Anti-Japanese Special Forces Through Time and Space

gmd diplomatic efforts after september [-]

On October 1931, 10, the Executive Yuan of the League of Nations, in response to the request of the Nationalist Government Shi Zhaoji to the League of Nations, held a meeting one day earlier.At the meeting, Shi Zhaoji asked the League of Nations to use the non-war treaty to cooperate with the United States and asked Japan to withdraw its troops.Japan accused China of rejecting Japanese products, and demanded direct negotiations with China, first drawing an outline agreement, and then withdrawing its troops.After receiving the note from the Japanese side, the Foreign Affairs Committee mostly opposed direct negotiations.But at this time, Japan declared in the League of Nations to discuss the outline issue with China. If it categorically refused, it would easily lose international sympathy and give Japan an excuse to refuse to withdraw its troops.

On October 10, the chairman of the League of Nations, Briand, called Shi Zhaoji to talk, and asked whether China would wait until the Japanese army retreated to start negotiations with the Japanese side. Shi Zhaoji replied that negotiations could not be carried out until the troops were withdrawn and the issue of responsibilities had not been discussed. , subject to the participation of the Council.Briand said that the withdrawal of troops is not conditional on the success of the negotiations, and China is free to accept or reject Japan's proposals in the future.Shi Zhaoji telegraphed the situation to the Foreign Affairs Committee. After discussion, most of the Foreign Affairs Committee still advocated the minimum condition of withdrawing troops first.The telegram ordered Shi Zhaoji to insist.

On the same day, Japan secretly proposed a five-point negotiation outline to Briand, namely: ([-]) No aggression against each other. ([-]) To stop each other's domestic hostile actions. ([-]) Japan respects the territorial integrity of China. ([-]) China does protect Japanese overseas Chinese who live or operate businesses in various parts of Manchuria. ([-]) Proposals to avoid competition on the Manchukuo-China-Japan Railway and various rights of way issues under the treaty, vote against (there seems to be some incomprehension here, so the original text is quoted.).

On October 10, Briand proposed to invite the parties to the Non-War Pact to hold a meeting of the League of Nations, and the United States, which did not participate in the League of Nations, was present.The proposal passed by a vote of 16 to 13. On October 1, after repeated discussions, the Foreign Affairs Committee made a resolution on the issue of Japan's guidelines: "In addition to taking into account our own rights and interests, the means we adopt must (10) not lose international sympathy. (17) not make Japanese warlords Going to extremes. Temporarily decide on six principles: (1) Japan must withdraw its troops under the supervision of the League of Nations; (2) Future negotiations between China and Japan must be conducted under the auspices of the League of Nations; (1) The location is in Geneva or other places deemed appropriate by the League of Nations (2) Future negotiations must be conducted under the principles stipulated in the League of Nations Convention, and the following three points must not be violated: (3) Respect China's independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and administrative integrity; (10) Equal opportunities for opening the door; For peace, force should not be used as a means of implementing national policy; (19) Japan must bear the responsibility for this dispatch of troops; (10) We reserve the right to amend and make separate proposals for any proposals made by Japan. On October 10, the Foreign Affairs Committee notified Shi Zhaoji Proposed to the League of Nations that the Japanese army should be withdrawn within 22 days, and that the Japanese army's retreat, plan for taking over methods, and implementation of the takeover should all be supervised by personnel from a neutral country, and the takeover methods should be limited to those related to handover procedures. Article 9 of the bill, and opinions on the bill proposed by Japan. On October 30, the Council of the League of Nations met and proposed a draft resolution. Roughly in accordance with the resolution of September 9, citing Article 18 of the League of Nations Convention and Article 10 of the Non-War Convention Articles, Japan is requested to withdraw troops other than the railways, and complete before the next council meeting, and the Chinese government is requested to formulate measures to protect the lives and properties of overseas Chinese in Manchuria and implement them. The Executive Yuan of the League of Nations hopes that China and Japan will discuss the acceptance method immediately And ask the Chinese government to invite personnel from neutral countries to accompany the receiving army to inspect the implementation of the reception. Once the withdrawal of troops is completed, China and Japan will start direct negotiations on all outstanding issues (including the problems that have occurred since September 24 and the railway problem). Because China's request was supported by the League of Nations in this draft, and the Foreign Affairs Committee ordered Shi Zhaoji to accept the draft. On October 11, the League of Nations passed a resolution restricting the withdrawal of Japanese troops to the railway area before November 16. Japan negotiated troop withdrawal and other matters. Thirteen countries agreed, and only Japan opposed it. It seemed that China had achieved a diplomatic victory, but according to the eleventh article of the League of Nations, the vote must be passed unanimously, so it has actually become a deadlock. October 10 , Japan issued the "Second Government Statement on the Manchuria Incident", refusing to withdraw its troops, and proposed that "in order to ensure the safety of the imperial subjects in Manchuria, the first thing to do is to take measures to eliminate the resentment and doubts of the people of the two countries, and prepare to negotiate with the Chinese government." The basic outline necessary for this aspect", but the fifth article of the outline was changed to "respect the rights and interests of the empire in Manchuria stipulated in the treaty".

