Glorious Mission 1937

The strong counterattack of the national government not only effectively curbed the crazy Japanese attack, but also won a lot of praise for the national government in the world, especially the United States was very pleased with this.The U.S. Congress urgently approved the bill to provide the National Government with 2000 million U.S. dollars in arms in a short period of time, and equip 4 American mechanics for the National Government.

After receiving the telegram from the United States, Lao Jiang was overjoyed. Although the aid this time was only 2000 million U.S. dollars, which was far from the [-] million U.S. dollars promised by the U.S. before, it is true that the U.S. readily agreed to provide aid to the national government. An excellent signal, and the information revealed is gratifying.This also made Lao Jiang's personal self-esteem and self-confidence unprecedentedly inflated. He interviewed He Yingqin, Chen Cheng and others in two consecutive days to talk about his anti-Japanese strategy.

Regarding whether Chiang had a comprehensive consideration for this war, whether he had a detailed implementation strategy, He Yingqin and others are very clear. Before the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Mr. Baili took the lead in formulating a detailed anti-Japanese war plan. Later, Lao Jiang also told them his vision of the war of resistance, which has since become China's national strategy for the eight-year war of resistance.

Although Lao Jiang is a second-rate military commander, his military command ability is equivalent to that of an ordinary infantry battalion commander, but his political skills are extremely brilliant.He knows exactly what he wants and how to get what he wants.From the perspective of Western countries, China's Anti-Japanese War began in 37, but in fact China's Anti-Japanese War began as early as the September 1931th Incident on September 9, 18.

Lao Jiang had considered the issue of anti-Japanese a long time ago, but he is a person with relatively heavy power.Moreover, the strategic vision is relatively accurate, so he saw a long time ago that it is not the Japanese who can really threaten his rule, but someone else. Considered from the point of view of political parties governing.

As Bryan, a famous contemporary American historian and political biographer, said: "As a statesman and a political leader, Chiang was a tactician rather than a strategist. He was slightly superior to his competitors and good at controlling them." .However, although he ruled the majority of the Chinese population. But he actually did not understand the social basis of the entire regime. A summary of Chiang's life. Chiang Kai-shek has his own courage, energy and leadership qualities. He is not only a great A flawed character. And in the sense of Greek tragedy. He is also a tragic character—his tragedy is his own making!"

"Chiang was one of those rare and significant characters: men whose courage, capacity for work, individual will and energy—all their stamina—are unimaginable. Such men have a profound sense of the importance of their time and posterity. Different influences depend on the political background in which they operate, the historical legacy they have inherited, and the size, power or "importance" of their country. We are all influenced by Lenin and Stalin today. Hitler brought to his generation catastrophe. Churchill left his mark for years to come for his contribution in defeating Hitler. Franco and Tito changed the face of their country just as Mustafakimal changed a generation before. .”

Because of his ignorance of the foundation of society, and because of the political background of Chiang’s activities and the historical legacy he inherited, Chiang’s consideration of relations with Japan resulted in results that were extremely inconsistent with the wishes of the people.In fact, the national government had already had a strategy to deal with Japan's aggression. This strategy has four steps. The first step is to ensure the absolute rule of the party as the first goal and compromise with Japan under this goal.

Since 31, during the 14-year War of Resistance Against Japan, the National Government has always aimed to ensure the rule of the party.Especially before the July [-]th Incident.With the tenet of "to fight against the outside world, we must first settle down at home".Internally, we will do our best to suppress the Communist regime.Externally, try to implement a compromise policy to avoid fighting with Japan. [

The second step is to actively reform and improve the national defense system.Reorganize the army.Facing the Japanese army's attempt to invade China in an all-round way, the National Government appealed to the League of Nations while actively preparing for war. The Second Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang in July 1936 passed the Regulations on the National Defense Conference, and the Third Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang in February 7 passed the Regulations on the National Defense Commission, and established the National Defense Commission according to the regulations.The National Defense Commission is China's highest military institution, which handles China's national defense operational policy, national troop mobilization, national defense budget, etc., and has the right to require all levels of administration to cooperate with it in implementing all resolutions.

Since 1936, the previous division-level organization has been changed, and various weapons within the army have been used in conjunction or in a concentrated manner.Strengthen the combat effectiveness of each unit, and by the end of 1936, a total of 20 reorganization divisions had been completed.At the same time, the armed forces of factions in various places were unified and reorganized, including 10 divisions of the Northeast Army and 10 divisions of the Guangxi Army.

