Win the Ding 1617

A two-wheeled carriage approached with a clatter of hooves on the ashesed road from the university campus outside Hue City to the city.

Horses are good horses.Two clean draft horses came in bridles, their manes and tails were neatly trimmed.Especially the horse mane, the trimmed short mane was specially dyed red with paint.Anyone with a discerning eye can tell at a glance that this horse is a hybrid of the local Guoxia horse and Dashi, Europa, Mongolian and other horse breeds. It is a horse breed specially bred for towing and pulling vehicles.The mane of the horses is dyed red, which is the unique mark of military horses, which indicates that the two draft horses are registered horses in the army. Like soldiers, they enjoy standard meals, with a daily ration of fine salt, beans, grain, bone meal and eggs. .

The car is a good car.Pedestrians couldn't see those damping springs for a while, but the two sets of dark rubber wheels were ostentatious in full view.And the polished and dazzling set of brass accessories, and the four glass-shaded lamps hanging on the four corners of the carriage silently convey a message to the pedestrians on the roadside, although there are no flags to clear the way, and there are no guards shouting and embracing And the soldiers, but the people in the carriage are by no means idle people.

That's right, in this car with only four guards on horseback, Mr. Galileo, the current principal of Nanzhong University, is riding in it.

Looking out through the screen curtain of the glass car window, Hue City, which is already adjacent to the end of the year and the end of the year, is extraordinarily lively.

There is no longer the barrier of the city wall, and it is more convenient and quick for people to enter and exit the city.The large and small shops along the two sides of several main roads are grasping the sales peak at the end of this year, and their business is booming.

According to the rules formed by Nanzhong over the years.At the end of each year, all major government-run enterprises have to pay their employees a month's salary as a favor.As a holiday fee for everyone.Some companies have reached the expected profit, and they have to distribute red envelopes to their employees as a reward for their hard work over the past year.

Even those new immigrants who have just come from the inland or have traveled thousands of miles, or have not recovered from the dizziness of the sea boat, also come out of the temporary resettlement area with the old and the young, with tight hands. Tightly holding the salary advances and resettlement allowances that I just got, I went to the street to buy some new year clothes for the whole family.Buy some sundries needed for daily life.

The huge storm caused by Li Shouhan's long-term departure from Nanzhong at the beginning of this year has gradually subsided.It has been reported from everywhere that a certain place succeeded in suppressing the chaos, and some were seized.News about how many prisoners were captured, how much land was expanded, and how many grassroots regimes were established.War, turmoil.Passed by people here again.

The commercial streets outside the old city are equally bustling.Crowded with shopping crowds.

Outside the carriage, there is the atmosphere before the hot and noisy festival, and a wooden wall isolates this rich atmosphere from the outside.In the carriage, only Galileo sat alone, but it was full of a mixture of tension, loss, sorrow, fear and many other negative emotions, which made people feel very depressed.

When he was about to go to bed last night, he suddenly received a notice from the office.Said that the Duke of the State wanted to see him this morning, and asked him to come to the mansion to wait for orders early tomorrow morning.

Although he also met Li Shouhan more than once.Discuss the red-faced quarrel over a certain technology or subject, or even a certain course setting in the university.

But what night is this evening?Among the good news from all over the world, there are news that those who believe in God have participated in, organized armed groups, and even openly confronted the government and the army.

Although Galileo, as a devout Catholic, was at odds with those Calvinist believers, but in Mr. Li's view, you all believed in the same guy who was crucified on the cross.To paraphrase a saying that Han people often say, two Jesuses cannot be written in one stroke!

God knows if the spies around the Duke will also report Galileo and others who believe in Catholicism and are hostile to Calvinism as rebels to him?Then he was arrested on the charge of rebellion, thrown into which hard labor camp to work, let the heavy physical labor consume the last bit of energy in his body, and finally fell powerlessly on the muddy land?

