Glorious Mission 1937

Japan has finally surrendered. This country that has caused great disasters to the Asian people and the United States has finally surrendered. When people who were deeply traumatized by the war heard the surrender edict read out by the Japanese Emperor on the radio, everyone cried. Although Japan Surrendered, but the trauma it caused to a small half of the world, including China, will never be erased.

On September 1944, 9, under the witness of history, the Japanese government signed a surrender agreement with the Allied forces on the Chinese battleship "Zhonghua" moored in Tokyo Bay, and Japan officially surrendered.

After Japan surrendered, China, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union occupied the Japanese archipelago separately on August 8. The Chinese National Defense Force was ordered to occupy Kyushu and the northwestern part of Japan, while the U.S. military stationed in the central and northeastern regions of Japan, and the British army occupied the islands. Four countries, the Soviet Union occupied Hokkaido.

Although the war is over, the follow-up issues of the war need to be resolved urgently. First of all, how to deal with Japan, whether to occupy Japan by partition, directly dismember Japan, or rebuild the Japanese government, this is a big problem facing the allies.

The Soviet Union believed that the Japanese people were deeply poisoned by the spirit of bushido and militarism. If Japan was not dismembered, Japan would become a serious problem for the allies in ten or twenty years. Therefore, the Soviet Union believed that Japan should be dismembered. Occupied areas are subject to permanent occupation.

But the United States and the United Kingdom disagree. First of all, there is an example of Germany online. It is precisely because of the improper handling of Germany after the First World War that it caused the Second World War and has experienced two world wars.Both the United States and Britain and other countries are afraid and tired. Therefore, the United States, Britain and other countries are not as good at wolfing down the issue of defeated countries as they were during World War I.

The United States and the United Kingdom believe that the allied forces should give great respect to Japan, which was once an independent country, and it is also an independent power. In any case, it cannot implement permanent occupation of Japan, because this will be the cause of World War III. fuse.

The United States and the United Kingdom believe that Japan should be given political support, that is, a new democratic government should be formed with the support of the allied forces, and compensation should be made for the losses Japan has caused to other countries.Trials for those at the top who committed war crimes in the war.

from beginning to end.The Chinese government did not make any statement of its own. The Allied forces asked the Supreme Commander in Japan, General Wei Lihuang, many times, and the answer they received was to wait for the results of domestic discussions.

On September 1944, 9, the Chinese government made its request to the Allied Forces.The first is that Japan must disarm its own military.In addition to having police officers to maintain law and order.Never have any armed force; the second is to dissolve the government, all war criminals must accept international trials, and no one can escape trial for any reason; the third is to return the Chinese property and cultural relics looted in the war; the fourth is to compensate for war losses; The fifth is to return the Ryukyu Islands to China; the last is that Japan's future national education must be supervised by allies.

Although China is a victorious country.However, when dealing with the defeated Japan, they did not put forward unacceptable conditions, which surprised the United States, Britain and other countries. You must know that in the past few decades, Japan has always regarded China as its greatest enemy China has carried out military aggression for more than a decade.

In particular, the Chinese government has offered to initiate an international trial of Japanese war criminals, which is indeed admirable.You must know that according to the thinking of the Soviets, the captured war criminals are considered to have committed many crimes anyway, and they should be shot or hanged. Why waste time and waste money on them?

However, the Western countries of the United States, Britain and France believe that those people are now only defendants in prison, whether they are war criminals and to what extent have yet to be tried; and during the trial process, not only should the defendants be fully given the opportunity to defend themselves, but they should also choose their own lawyers. The costs are paid by the court.

The Chinese government believes that if those people are executed without trial, for the Germans and Japanese who don't know the truth, those people are national heroes, not war criminals, but the allies are the aggressors. Teachers of injustice, only after a strict trial can everyone understand that those people are criminals, war criminals who are anti-human and anti-society.

