Win the Ding 1617

Bile alum is a natural hydrated copper sulfate, commonly known as copper sulfate pentahydrate (uso5ho), and is a widely distributed sulfate mineral.It is a secondary mineral formed after copper sulfide is decomposed by oxygen.It is mainly produced in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, and also often appears on the inner walls and pillars of mine shafts, which are formed by the crystallization of water in mine shafts.The crystals are in the form of plates or short columns, and these crystals are aggregated together in the form of granular, massive, fibrous, stalactite-like, and shell-like.They have a beautiful blue color, but if exposed to dry air they lose water and become an opaque light greenish white powder.At the same time, bile alum is very soluble in water.Bile alum is a chemical raw material for pigments, batteries, pesticides, wood preservation, etc.

However, it is also the source of another big killer.

This big killer is sulfuric acid, commonly known as the mother of industry!

It has been a dream of Shouhan for a long time to obtain a large amount of sulfuric acid by calcining bile alum, thereby producing so-called three acids and two alkalis such as nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and caustic soda, and completing the construction of a chemical system.At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he carried out a small-scale production test of the cylinder-tower process of calcination of pyrite and sulfur to obtain sulfuric acid. Although the test proved to be successful, it was still far away from the large-scale production in his mind. The big gap had to be stopped.

However, the large-scale production of sulfuric acid has now been brought up on the agenda by Shou Han again. The Chengzhengs of the Chemical Workshop, the Han Yuan Company, and the Taipingdong Arsenal were all summoned to Hue, and Chen Tianhua was also invited. .

And Hu Licheng, who had already lost a few hairs, also had a shiny bald head.Accompanied by two Tianzhu orchids and four Dongying maids, she sat triumphantly in the tent and greeted the acquaintances around her.

"Hehe! Mr. Hu, you have a new favorite? Are you still strong like an old man? Can you stand it? An old cow needs to plow six pieces of fertile land, don't tire the old cow out!"

The acquaintance greeted Hu Licheng, who was known as the old fox, with a bit of joking.

"Wouldn't it be better if this old cow only ate the green grass in the field and didn't plow the field?" Hu Licheng was a few years older, but his words were merciless.After a few words, the topic went back. [

"Hey! Then look at a few good lands so deserted? Old man, aren't you afraid?"

Amidst the ridicule, laughter and cursing, everyone saw that they were all present.After greeting each other.People began to become quiet, not knowing why Shou Han called everyone here this time, but looking at these people present, the range is wide.The multitude of people.But it's confusing.Could it be that.The lord has something new to show?Thinking of this, Hu Licheng's seemingly dim old eyes couldn't help flickering, and the Canaan incense bracelet in his hand was twisting very fast.

"I called everyone here today. I have something to say."

Sure enough, as expected by the old fox, after Shou Han arrived, the first thing he said straight to the point was this.

Dozens of people, led by Shou Han, drove to a mountain depression outside the city of Hue. A strong and pungent smell came from the mountain depression far away, which made the horses pulling the cart feel uncomfortable. Neighing endlessly.The coachmen hastily bound the horses' noses and mouths with cotton cloth soaked in clear water, and only then did these docile beings become a little quieter.

From time to time, there are people's figures flickering in the mountain depression, transporting the carloads of guts to the depths of the mountain depression, from where, from time to time, the pungent smell that everyone smelled just now wafts.

During the mining process of Bodhisattva Copper Mine, this vitriol was discarded like mud. It is neither an ore that can be smelted from copper, nor is it an associated ore that is valuable for refining. The golden driver brought everyone here, presumably the lord has some new method, and thoroughly understands the wonders of this courage, so that it can be used for military and state affairs, for the national economy and people's livelihood, and for everyone's plan to make a fortune in the middle .

In the depression, there is a familiar blast furnace built by masonry, which is very similar to the furnace used for ironmaking.

Bile alum, whose scientific name is copper sulfate pentahydrate, will decompose into verdigris, sulfur trioxide and water vapor after high-temperature calcination. According to this characteristic, the masonry of this blast furnace is also very particular.

There is a pipe made of ceramics on one side of the blast furnace, which is used as a gas guide pipe to guide the gas out of the furnace.The other end is connected to a receiving tower.Because it is the first production, there is something like a nozzle on the top of the receiving tower to spray water down, and the received gas, that is, the sulfur trioxide, is rising in the receiving tower. At the same time, the nozzle on the top of the receiving tower is constantly The water sprays down, and when the two meet in the tower, they will naturally blend with each other, lingering until death, and then have the crystallization of their love, sulfuric acid.

There is a receiving outlet made of ceramics at the bottom of the receiving tower, where sulfur trioxide and the crystallized sulfuric acid of love in water are released. Enter the nozzle and continue to spray downwards. After repeating this cycle several times, you will get fuming sulfuric acid.These inflammatory sulfuric acids will act like seeds for the next sulfur trioxide.Except for the initial production of sulfuric acid, it will be received with fuming sulfuric acid in the future.Uh, it seems a bit like when older brothers and sisters bring younger siblings when they have many children.