Although no signs could be seen from the situation in front of him, Galileo fully realized what it means to be a human being without doing anything wrong, and to knock on the door in the middle of the night without being startled.At the beginning, when he discussed the situation with Father Alfonso, he suggested the formation of a Catholic militia.Although this motion was vetoed by Alfonso, and the weapons at home in the hands of Catholics were also recorded and handed over.But, after all, there is such a past event, who knows if it will offend the dragon's reverse scale because of this?

Galileo's academic achievements are undoubtedly great, but his political wisdom and understanding of the world and people's hearts are almost at the elementary level.Compared with Alfonso, a thousand-year-old fox, he was almost at the level of a primary school student.He just made his mood so depressed and uneasy on the face of the messenger who came from the office to deliver the message. If Alfonso knew about it, he might teach him a special class." How to control your emotions."

Learn to be hypocritical, don't be happy with things and don't be sad with yourself.This is the minimum requirement for high-level figures at all times and in all over the world.

Right in front of him was the checkpoint for entering the city. Galileo's carriage was registered at the Police Headquarters. When the patrolmen on duty saw it, they waved their hands and let it go.However, Mr. Jia Lao's mood became more and more gloomy.

"Tuk-tuk-tuk!" He knocked on the wall of the carriage hastily, and a guard poked his head over, "Sir, what's the matter?"

"I asked you to load the things that my lord wants us to do this morning, have you forgotten?" Galileo's face was a little flushed, and he spoke quickly and anxiously.

"The few things you mentioned, we have already wrapped them and put them in the suitcase." The guard was a little strange. What kind of nerve did the principal get wrong today?Even if those few things are the agricultural innovation equipment that the lord wants the university to make, it is reasonable to rush to offer treasures at the end of the year, but there is no need to be so anxious and always ask, right?From the university to here, the old man has already asked our brothers three or four times for these few things in a short distance of more than ten miles!

How did they understand Galileo's mind!The old gentleman was looking forward to presenting treasures to Li Shouhan with these newly researched agricultural tools.It can also be regarded as a form of meritorious atonement.Let that father-in-law know that although the old man makes a mistake for a while, he still has a little credit for the whole Nanzhong.You are still of some use to my father-in-law!

The few agricultural implements that Galileo regarded as life-saving straws were lying quietly in the trunk at the bottom of the carriage.The brand-new equipment model made of high-quality steel emits a dark blue light.Seeders, double-edged plows, multi-head plows, threshing machines, and soil pulverizers were all developed by Galileo himself and organized by university teachers and some students with ideas.This is a good time to show off your merits.

In fact, these few agricultural implements.It was also a little impression that Li Shouhan searched in his mind for a long time before he vaguely came up with it, although it seemed relatively backward.However, in an era when animal physical strength and water and wind power were still the main source of power, it was also an extremely advanced existence.

Among other things, that planter was an unscrupulous steal of the achievements of British amateur musician, lawyer and inventor Jeslo Tour.The product of the improved Tour Seeder.

There are also a lot of dry fields in Nanzhong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Shandong and other places.This seeder is exactly designed for dry fields.Although the Southern Guangdong Army's investment in agriculture can be said to be sparing, a large number of metal tools have been put into use, so that the farmland can be further intensively cultivated, the land is deeply plowed, and pests and diseases are reduced.However, in the process of sowing seeds, it is still very extensive and backward.Sowing is still carried out by hand sowing.The required seed consumption is more, so.The ratio between the good seeds input and the yield is extremely uncoordinated.Moreover, it takes up a lot of manpower.For a regime like Nanzhong where labor is more important than anything else.Instead of increasing labor or increasing labor intensity, it is better to invest in scientific and technological research and development funds and try to replace some urgent and heavy links that have always been manually operated by machinery (or improved equipment) to solve this weak link. Further liberating productivity, freeing a large number of occupied labor forces from this link and investing them in other places.