In this regard, Chiang Kai-shek is still clear-headed. On October 10, during the discussion of the Foreign Affairs Committee, Chiang Kai-shek said: "It is obvious that Japan does not accept the resolution of the League of Nations. Unanimously approved, Japan's attitude is to retreat or advance. From the perspective of Japan's traditional policy towards China, it is inevitable to retreat, and it must go further. It is difficult to predict how the situation will change in the future. The statement of Honjo said that the head can be broken, and the army cannot be withdrawn. It’s not pretending to be tragic, it’s really what it’s meant to do.” But at the same time, Chiang Kai-shek still had illusions about the League of Nations, saying: “Under this situation, we have many concerns when we deal with it alone. We should trust the League of Nations and always cooperate with it, and consider it for the League of Nations itself. If this matter cannot be resolved, there will be no guarantee for world peace in the future, and the League of Nations will not need to exist.” The meeting decided to amend the Chinese government’s foreign declaration, adding the following meanings: 29. Respect The resolution of the Executive Yuan of the League of Nations on the 1th of this month; 24. If the resolution fails, the international faith will be bankrupt and international peace will be broken; 2. Citing various international conventions since the Washington Conference to respect national sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity, and guarantee peace and maintain the opportunity to open the door 3. The fact that the Japanese disturbed the Eastern Province; 4. On the issue of the treaty, Representative Shi proposed an arbitration method; 5. Citing the Prime Minister's legacy on Sino-Japanese relations to express our country's inherent policy.In fact, the last two already have room for maneuver. On November 6, Chiang Kai-shek summoned Dai Jitao, Li Shizeng, Yu Youren, and Wu Zhihui, members of the Foreign Affairs Committee, to discuss the government's policy toward Japan: no contact with the Japanese side before the withdrawal of the Japanese troops, and how to hold discussions and procedures after the withdrawal of troops It is also not intended to express the problem first, but to use indirect methods to urge the withdrawal of troops.

On November 20, 1931, the 11th year of the Republic of China, the Japanese army dispatched a large number of troops to attack the Nenjiang Bridge.The Chinese defenders led by General Ma Zhanshan rose up and fought back, repelling many Japanese attacks!The Japanese army suffered heavy casualties!

On November 11, the Foreign Affairs Committee requested Zhang Xueliang to order Ma Zhanshan, chairman of Heilongjiang Province, to stick to the line of defense and try his best to defend himself.Chiang Kai-shek also contacted Ma Zhanshan on November 9 and 11 respectively, believing that Ma Zhanshan's self-defense behavior was "very justified" and "to win glory for the country, his reputation spread far and wide, and admired by China and foreign countries", and urged Zhang Xueliang to send troops to help.Due to the continuous increase of Japanese troops, Ma Zhanshan's troops were forced to withdraw from Heilongjiang on the 12th because they ran out of ammunition.The situation in the Northeast is deteriorating.

At this time, China's diplomacy in the League of Nations also encountered changes. On November 11, the Executive Yuan of the League of Nations met for the third time.However, only 16 minutes after the meeting was held, the meeting was adjourned without any discussion on Japanese aggression, and then the meeting entered into informal negotiations. On the 20th, British Foreign Minister Simon talked with Shi Zhaoji and raised four points: (18) Solemnly declare to Japan that China respects Manchuria's treaty obligations. ([-]) Note to the Great Powers and the United States, restating the first point. ([-]) China and Japan agree to appoint a railway special committee, the chairman shall be appointed by the League of Nations, and it shall be organized by an equal number of members from China and Japan.Its purpose is to achieve an agreement on the operation of the Manchuria Railway, prevent unhealthy competition, and strive to obtain an agreement on the operation of the same system. ([-]) After guaranteeing the first and second points and signing the third point, the troops will be withdrawn.This clearly favors the Japanese proposal.