If you still remember high school chemistry, then the scene we saw just now can be summarized by the following equation.

uso45h2o(条件:高温)uoso35h2o,so3h2oh2so4

This is the equation for bile alum to make sulfuric acid.

If this process happened in the 21st century, everyone from the factory owner to Li Shouhan, the man behind the scenes, would be invited by the Environmental Protection Bureau to drink tea and chat.reason?High energy consumption and high pollution, but, in the seventeenth century, who had this awareness?I only know that this method is simpler and easier than calcining pyrite, and the amount is large enough! [

Watching the officials and slaves seal jars of sulfuric acid weighing fifty catties and send them to nearby caves for storage, the people present did not dare to breathe out.Firstly, Shou Han's expression was dignified and serious.Everyone didn't dare to touch the mold at this time. Secondly, the smell here is too strong. If you want to take a big breath, you have to go out to talk about it!

"How about the treatment and food of these official slaves?"

Shou Han didn't ask about the output, but first asked about the labor force engaged in high-temperature and toxic operations.Prisoners captured from the towns and villages that were attacked everywhere.

"Each person has three meals a day, one supper in the evening, fish, meat and eggs for the four meals, and wine in the supper in the evening. The government supplies. Clothes, shoes and socks are handed out when they are broken. There are also masks and other items. .In short. All the expenses of these people here are covered by the public. As long as we spare no effort, we must have a conscience. Every official slave, ten silver dollars a month!"

"How much is the output per day?"

"Returning to my lord, this furnace can produce about 300 catties per day. Because it is an experimental furnace, I dare not make it too large. The output in the past few days has been used to test the nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, caustic soda and soda ash you mentioned. .”

The principal here answered Shou Han's question very clearly.Make him very satisfied.

"You all come here."

Shou Han greeted a group of senior officials from the civil, military and business circles.

"I named this thing sulfuric acid. Don't look at it as inconspicuous, but it has many uses. Its descendants and products can be used in industry, commerce, and military industry. In short, it can help you get rich and conquer the world. It can also burn your face. It depends on how we use it!"

Everyone looked at each other, although they didn't quite understand, but each of them had the color of joy in their faces.Originally, after so many years, what happened to Shou Han made everyone feel like a cloud at the beginning, and when the answer was revealed, everyone suddenly realized that when they understood, their pockets were already full of money.

Among this group of people, Hu Licheng was the oldest in terms of qualifications and seniority, the so-called seniority, he coughed softly, pushed everyone away, went to the guard and gave a deep salute.

"My lord, there is something I don't know about this old man, I beg my lord to make it clear."

"Old Hu, tell me."

"My lord said that this thing has a great effect, so the old man naturally dare not doubt it. However, I hope the lord can give me some pointers on what it is useful for. It will prevent the people below from being stupid and confused, and miss the lord's important military affairs."

Everyone breathed a sigh of relief when they heard this, and secretly stretched out their thumbs in admiration, as expected of an old fox, look at what he said, obviously he didn't know where to get rich, so he just said that he was afraid of delaying the military affairs!

Shou Han smiled, "Our gun barrels can be passivated with sulfuric acid, and some of the refined steel needs to be cleaned with it. Also, Lao Hu, I heard that your family recently opened a dyeing company. Cloth field, then I have to congratulate you, your cost has been reduced a lot, this stuff, after dilution, can be used to dye cloth, whether it is monochrome cloth or patterned cloth, it can be dyed beautifully!"

"My lord, besides blunting the barrel, what's the use of this thing?" Chen Tianhua couldn't bear it when he heard it, he pulled away the crowd, came to Shou Han, saluted and asked questions.

"Tianhua, you have fought well in recent battles. How do you think our gunpowder compares with the gunpowder of the mainland army and the gunpowder of the Frangji people?"

Hearing Shou Han's question, he has dealt with the Ming army, regiments, bandits, and mob armed forces in the mainland for several months, and had frank and warm exchanges with each other on the battlefield. Regarding the firearms in the hands of these opponents, Chen Tianhua thought to himself Some understanding.

"Whether it is the gunpowder of the inland officers and soldiers, or the gunpowder made by Tuan Lian himself, including the gunpowder they bought from the Portuguese in Haojingao, it is weaker than our gunpowder." Not to mention, the smoke is heavy and there is a lot of residue. I have also let the artillery team and the brothers who use the firecrackers use the captured gunpowder, but the brothers are not very fond of using it. After firing two or three rounds, the smoke is enveloped. You can’t see the front clearly, which affects the “shooting” field. Moreover, there are residues in the gun bore and gun barrel, and it’s troublesome to clean up!”

If the gunpowder in the mainland is strictly manufactured, it is still in the stage of granular black gunpowder, but because a large amount of saltpeter, radish, egg white, etc. are used to ensure the consumption during the production process, especially egg white and Radishes are used to purify gunpowder. However, in this era of weapons and soldiers everywhere, people are going to starve to death. Which force is willing to use the expensive eggs to purify gunpowder?

