Back to the Republic of China as a commander

Suo Guanying is a very peculiar existence in history. Although he is a Tibetan chieftain, he is a chieftain who has accepted Sinicization and cast his eyes outside the mountains.He has studied in Chengdu and Guan County successively.In the third year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty (1911), the chieftain of Zhuo Keji died of heirs. Since Zhuo Tufu and Wasi Tufu were sisters, Suo Guanying was asked to come to Zhuo Tu as his successor. After that, Suo boldly eliminated dissidents and cultivated cronies.The more than 60 headmen in the jurisdiction have all changed from hereditary to appointed.Suo has married five wives successively. In order to ask eminent monks to help the government, he invited Khenbrao Rangjinpa of Ganden Monastery, one of the three major monasteries in Tibet, to be the abbot of Malkang Monastery, thus controlling the political and religious power in the whole land.Here is a digression. Ganden Monastery is the first ashram and birthplace of the Gelug Sect, the largest sect of Tibetan Buddhism.

It is such a character, Shuai first smelled a strange smell when Liu Xiang's army entered Tibet on a large scale.Since the Yuan Dynasty, Sichuan has been a place where the world was in chaos before Shu.The army in this place rebelled almost every year, but after the rebellion in Xikang with [-] horses like Liu Xiang, instead of attacking Chengdu, he ran towards Lhasa wholeheartedly. If there is no problem, then there is something wrong.Suo Guanying himself is an expert in political struggle. He knew with his ass that such a huge army must be heading towards the Tibetan sky in Lhasa, which made his mind come alive involuntarily.This chieftain has always taken it as his own responsibility to expand his influence, so he is also very enthusiastic about affairs in Tibet.Among the Gelug Sect, Rezhen Living Buddha can represent the chieftain forces in western Sichuan.However, it once held the title of "Hutuktu" in history. The Reting Living Buddha who was the regent of Tibet lost his power and died in the civil strife in Tibet a few years ago, and the sixth Reting Living Buddha who had just been reincarnated even belonged to Hutuktu. All titles were stripped.Although Suo Guanying is the most powerful among the eighteen chieftains in Xichuan, even if the eighteen chieftains are put together, the influence on Tibet is minimal.So even though he was very dissatisfied with it, there was nothing he could do about it.

Liu Xiang was also determined to run the errands in Tibet for Wang Zhenyu and earn future wealth for himself and his family, so he happily went to Zhuo Keji chieftain, which seemed extremely simple to him but was considered the most luxurious in the Malkang area. Guanzhai, and then slowly digest the massive amount of information that Suo Guanying brought him. . .

Tibetan Buddhism, also known as Lamaism by the Han people, is known as the three major Buddhist systems along with Chinese Buddhism and Southern Buddhism.

The origin of Tibetan Buddhism can be traced back to the ancient Zhang Zhung Dynasty more than 8000 years ago. Xing Rao Mi Wo, the prince of the ancient Zhang Zhung Dongba Xing Rao Mi Wo Tathagata Buddha (the master of the "Bai Zhuang Tianzi" in the previous life of Sakyamuni Buddha ), in order to save sentient beings, he mercifully taught the "Ancient Zhang Zhung Buddhism", that is, "Yongzhong Benbo Buddhism" (abbreviated as "Benjiao"), "Yongzhong Benjiao" is the Tathagata Dharma passed down by Xingrao Miwo Tathagata .The "Kanjuer" taught by Yong Zhongben is actually the origin and source of all Tibetan history, religion and culture.Since the introduction of Indian Buddhism to Tibet in the seventh century AD, Indian Buddhism and Benbo Buddhism have absorbed a lot of each other's content and developed independently, because Indian Buddhism and Benbo Buddhism are completely consistent in the origin of belief.Indian Buddhism absorbed a lot of the content of Benbo Buddhism, allowing it to be more deeply rooted in the society at that time and gradually developed into modern "Tibetan Buddhism".

According to the development history of Tibetan Buddhism, it can be roughly divided into the pre-promotion period and the post-promotion period. During this period, there were large-scale extermination of Buddhas. It is estimated that the lamas at that time did too much.In the latter period, Tibetan Buddhism was roughly divided into five sects: Nyingma Sect, Sakya Sect, Kagyu Sect, Kadam Sect and Gelug Sect, among which the Gelug Sect is the most powerful and has the most temples.

The reincarnation system of living Buddhas originated in the early twelfth century.In 1193 A.D., the founder of the Karma Kagyu Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, Dusumqinba (meaning three periods of holy consciousness, three periods are the past, present and future), told him on his deathbed that he would be reincarnated. The last words searched for and identified the reincarnated soul boy, which opened a precedent for the reincarnation of living Buddhas in Tibetan Buddhism.Since then, the new religious system of living Buddha reincarnation has been widely adopted by various sects of Tibetan Buddhism, and in the long-term development process, a complete set of strict and systematic rules for the search, identification and education of living Buddha reincarnated soul children have gradually been formed. system.The living Buddha lineages sprung up on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau like mushrooms after rain.It is estimated that the total number of living Buddhas in Tibetan Buddhism can reach nearly [-].

It is worth pointing out here that different types of living Buddha systems have emerged in each sect of Tibetan Buddhism, and the titles of each living Buddha system have their own special causes and symbolic meanings.