However, the earliest seeder developed was a cart with wheels on which a seed bucket was installed.As the wheels turn, the seeds fall downward onto the ground through metal tubes or hollow coulters below the container.Each coulter makes a small furrow in the ground; the seed falls into the furrow.There is a rake behind the planter, which rakes the plowed soil back to cover the seed.This planter failed because the machine could not effectively control the rate at which the seeds fell from the container into the soil.Seeds are supposed to spread in a straight line, but there are often gaps in the seed planting line.

However, Tour, like Watt, improved the design of the predecessors and perfected this device, thus achieving an epoch-making effect.He experimented and compared various mechanical designs, and finally he applied his musical knowledge to his invention, using the grooves, tongues and springs in the sounding plate of the organ, and from two other non-agricultural Some parts were dismantled from the machine tool, and after reconstruction and assembly, a spring mechanical device was invented, which is the earliest planter in the world (it is a seed drill). A copper cover and an adjustable spring were used to control the speed at which the seeds fell downward. The cover and spring act like the reeds in an organ mechanism.It distributes the seeds evenly and continuously. Since the seeds are distributed in this manner, each crop is expected to grow well and weeds are easier to get rid of because the wheat is planted in straight lines.

The most obvious effect of Jeslo Tur's planter is that farmers get better harvests and more profits, reduce labor costs, and at the same time, food supply is more reliable.His idea of ​​a spring mechanism in a planter was inspired by the soundboard mechanism of a pipe organ.It works very satisfactorily.

Such equipment happened to be what the Southern Guangdong Army needed at this time.

The two vertical knife plows, soil grinders, and grain threshing machines that are matched with this planter are all developed based on the purpose of liberating the labor force occupied by agriculture to the greatest extent.

"With these utensils, how much more land will be reclaimed by the farmers under His Royal Highness the Duke, and how many people will devote themselves to the factories?"

Thinking of the several sets of experimental data that he led the students to do in the university's experimental farm, Galileo's heart suddenly became hot.With advanced agricultural machinery and equipment, coupled with a large number of cattle, it is bound to give a huge boost to the agricultural production on Li Shouhan's land.

Just in the wild.A reminder from the guard floated in from the car window, "Sir, we are going to enter the palace soon." These words suddenly pulled Galileo back from his wandering.Looking up through the car window, sure enough, the huge gatehouse of the palace was already in front of him.

Although Galileo had the same treatment as rewarding riding a horse in the Forbidden City, he could directly enter the palace by car and reach the yard of Li Shouhan's signing house, but today's situation.But it made him dare not do so.

"Stop, I want to walk."

From the gate of the mansion to the Yin'an Hall, the Yin'an Hall at the end of the Yong Road and the buildings on both sides are all arranged according to the layout of the Beijing city by the Ruan family's small court.It was built in miniature following the drawings of the Forbidden City.From time to time, people came and went in and out of the court rooms on both sides, busy with their official duties, delivering documents and letters.

These houses on both sides of Yong Road are the seats of subordinate officials of various departments.But the real core of power is in the Erjin courtyard behind the Yin'an Hall, where the highest center of the Southern Guangdong Army is located.

It's also near the end of the year.People seem to be in a good mood.All smiling.The situation in various places has gradually returned to normal, and the overall situation in Java and other places is under control. Although the Central Plains is still full of swords and wars, it is still far away from us and cannot be affected for a while.

From time to time, someone greeted Galileo who was slowly coming along the corridor, "Hello, sir!" side, nodding his head in salute.Let Mr. Own go first.

For this traditional habit of respecting teachers and teaching, Galileo admired it in his heart.He was reminded of the teacher-student relationship between Aristotle and Alexander the Great. "Maybe I won't be able to become the second Aristotle. However, if someone like Alexander the Great can appear among my students, I will be famous in history!" He secretly felt proud more than once.Judging from the current development momentum of the Southern Guangdong Army, if there are no special accidents, it is definitely not a big talk to see the birth of an empire in Galileo's lifetime.