On October 1944, 10, the foreign ministers of China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom held a meeting in Moscow and decided to set up two institutions of the Allied Powers, one to deal with Germany and the other to deal with Japan.

China did not participate in the dealt with institutions, because Germany did not cause harm to China during the war, and the two sides did not engage in a face-to-face war.

Dealing with Japan was the Far East Committee established by Washington, which was composed of representatives from the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and India. On October 10, the Far East Committee adopted a series of resolutions on Japan: the first was to formulate policies, principles and standards to enable Japan to fulfill the terms of Japan's surrender.The second is to review the relevant measures taken by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces at the request of the member states.Finally, the resolutions of the two newly established institutions of the Allies must be approved by a majority of member states, and must include the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, and China to be effective; when the Allies implement their policies toward Japan, they should follow the decisions of the Far East Committee It is agreed to formulate specific instructions, and then convey the instructions to the Supreme Allied Commander for implementation and so on.

The war launched by the German, Italian and Japanese fascists brought serious disasters to all mankind. In order to punish criminals for their heinous crimes, it was also decided at the Moscow meeting that the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Japan must severely punish Japanese war criminals.

On December 1944, 12, according to the decision of the Supreme Council of the Allied Powers, the "Special Declaration" on the establishment of the Far East International Military Tribunal in Tokyo and the "Charter of the Far East International Military Tribunal" were officially promulgated.

According to the regulations, the tribunal has the power to try and punish Far Eastern war criminals who have committed crimes against peace, violations of the laws and customs of war and crimes against humanity.But in fact, the objects of the Tokyo Trial are Class A war criminals (that is, the main or primary war criminals), and the secondary war criminals are tried by separate courts in each invaded country.

On December 1944, 12, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was established in Tokyo. It was composed of judges from 15 countries including China, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. General Moore, Mr. Mei Ruao from China, Lord Patrick from the United Kingdom, General IM Chayanov from the Soviet Union, Sir W. Webb from Australia, S. McDougal from Canada, H. Bernay from France Al, Bva Rollin from the Netherlands, EH Northcroft from New Zealand, RM Barr from India, and D. Hananila from the Philippines.Among them, Sir Webb was appointed President.

In accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East.The Attorney General appointed by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces shall be responsible for investigating and prosecuting the charges of war criminals within the jurisdiction of this court, and shall provide legal assistance to the Supreme Commander if necessary; has the right to appoint an accompanying public prosecutor to assist the Chief Prosecutor".

According to this, JB Keenan of the United States was appointed as the Attorney General, and at the same time served as the United States' accompanying prosecutor. The accompanying prosecutors appointed by other countries were: Xiang Zhejun from China, AS Cummings Carr from the United Kingdom, and SA from the Soviet Union. Goronski, AJ Mansfield in Australia, HG Nolan in Canada, WGFB Mulder in the Netherlands, RH Quillian in New Zealand, G. Menon in India and P. Roberts in the Philippines.

At the same time as the establishment of the Far East Military Tribunal, the Allied Forces set up war criminal courts in Nanjing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou in China, Manila in the Philippines, and Khabarovsk in the Soviet Union to try Japanese war criminals.

远东国际军事法庭于1945年1月2日接受了盟军最高统帅部国际检察处对裕仁、冈村宁次、东条英机、广田弘毅等75名被告的起诉，后盟国认为案情过分庞大复杂，决定将这78人分两批或三批审理。

The trial in Tokyo is the first batch of 34 Class A war criminals including Emperor Hirohito, namely Emperor Hirohito of Japan, Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Hirota Koki, Seishiro Sakagaki, Heutaro Kimura, Iwane Matsui , Muto Akira, Okamura Neiji, Konoe Fumma, Anan Keiki, Sugiyama Moto, Okawa Shuaki, Matsuoka Yosuke, Ishii Shiro, Nagano Sami, Araki Sadao, Hashimoto Kingoro, Hata Shunroku, Hiranuma Kiichiro, Hoshino Naoki, Koichi Kido, Kunisaki Oiso, Nanjiro, Keijun Oka, Hiroshi Oshima, Kento Sato, Shigetaro Shimada, Teiichi Suzuki, Konobu Kaya, Toshio Shiratori, Yoshijiro Umezu, Matoku Togo, Shigemitsu sunflower.