The name of the Karmapa living Buddha system is named after the sect to which it belongs, which is derived from the word "Karma" (ka-rma) of the Karma Kagyu sect.Tracing back to the source, the name of the sect is derived from the temple name of the ancestral temple, and the name of the ancestral temple comes from a certain place name.In 1157 A.D., Dusumqinba founded a monastery in the Karma area near Leiwuqi in Qamdo, and it was named Karma Lading Temple (or Karma Dansa Temple).He used the monastery as a dojo, vigorously preaching the teachings of the Kagyu sect and his own Buddhist views, and thus formed the most dynamic sect in the Kagyu sect, and named it the name of the Kagyu sect.Later, the Karma Kagyu Sect produced the first reincarnated living Buddha in the history of Tibetan Buddhism, and it was also named after the sect. "Karmapa·Black Hat Series" and "Karmapa·Red Hat Series", in which the Red Hat Series was forced to be interrupted when the living Buddha reincarnated to the tenth; while the Black Hat Series Living Buddha has been inherited and has been reincarnated to the 17th The world, that is, the 17th Karmapa, is now in Daran Sala, India with the Dalai Lama.The Karmapa Living Buddha is a living Buddha system with the longest history and the most reincarnations in the history of Tibetan Buddhism.

The titles of the living Buddha system of the Gelug Sect, such as Lama and Panchen Erdeni, were granted by the central dynasties of the past dynasties.In 1578 AD, the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso, met with Alatan Khan of the Tumed tribe of Mongolia at Yanghua Temple on the shore of Qinghai Lake, and exchanged titles.Alatan Khan presented Sonam Gyatso with "Holy Knowledge of All Wazirda Lamas", and Alatan Khan later reported it to the Ming Dynasty, which was confirmed by the Ming court.Among them, "Wazir Da La" is a transliteration of Sanskrit vajra-dhra, meaning King Kong; "**" is a transliteration of Mongolian, meaning "sea"; Lama is a transliteration of Tibetan, meaning "Guru".This is the original origin of the name of the ** Lama Living Buddha system.In 1653 A.D., Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty conferred the title of the fifth Dalai Lama as the "Ordinary Wachi Lata Lama Da Lama of Buddhism led by the Great Shan Zizai Buddha in the West".Since then, the title of the living Buddha system of Dalai Lama has been determined, and it has become the title of one of the two major living Buddha systems of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. ** Lama (ta-la-bla-e-ni), one of the two major living Buddha systems of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, is considered to be the incarnation of the Buddha of Infinite Light.In 1645 A.D., Gushri Khan of the Heshuo Tebu of Mongolia bestowed the honorary title of "Panchen Bokeduo" on the fourth Panchen Lama Lobsang Chokyi Gyaltsen.The word "Ban" in the title is the abbreviation of "Banzhida" in Sanskrit, which means a scholar who is proficient in "Five Ming Studies"; the word "Zen" is the abbreviation of "Zenbo" in Tibetan, which means "big" or "master". "; "Bokdo" is Mongolian, meaning "a wise and heroic figure".Since then, Panchen has become the title of this living Buddha system.In 1713 AD, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty conferred the title of "Panchen Erdeni" on the fifth Panchen Lama, Luosang Yixi. "Erdeni" is Manchu, meaning "treasure".Afterwards, the title of Panchen Erdeni was confirmed. Of course, sometimes it is still referred to as "Panchen".The current Panchen Erdeni Living Buddha system has been reincarnated to the 11th.Its base in Xizang is the Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, Tibet.

The appellation of Pabala Living Buddha (vphags-pa-lha) system is named after the famous Shengtian master in the history of Indian Buddhism.Tibetan "(Pabala)" is the free translation of "Holy Heaven".The residence of Pabala Living Buddhas in the past is Jambalin Temple in Qamdo, and the 11th Pabala Living Buddha has now been reincarnated.

The name of the Jamyang Living Buddha system is named after the eminent monk who founded the Labrang Monastery in Gansu.Because this learned and eminent monk became the first Jamyang Living Buddha, his full name is written in Tibetan as "vjam-dbyngs-bzhad-pa", which means "Manjusri", so it is not difficult to understand that Jamyang Living Buddha The system is the incarnation of Manjusri Bodhisattva. Now he is reincarnated to the 6th Jamyang Living Buddha, and his residence is Labrang Monastery.

The name of the Gongtang Living Buddha (gung-thang) system is named after the name of Gongtang Temple.The first Living Buddha Gongtang spent his later years in Gongtang Temple in Tibet, where he began to become a reincarnated Living Buddha. Therefore, there is an inseparable relationship between Living Buddha Gongtang and Gongtang Temple; Please go to Labrang Monastery to reside in tin, so the living Buddhas of Gongtang in the past have lived in Labrang Monastery, not Gongtang Monastery in Tibet.Now he has been reincarnated as the sixth living Buddha Gongtang.

In addition, there are many other living Buddha systems, such as Zhangjia Living Buddha (Zhangjia Hutuktu), Jebtsundamba Living Buddha (Zhebzundamba Hutuktu), Xiarong Gabu Living Buddha, Rezhen Living Buddha ( Reting Hutuktu), Dorje Zha Living Buddha, Xia Ridong Living Buddha, Cemolin Living Buddha, Dimu Living Buddha (Dimu Hutuktu), Situ Living Buddha (Situ of Babang Temple), Jiangyang Qinze Living Buddha, Tuguan Living Buddha (Tuguan Hutuktu), Zhihecang Living Buddha, Zhuocang Jubacang Living Buddha, Zhuocang Manbacang Living Buddha, Wujia Living Buddha, Red Hat Living Buddha and so on.