The Four Steps to the Sky

Liao Dashen was exploring in the secret realm of Wangyou Valley, but was transferred to a certain place in the floating pot space by Wang Feng of the same origin.

At this time, crossing Erlang's legs, talking to himself while thinking and chatting, with a very innocent look on his face, he said angrily and laughingly:

"The weather is so good, how can it be buried in the virtual world of typing, no matter how strong the reason is.

In particular, the true classic works become famous after death, because only works that surpass the contemporary era are eligible to remain famous for thousands of years.

The names left in this world are not real names, but fictitious names, just like the nonsense that Mao Zhedong and Sun Houzi said "Ten thousand years are too long, just seize the day and night" [

No wonder the streets are full of greed and unhealthy food, and a bunch of fakes have hurt me.The author who lived in ancient China is the best living example and a broken evidence.

The weather is so nice!You should go out for a walk, play and play are life, it is not good to be like him, you know something is wrong when you are young.

In his era, how could one become an official because one was greedy to be an official, one could become a big businessman only by being a businessman, and one was a civil servant who was a doctor, judge, teacher, etc. Everything was rotten.

Later, the top official on that small island really got greedy, bad cooking oil has been sold for many years, doctors complained that money is too little and things are too much, judges are not honest and truthful, and the knowledge of teachers is getting worse and worse.

If the quality is wrong, everything is wrong.

It's like writing to make money, if you don't make money, and no one will read it, then you don't write.Got it wrong!The quality is true) I write only when I want to write, how come I write because I want to make money first, the order is wrong, there are a lot of people who naturally fail and are unhappy.

Just like a doctor who failed the exam or a high-ranking official who was disappointed, what is there to be disappointed about?If being an official and a doctor is your true love and interest.What is failure!Because this is what you like! "

Floating Pot Space - Spinoza

Baruch and Spinoza (1632-1677), important rationalists in the history of modern Western philosophy, are as famous as Descartes and Leibniz.

Spinoza's ancestors were Jews living in the town of Espinoza in the province of Sleón, Spain. In 1492, because of the religious and racial persecution of Jews by the Spanish "government" and the Catholic Church, his family fled to Portugal.

He fled to Holland in 1592.His grandfather was a well-respected Jewish businessman who held an important position in the Amsterdam Jewish Association; his father inherited his father's business, engaged in import and export trade in Amsterdam, and served as the president of the Jewish Association and the principal of a synagogue school.

Spinoza was born in the Netherlands.His parents make a living by operating import and export trade, and their life is quite affluent.As a result, Spinoza was able to enter the local Jewish seminary, where he studied Hebrew, the Talmud, and medieval Jewish philosophy.

He also received training in Latin, and it was by virtue of Latin that Spinoza had access to the works of Descartes and others.

As a result, he gradually departed from the scope of so-called orthodox doctrine, and was finally expelled from the synagogue at the age of 24.He eventually moved out of the ghetto.Grinding lenses for a living while philosophizing.

The work of grinding lenses hurt his health. He inhaled a lot of glass dust while working, which was directly related to the cause of his death—consumption.

Spinoza lived a reclusive life thereafter. In 1673 he was offered a teaching position in the Philosophy Department of the University of Heidelberg on the condition that no religion be mentioned, but Spinoza declined.Died at the age of 45.

The greatest of Spinoza's writings is

Spinoza's God includes not only the material world, but also the spiritual world.He believed that human wisdom is an integral part of God's wisdom.

Spinoza also believed that God is the "inner cause" of everything.God rules the world through natural laws, so everything that happens in the material world has its "inevitability"; only God has complete freedom in the world.And although people can try to get rid of external constraints, they can never get free will.

If we can see things as necessary, the easier it is for us to become one with God.Thus, Spinoza proposes that we should see things "in the light of eternity."

Spinoza believed that all living things (not only human beings) "strive to maintain their own existence."This effort he called ontus.This Latin word means both effort and tendency.

This double meaning is exactly what Spinoza wanted, because he believed that this effort of self-preservation actually came from the "sexual" tendency of all things.

Everything follows the "sex" and will work hard to maintain itself.Therefore, striving to preserve the self is the "nature" of all things.

In ethics, Spinoza believes that as long as a person is subject to external influences, he is in a state of slavery, and as long as he agrees with God or nature, people are no longer subject to such influences, and can obtain Relative freedom, and thus freedom from fear.

Spinoza argued that knowledge is the root of all evil.

Regarding the question of death, Spinoza's famous saying is: "A free man thinks of death at least. His wisdom is not a meditation on death, but a meditation on life." He also thoroughly practiced this maxim throughout his life , has been very calm in the face of death.

Spinoza is a thorough determinist, he believes that the appearance of everything that has happened is absolutely run through the role of necessity.

He argues that even human behavior is fully determined, and that freedom is our ability to know we are determined and to know why we do what we do.

So freedom is not the possibility of saying "no" to what happens to us, but the possibility of saying "yes" and understanding why things will have to happen that way, simply put, is taking everything that happens for granted, just There is no possibility of "no".

Spinoza's philosophy is very similar to the Stoics, but he differs sharply from the Stoics on one important point: he completely rejects the idea that their motives can triumph over their emotions.

Instead, he contends that an emotion can only be replaced or overcome by another, stronger emotion.He argues that there is a key distinction between active and passive emotions, the former being relatively understandable while the latter not.

He also believed that knowledge of the true motives of passive emotions could transform them into active emotions, thus anticipating a key idea of ​​Sigmund-Freudian psychoanalysis.

The significance of Spinoza's philosophical system to the subsequent scientific movement in the 17th century lies in its deterministic interpretation, which provided a blueprint for the subsequent scientific integration.He had an influence on later philosophers, such as Schelling, Feuerbach, Marx and others.

Spinozaism is a philosophical doctrine of a theistic or pantheistic nature.Spinoza denied the existence of personal gods and supernatural gods, focused on criticizing theological teleology, anthropomorphism, and providence, and demanded to explain nature from nature itself. He believed that the entity that constitutes the basis for the existence and unity of all things is nature, that is, god.

He initiated a systematic critique of the history of the Bible with rationalist viewpoints and historical methods, examined the origin, quality, and historical role of religion, and established an earlier and more systematic system in the history of modern Western theology.

It overcomes the shortcomings of Cartesian dualism and combines rationalism with materialism and pantheism.Later philosophers called the doctrine with this characteristic Spinozism.

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