A total of 8 Class A war criminals in Japan have escaped trial in history, the most important being Emperor Hirohito of Japan.At that time, he was not included in the list of war criminals because of the protection of the US government.Also protected by the U.S. military is the murderer Shiro Ishii, who was originally the leader of Japan's Unit 731.

The second was Ningji Okamura, the commander-in-chief of the Japanese invaders. At that time, Okamura was acquitted and released because he was under the protection of Chiang Kai-shek.

besides.Former Japanese Prime Minister Fumma Konoe, Keiji Anan and Moto Sugiyama committed suicide in fear of crime.Thus escaped trial; and Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. 'East Asia Research Institute' Director Okawa Shuaki.This person is the author of "History of the Year 600" and other best-selling books during the war, an active propagandist of Japanese fascism, and a director of the thinking of the Japanese military department.After the war, Okawa Zhouming was listed as one of the 28 Class A war criminals by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, but because of this person pretending to be crazy and acting stupid.thus escaped trial.

There are also former Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka and Chief of Naval Operations Nagano Shoshin. These two unlucky people died of illness during the trial and escaped the trial. Now that the war is over early and the trial is going ahead, none of these people escaped. , All were sent to military courts.

The Tokyo Trial lasted nearly a year from the opening of the trial in January 1945 to the conclusion of the verdict in December 1.During this period, a total of 1945 court sessions were held, with more than 12 pages of court records, 1 witnesses testified in court, more than 1118 pieces of documentary evidence were presented, and the verdict was 6.8 pages long. The trial was also one of the major political events in the world after the end of World War II. Various crimes of Japanese fascism were revealed step by step during the trial.

During the war, Chen Feng specially sent someone to collect evidence of crimes committed by the Japanese army. Therefore, when the Chinese government accused the Japanese invading army of committing hundreds of crimes in China, each of them provided the court with a large amount of certification and physical evidence. The Chinese government alone There are as many as 9 photos and tens of thousands of other documents and materials of those who died in court. Of the more than 134000 pieces of evidence presented in the entire court, 95% of them are from China.

With a large amount of detailed evidence, the trial progress of the court was more than a year faster than the historical trial time of two years and seven months. From December 1945 to 12, 15, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East read hundreds of thousands of Judgment for Hirohito, Neiji Okamura, Fumma Konoe, Keiji Anami, Shiro Ishii, Moto Sugiyama, Shuaki Okawa, Hideki Tojo, Kenji Doihara, Koki Hirota, Seishiro Sakagaki, Hei Kimura 25 people including Taro, Matsui Iwane, and Muto Akira were hanged.

Araki Sadao, Hashimoto Kingoro, Hata Shunroku, Hiranuma Kiichiro, Hoshino Naoki, Kido Koichi, Oiso Kuniaki, Minamijiro, Oka Keijun, Oshima Hiroshi, Sato Kenryo, Matsuoka Yosuke, Nagano Shoshin, Eighteen people, including Shigetaro Shimada, Teiichi Suzuki, Konobu Kaya, Toshio Shiratori, and Yoshijiro Umezu, were sentenced to life imprisonment.He was sentenced to 18 years in prison for Matoku Togo and 20 years for Aoi Shigemitsu.

At the same time as the Tokyo trial, military courts were also set up in Nanjing, Shanghai, Manila and other places to try Japanese Class B and Class C war criminals. A total of 8226 war criminals were tried, of which 1937 were sentenced to death. (To be continued..)

ps: The next chapter "Glorious Mission 1937" is over. In fact, the main text is over today. Tomorrow will be some side stories to be explained, so let's count it as the main text!