations has strong penetration and has a direct impact on political power.

Social power: Power relations based on group identity in social roles, such as the relationship between superiors and subordinates in organizations, and parental power in families.

Cultural power: In a cultural community, the natural power of those who have a monopoly on cultural symbols and cultural interpretation.

According to different power attributes, Galbraith is divided into:

Entitlement: The power to coerce or choose the ability of individuals and groups to obey others.

Compensatory Power: Giving an individual some benefit to make him obey.

Restricting Power: Power is exercised by changing beliefs, and the obedient does not feel the fact of obedience.

Depending on the form of power, it can be divided into:

Coercive power: When there is a conflict of interest between the two parties in the power relationship, the threat of force is required.

Induced "sexual" power: use positive inducements such as rewards to make the other party obey.

Power and International Relations - Power is the goal. For classical realists such as Machievelli and Morgenthau, power is both the goal and the means pursued by individuals and groups (mainly countries).Under this definition, ends and means become one.

As for what purpose the goal of power serves, classical realists tend to believe that one of the essences of human "nature" is the endless pursuit of power.

Although power is similar to currency in economics, it can be exchanged for other resources in the political field.But power itself is one of the aims of desire, even the main one.

For some people or groups, the relationship of domination and domination is the means to meet their needs, and there is no need to exchange power for other resources, such as wealth and so on.

This argument can also be found in certain schools of psychology, sociology, and philosophy (existentialism).

Some people or groups in history seem to be willing to be economically poor, but continue to expand their power to dominate other groups and individuals. The reason may be ideological or religious, but for some realists, the ultimate reason is power itself.

Power as Influence—for some modern political science researchers.Defining power as the goal pursued by individuals or groups seems too abstract and esoteric to be proved.

So it seems more appropriate to think of power as influence over other resources. [

Such influence can be material, tangible means of influence, such as economic cooperation and sanctions, military threats and alliances, or tangible resources, such as the spread of ideas and values.

But this view has also been criticized.commentators think.The concept of influence is not clearly related to the consequences of the operation of power, and it is easy for people to conclude that the winner is the one with the most influence, that is, the logical "sexual" fallacy of the person with the most power.

For example, Russia, which was at a military and economic disadvantage, defeated Napoleon France in 1812. It is doubtful whether it can be concluded that Russia's influence is superior to that of France.In this way, the scientific "ness" and explanatory power of the concept of power are weakened.

Power as Capability or Resource—The Structural Realist School of International Politics (or International Relations Theory) aims to resolve the above disputes.Come up with options for defining power as competency.

This ability is actually the power resource that Morgenthau and others have proposed.The advantage of this rigorous definition is that capability can be measured more precisely.

For example, compare the military power and economic strength of various countries, and use mathematical models to deduce and simulate the possible results of their confrontation.

However, scholars of this school also agree that ability and resources cannot [-]% determine the success or failure of a contest between two or more units, because there are always various accidental and uncertain factors in politics.

Such as weather, plague, misjudgment and so on.Therefore, measuring the balance of power can only limit the possible scope of the outcome of the struggle between countries.rather than guaranteeing a specific outcome.

Criticism of structural realism holds that although narrowing power to capabilities and resources has the advantage of being easy to measure, it over-compresses the power bearer—human initiative, and over-simplifies the causal relationship between human social development and material power. restrictive relationship.And there is a danger of degenerating into material determinism.

The above criticisms are similar to the views of Chinese Laozi, Mao Zedong and others.

Laozi once proposed the phenomenon of using softness to overcome rigidity, and Mao Zedong once demonstrated that a weak country defeats a strong country.Powerful resources are abundant, but it is a paper tiger's point of view.

Such views place great emphasis on the strategies of those who exercise power, rather than on tangible resources.The concept of unrestricted warfare in contemporary China is related to this.

Views of power as capabilities and resources tend to focus on hard national power to facilitate model building and cross-country comparisons, but this perspective tends to neglect the role of non-material factors in international wrestling.

The scholar Ney, who was once the deputy secretary of defense of the United States, put forward the concept of soft power in the early 1990s, which is an important progress in the study of power.

According to Ney and others, soft power is the attractiveness of a country's values, ideology, and way of life.

If a country has greater soft power, that is to say, other countries agree with the goals and values ​​that it wants to pursue, then when the country pursues certain interests in foreign policy, it can greatly reduce the consumption of hard power.

Conversely, if other countries are extremely disgusted and hostile to their own country’s values ​​and ideology, even if their own country has obvious military and economic advantages, it will pay a disproportionately heavy price when pursuing a certain national goal.

At present, the academic circle still generally accepts that the United States has relatively strong soft power.This soft national power is manifested in the free economic system and democratic political system of the United States, as well as the development and innovation environment supported by this system.

In addition, the American-style, laissez-faire capitalist lifestyle encourages individuals to pursue wealth and development with their own talents. It is also an important reason why outstanding talents from various countries continue to flow into the United States, helping the United States maintain economic growth, scientific leadership, and military advantages.

However, this system, as well as a series of policies after Bush took office in 2000, have been criticized as seriously compromising the soft power of the United States and causing the United States to pay many unnecessary costs in pursuit of interests around the world.

In the mid-1990s, the Chinese international relations academic circle also put forward the concept of comprehensive national power.This concept is conducive to making a comprehensive estimate of the power elements of material "nature" and non-material "nature", and dealing with it with a mathematical model.

However, in several existing models, there are quite a lot of discrepancies in the weight estimation of different variables, and the results obtained are quite different from each other.This situation has repeatedly occurred in other countries, especially how to estimate the national power of China, Russia, India, and Japan. The results of different studies are often quite different. [

Balance of power, also translated as balance of power and balance of power, is one of the core concepts of classical realism and structural realism.

The concept of pattern in Chinese international relations research literature is similar to this.This concept can refer to a policy proposition that emphasizes that countries should be vigilant and restrict each other.It can also refer to the objectively existing balance of power among the international systems.What definition is adopted depends on the context of the literature.

When it comes to power, we have to mention "Right". Right is a widely used legal concept. It was first used by the American missionary Martin Martin in 1864 when he translated Wheaton's "Public Law of Nations", and it was also used in Japan later. Use this translator.

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