At the same time, the warlord forces from all over the country were incorporated, and the whole army was reorganized, in order to achieve: the whole army was uniformly organized, the deployment of combat units at all levels and the deployment of arms were adjusted, and the personnel transfer of each army was placed under the unified management of the central government.The most important of these was the reorganization of the Sichuan warlords. From 1937 to September 1937, the National Government successfully reorganized the Sichuan warlords against the backdrop of the nationwide War of Resistance.The reorganization of more than 9 people in the Sichuan Army not only ended the warlord civil strife in Sichuan, but also provided a new force for the Anti-Japanese War. The Sichuan Army participated in almost all large-scale battles in the future, with a total of more than 16 casualties. Made immortal contributions; the success of this reorganization also laid the foundation for the national government to move its capital to Chongqing to lead the national war of resistance in the future.Sichuan has a large population and rich products. It is close to Guangdong, Guangxi, Lianghu, Yunnan and other provinces.

Draw a clear line between the various arms and improve the combat policy of each arm.Integrate the existing national combat readiness resources, actively purchase advanced weapons and equipment, develop special operations forces, and form a large number of German weapon masters.At the same time, vigorously develop the army directly under the central government and introduce foreign training models.Equipped with 70 divisions of the Central Army, of which 40 divisions were formed with Whampoa military academy students as officers, and German instructors were hired to train them.

The other is to unify the weapon system, which is very important. At that time, there were all kinds of guns armed in various places.For example, the Guangxi army is equipped with British equipment, the Yunnan army is equipped with French equipment, and the Northeast army is equipped with Japanese equipment.The guns and "drugs" produced by arsenals in various places are also varied, which brings great inconvenience to front-line supplies.Therefore, it was decided to unify the standards of several types of weapons with the highest usage rate and widest range of uses in wartime, especially the standard of rifles, machine guns, mortars and so on.Actively expand the output of military industry and improve the quality of military industry.Actively imitate foreign advanced weapons and equipment. For example, in terms of light and heavy machine guns, German and Czech equipment were imitated. After the war began, Japanese throwers were imitated.

The third step is to implement the strategy of exchanging space for time, accumulating small victories into big victories, and implementing a protracted war strategy.

On the eve of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Jiang Baili published his "On National Defense". The strategies he expounded in "On National Defense" and other works can be summed up in three ways: Japan should not retreat step by step, but should take the initiative to carry out a comprehensive war of resistance, turning the rear of the Japanese army into the front, allowing them to digest the occupied areas in their spare time, so that Japan can use the occupied areas to increase its combat power; The main offensive route was changed from the Northeast-North China-Central China-South China route to the East-West route along the Yangtze River, so as to make full use of the mountains and lakes along the river to offset the advantages of the Japanese army in weapon training; third, trade space for time, A protracted war will wear down Japan through the consumption of time.The specific method is to drag the Japanese army into the second ridgeline of China's geography, that is, the junction of Hunan and Sichuan, and engage in a decisive battle with the Japanese army.

In fact, although Jiang Baili died young in 1938, the development of the Sino-Japanese war happened exactly as he expected, reflecting his accurate grasp of the strength and strategic situation of the two countries.In an article published shortly before his death, he put forward even more eloquently the guidelines for China’s future strategy toward Japan—“Whether it wins or loses, just make peace with it!”

After the start of the all-out war of resistance, there was a very big gap in strength between China and Japan.In terms of economy and industry, in 1937, Japan's industrial output value was 60 billion US dollars, while China's was 136 billion US dollars; Japan's steel output was more than 600 million tons, while China's was more than 50 tons; Japan has the world's leading military manufacturing industry, China can only manufacture basic guns and small caliber artillery.In terms of the army: In mid-1937, the Japanese army had an army force of 60, and a trained reserve force of more than 160 million.China has an army of 200 million and a reserve force of 50.Although the difference in troop strength is not large, the number of armor and artillery per division of the Japanese army is much larger than that of Japan.The Japanese navy has 200 large warships, while China has only 66; the Japanese army and navy have 2625 combat aircraft, while China has only 305 combat aircraft.

In view of the huge gap in military and national power between China and Japan, as well as the characteristics of China's large depth and large population, the national government formulated a strategic policy of exchanging space for time, and accumulating small victories into big victories.Trading space for time means using China's vast territory to wage a protracted war against the enemy and wait for changes in international and domestic opportunities.Accumulating small victories into big victories is to gradually eliminate and consume the enemy in every battle, and complete qualitative changes with quantitative changes.

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