"Sir! You're here too!?" A greeting in Latin surprised Galileo, and when he looked up, he saw several "red-haired men with the same blonde hair and blue eyes as him" under a pine tree not far away. The "barbarians" were gathering in one place to chat, and the person who greeted him was walking towards him in surprise.

Galileo looked intently, but the person in front of him was his fellow Italian, Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri who claimed to be his student.This person has made great achievements in mathematics and physics. In the second year of Chongzhen, that is, in 1629 AD, he entered the University of Bologna as a professor of mathematics with the help of Galileo.

In terms of mathematics, Cavalieri developed Galileo's idea of ​​indivisibility into geometry, and proposed that lines are composed of points, surfaces are composed of lines, and volumes are composed of surfaces. .Using Kepler's idea of ​​infinitely small geometric numbers to develop Archimedes' exhaustive method into an indivisible method. This is the original idea of ​​integrals. For spherical triangles, the trigonometric sum is greater than 180? and less than 450? is given The most complete proof. Knowing the logarithmic value, and popularizing and applying it. His greatest contribution is to propose the principle of indivisibility, which is the foundational theory of calculus.

In terms of physics, Cavalieri studied the volume of rotating solids, and gave an accurate proof of the volume theorem of rotating solids; proposed that gravity is a force caused by external actions; , measured the focal length of the lens, etc. Cavalieri's main works include "Plane and Spherical Triangle" (1635) and so on.

After Galileo was judged as a heresy by the Inquisition and almost went to the stake, Cavalieri was also implicated because he was recommended by Galileo to enter the university.Although this buddy claims to be a student of Galileo, his attitude towards academic research is quite deviant compared with his teacher.Although Galileo was a natural scientist, he was a devout Catholic with strong religious concepts in his mind.This can be seen from his strong theological concepts in his evaluation of mathematics.Moreover, although the old man also proposed that any subject should be based on mathematics, he believed that mathematics is the literature used by God to write the universe.

In Cavalieri's view, mathematics is mathematics and has nothing to do with God!

After receiving the letter and travel expenses sent by the teacher from the distant and mysterious East, Cavalieri immediately followed suit without hesitation.Mr. Basten got in touch.Board the boat and go to the land that the teacher said is rich, peaceful, and extremely conducive to academic research.

Standing at the same place with Cavalieri, they chatted enthusiastically, or quarreled with each other.There were also several guys from Europe. Galileo looked at them one by one, and every time he saw one, his heart felt more at ease.

"Fermat, Torricelli, and Wallis are all highly accomplished in mathematics and physics. His Royal Highness sent them here, and there must be some new technical problems or new ideas to tell them. .Otherwise, these people would not have gathered here so early in the morning.”

Frenchman Fermat.He was friends with Descartes and others, and because of this relationship, he was lured to the east under the guidance of the purpose of avoiding the flames of war.They arrived at Li Shouhan's three-acre land.

This man, before Descartes, systematically introduced linear coordinates, established the coordinate method, and used the coordinate method in geometry.Second order straight line and curved line equations are made.In "Introduction to the Theory of Plane and Spatial Position", it is pointed out that the linear equation represents the straight line, and the quadratic equation represents the intercept line. Through the transformation of coordinates, the general forms of the linear and quadratic equations are studied.

His book "The Method of Finding the Maximum and Minimum Values" occupies an important position in the history of differential and integral calculus. This method of calculation is not only used to find the maximum and minimum values, but also to solve the problem of tangent lines tangent to curves. The general law of fractional differentiation is proposed, and the integral formula of power is used for fractional exponents and negative exponents.He also made some contributions in probability theory.

Fermat also studied the fundamentals of geometric optics, on the basis of which he derived the laws of reflection and refraction of light.He proposed that "it is impossible to express the cube of an integer as the sum of two cubes, and to express a fourth power as the sum of two fourth powers. Generally, it is impossible to express any power of a degree greater than 2 expressed as the sum of two powers of the same power," this theory is known as Fermat's last theorem.Many mathematicians, such as Euler, Legendre, Gauss, Abel, Dirichlet, Lame, Cauchy, etc., have spent a lot of time and even dedicated their whole lives on this problem, but it has not been solved yet. .