On November 11, the Foreign Affairs Committee held a meeting to study the four points of Ximen.Chiang Kai-shek also attended the meeting.After discussion, a six-point countermeasure was unanimously adopted: "(19) China and Japan have mutually declared to the Executive Yuan and the United States to respect the principles of international treaties. ([-]) Any issues or disputes about the treaty should be submitted to the Executive Yuan or the Sino-Japanese joint settlement Committee. ([-]) With regard to the third point raised by Ximen, regarding the suggestion of sending representatives from the Executive Yuan and the assistance of the League of Nations, I advocate accepting it, but the last paragraph should be amended to 'for common interests'. ([-]) Regarding the issue of troop withdrawal, it should be stipulated that Dates and various steps within a certain period of time. ([-]) Neutral representatives assist in the withdrawal of troops from all over the country. ([-]) All discussions between China and Japan should preferably be held at a neutral location.” People with a discerning eye can already see the significance of the British proposition in the above six points dissatisfied.On the same day, Chiang Kai-shek stated at the Fourth National Congress of the Kuomintang: "I am determined to go north, do my best, and serve the party and the country." .”

On November 11, Shanghai's "Current Affairs News" published Ma Junwu's two poems "Sorrow for Shenyang": "Zhao Si is romantic, Zhu Wukuang, and Hu Die is on the right track. The gentle township is the hero's tomb, so it doesn't matter if the East Division enters Shenyang." "The emergency military book came in the middle of the night, and the opening strings urged each other. Shenyang has already retired and looked back, and danced with a beautiful woman a few times." Once these two poems were published, Zhang Xueliang's notoriety as a "non-resistance general" was completely confirmed. .

On November 11, the Anti-Japanese Federation of Shanghai University decided to organize another delegation to Nanjing to urge the government to dispatch troops. The goal of the petition was: "Please make a resolution on the spot. If the soldiers set off and recover the lost land, they must be expelled from the party." "Chairman Jiang is invited to write an oath in public, and the content stipulates: (21) the latest departure date; (1) a statement that he will not recover the lost land and will not return to Nanjing; (2) Please ask the government to order Zhang Xueliang to send troops to recover the lost land immediately. If there is no indication of sending troops within three days, he will be dismissed and severely punished. If the above three points cannot be satisfactorily answered, all the members will gather in front of the Fourth National Congress or the national government, and no matter day or night, rain or shine, they will never leave the team."

On November 11, more than 26 students from Shanghai came to the National Government and asked Chiang Kai-shek to fulfill his promise to go north to fight against Japan.They set up a bronze bell across the road from the gate of the Nationalist Government, and struck it day and night, expressing their determination to keep ringing the alarm bell and never give up until the goal is achieved.It was not until the afternoon of the 8000th that Chiang Kai-shek sent Zhang Zhi, the dean of education of the Central Military Academy, to give a speech, but failed to satisfy the students.Chiang Kai-shek himself was forced to appear.

Jiang first blamed the students for "making tools for a few people", and said: "There are unreasonable and out-of-the-ordinary points in the petition conditions." Operation", and read the report in public to request conditions, asking Chiang Kai-shek to express his position.Chiang Kai-shek turned to say: "I am very relieved, I will accept the demands of all students, and stand in front of the people to sacrifice and struggle", and ordered the students to go back to school to study with peace of mind.The student representatives immediately asked Chiang Kai-shek: "A large area of ​​land in the three eastern provinces has fallen to the enemy, and tens of millions of compatriots have become subjugated slaves. How can the students feel at ease?!" I want to thank the people of the country." So under the strong request of the students in Shanghai, Chiang Kai-shek wrote a hand letter: "This chairman is loyal to the party and the country, and I have made up my mind long ago. I will accept the petitions of all students." At this point, the students thought that they had achieved their goal and ended Petition, return to Shanghai.

On November 11, Gu Weijun and Song Ziwen sent another telegram to Zhang Xueliang, "If the Japanese side is unreasonable and leads an army to attack, I still ask my brother to make a decisive decision and defend with strength."The Foreign Affairs Committee also believes that "Tianjin has great political and military ties. If the Japanese press too hard, we should implement legitimate defense as a last resort in order to maintain the country's personality."

On November 11, three days after he made his statement, Chiang Kai-shek did not mobilize a single soldier. In his public speech, he said: "Our people must endure the pain and anger at this moment, and temporarily accept the attitude of resignation, waiting for the judgment of international justice." (This is the famous "Send Chiang to the North" campaign that ended in failure in history.)