Therefore, the gunpowder of the inland Ming army is worse than that of the group training armed by the landlords. At least those group training are for their own wealth and life, and they will not discount weapons and medicines.But the Ming army is not necessarily, all places where money can be spent.Both are regarded as oil and water.

How can this kind of gunpowder be compared with the South China Army?The gunpowder manufacturing of the Nanzhong Army has long since changed from saltpeter to potassium nitrate, which is not only used to make gunpowder, but also used to make glass.Masses of cornstalks replaced willows.After charring, it is used as another main ingredient, charcoal.The burning effect is no less than that of willow charcoal, but the cost is much lower than that of willow charcoal.Right now, sulfur cannot be discarded. However, due to the trade with Japan, ship after ship of sulfur was transported to Nanzhong by those Japanese to exchange various materials and commodities; Luo all over the country for him.Thus.The cost and output of gunpowder produced by the South China Army completely exceeded people's imagination.Enough to meet the consumption of each army.

but.Even Chen Tianhua, who used to be in charge of the affairs of the battalion office, didn't know how the gunpowder of the South China Army could be so powerful?The same Nanzhong Army artillery can hit three miles with its own gunpowder.Use the gunpowder of the officers and soldiers or the Francois.The same amount of medicine can be used at most two and a half miles.And the shooting effect is not good.

Conversely, if gunpowder made by the South China Army is used in artillery made by the South China Army, the amount of powder must be reduced accordingly.Otherwise there will be a danger of explosion.

The mystery here, apart from the fine manufacturing process, lies in the patina that belongs to the dye in the eyes of everyone.At this moment, these things are being filled into cloth bags by the officials and slaves as by-products or residues of sulfuric acid production, ready for another processing procedure.

Copper green, the scientific name is copper hydroxide, if it is heated and calcined, it will be copper oxide and water molecules, and if copper oxide is mixed into gunpowder as an additive, it will have an excellent effect on the complete combustion of gunpowder. (Modern fireworks and firecrackers are all added to varying degrees, and fireworks of different colors add different metal powders.)

This is the core technology of Nanzhong Army's military production that Chen Tianhua does not know.

In fact, there is no need to be so nervous. Who would be willing to put copper there to grow a patina, or purchase patina that was originally used as a dye to add to gunpowder?

"Tianhua, if I tell you that if this thing continues to develop, we can produce gunpowder that is several times or ten times more powerful than the current gunpowder, can you believe it?!"

"Every word my lord says, Tianhua regards it as a wise saying!"

Of course Chen Tianhua would not let go of this opportunity to show his loyalty, he yelled out loudly from his heart.

"My lord's words are all words of wisdom!"

Everyone didn't care whether Chen Tianhua's words were correct or not, so they rushed to follow suit.Although no one rehearsed before, it was still neat and uniform.

After hearing this, Shou Han felt quite relieved in his heart.

"However, it takes dozens or hundreds of trials to find the technological process, just like Mr. Huang Qiying and others made the lily porcelain. Only after dozens of failures did they know how to make it and how to fire it. "

"But we have this thing, and we have the key to open this door, and we will definitely be able to make this kind of gunpowder!"

Although the words were impassioned, they couldn't help beating their hearts, "So, don't you have to slowly explore the ways for the national economy and the people's livelihood that the Lord just said? What should I do?"

But in front of Shou Han, you can't show your eagerness. After all, everyone is a person of high net worth at the moment. Dividing around [-] silver dollars is enough to make everyone live comfortably.Why bother to rush?

On the other hand, Hu Licheng, twirling his sparse goatee, couldn't help thinking about how to find some way to get some sulfuric acid after going back, and then let the master dyer in his own dyeing workshop test how to use this thing in the dyeing tank, and It is also necessary to reduce the cost, and the color of the dyed cloth is even more beautiful!

"However, there is one thing that can be seen immediately."

Seeing the complex expressions on these people's faces, Shou Han felt rather amused. After years of hard work, this so-called interest group finally took shape.

"Nowadays in Nanzhong, it is easy to make glass, but it is difficult to make mirrors, which is why mirrors are expensive. Mirrors sold in Guangzhou, Liudu, Songjiang, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Beijing and other places are almost Whatever the size of the mirror, you can get as much gold back!"

In fact, what Shou Han said is a bit incomplete and untrue. In fact, the cost of manufacturing the mirror is actually negligible compared to the profit.Dissolve tin with mercury and apply it evenly on the back of the mirror. After the solution dries, the mercury will evaporate, leaving only tin, and the mirror will be manufactured. The rest is decoration, packaging, etc. links.

Tin is also learned from the native population of the Malay Peninsula that there are tin mines here, and it is found along the river, or it is exchanged with cloth and other daily necessities from the natives, and the cost is very low.

However, even so, Shou Han still felt that the cost was a bit high, and he wanted to reduce the cost again.

Nowadays, with the large-scale production process of sulfuric acid, the raw material bile alum can also meet the large supply. With sulfuric acid, saltpeter is a product that can be fully produced by itself. The combination of sulfuric acid and saltpeter is nitric acid.And nitric acid goes one step further and is silver nitrate!

He is going to use the silver mirror reaction to make mirrors. (To be continued..)

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