Another student and assistant of Galileo, Torricelli, this year because of the invention of the barometer, and proposed the theory of vacuum, and according to the barometer and vacuum theory, and the wind is due to "the difference in temperature between two regions on the earth." The difference between air density and air density." The theory predicted the formation of typhoons in advance, because of this huge contribution, the Southern Guangdong Army, which has a long coastline and relies heavily on the sea, paid special attention to Torricelli, which can be described as A red-hot character.

Galileo's heart suddenly became firm.It is rumored that he came here, I am afraid that there are some technical problems that need to be discussed and resolved together.It is estimated that it has nothing to do with the current religious disputes in various places.

Just as he was thinking, a young voice came from outside the crowd.

"Sir, this is my new sonnet, please help me correct it."

The young Pascal waved a few pieces of paper in his hands, trying to pass them to Galileo through the gap between the crowd.

Unlike Torricelli, Fermat, Cavalieri, Descartes, etc. who had already reached middle age, Pascal at this time was only in his twenties.This talented young man born in the mountains of France is a great physicist, mathematician, philosopher and essayist in French history, and he is also a talented figure who achieves success at a young age!He was proficient in Euclidean geometry at a very young age, and he independently discovered the first 32 theorems of Euclid, and the order is completely correct. At the age of 12, he discovered that "the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is equal to 180 degrees", and began to learn mathematics from his father.He had a good relationship with Descartes' friends Malan Mason, Gassendi, Desargues and others, and he was less than 12 years old when he had academic exchanges with these people. Similarly, because of Descartes' relationship, Under the threat of the increasingly fierce war in Europe, I reluctantly left the academic activities of the Parisian Mathematicians and Physicists Group (the predecessor of the Paris Academy of Sciences), and went to the East to avoid the war, and at the same time, I had a better academic experience with my friends. Research.

(This is a great man who wrote a paper on conic section theory when he was 17 years old. By the way, did you only come into contact with conic sections when you were 17 years old?)

"Have all the gentlemen arrived?"

In the official office, Uchiyama Yongming, who was in charge of contacting these people, wore a newly made blue Taoist robe, which made him look extremely clean and tidy.

"Mr. Neishan, what is the purpose of His Royal Highness calling us here? Could it be that there are some new academic books shipped from various places to share with us like last time?"

Uchiyama Yongming, because of his own mathematical attainments, can be considered to be able to fall into the eyes of this group of great people present, and he has a lot of contacts on weekdays.Naturally, Torricelli and the others would not be courteous to him, they should even ask him what he has to see today.

Not long ago, Li Shouhan also called a gathering of people, but that time, it was because European businessmen brought the works of French mathematician and engineer Desargues.The son of the French royal notary, he was one of the founders of projective geometry, and he laid the foundations of projective geometry.Things named after him include Desargues theorem, Desargues diagram, and Desargues plane. Projective geometry is widely used in engineering.

Although Desargues was doing well at the time, not many people were interested in his academic theories.It was not until 200 years after Desargue hiccupped that his projective geometry was paid attention to by the world again.Then surveying, drawing, and architecture in Europe developed by leaps and bounds. At the same time, the Wright Brothers also used a lot of knowledge of projective geometry to build airplanes.

However, Li Shouhan, who has always been adhering to the theory of Chu Caijin's use, doesn't think so.As long as you are useful, I don't care who you are?People who can't get you will get your academic achievements!

At that time, everyone was called to study and sharpen the achievements of Desargues' theory of insinuative geometry, remind each other, promote, and then digest and absorb.

But what is it for today? (To be continued..)

ps: Seeing these names, does it make everyone feel itchy with hatred?If you feel itchy, use monthly tickets to smash these red-haired barbarians to death!