late Qing Dynasty arrest

As soon as you enter the gate, you are faced with a screen wall, about three feet wide and one foot high, with gates at both corners.The Qianzongguan Hall is divided into the front office and the back house, with the gate, lobby, second hall, and third hall as the central axis, and other buildings are symmetrical from left to right.Officials such as internal and external counselors, scribes, and officials on duty all work here.There are five rooms and seven shelves in the lobby, which are very dignified.

Li Guolou brought his deputy envoy Hongdu, master Fan Dahui, Wei Hanyu, Xu Lan, school officials Cheng Kun, Bateer, Xun Xi, Fan Ye, medical officer Wang Bizhen, adopted son Li Yunkai, and Goshha who accompanied him. A large group of more than 50 people came to the banquet for the disaster of the python.Among the people attending the banquet was Cao Jiqin, a veterinarian who accompanied the army. He had no high-ranking officials here, and the only person who came to play as a friend was Jinshi Zhu Dinghe.Wanniang is a personal servant girl, so she can't be on the stage, so there is no sign of her on this occasion.

The banquet has been properly arranged. There are ten tables of banquets in the West Flower Hall, and several charcoal pots are placed on the ground around them. You have to take off your coat when you enter the door.It was steaming hot, the people from Li Guolou occupied five tables, the people from Datong General Soldier Liu Qiuzheng occupied the second table, and the hostess wife Guanshou General Qianzong Song Qing occupied three tables.

Li Guolou was sitting with Liu Qiuzheng and Song Qing, and when he saw the young Liu Guangcai was about to sit at the table of the Datong officer, he beckoned and said, "Liu Guangcai, come and sit. I'll ask my godson, Xiaoshitou, to accompany you."

After some arrangement, Liu Guangcai, Li Yunkai, Hongdu, Fan Dahui and Zhu Dinghe sat at the main table.

Among them, Hongdu Hongyun took the lead. He used to be a quartermaster at the Dagukou Fort, but he was named by Li Guolou because he was fat all over his body.Along the way, in addition to the exhaustion of the carriages and horses, the accommodation and food were decent, and I did not live on dry food as I imagined.The big pot helmet (dry food) that I carry with me has not been tasted in the carriage until now. Tonight, the table is full of delicacies. Two large copper basins are filled with fragrant and fat pork hooves. A copper basin is filled with curry beef soup. The pungent aroma makes people in the room salivate.

There are many rules in the officialdom of the Qing Dynasty. They must first say a paragraph of official language, starting with wishing the emperor and the empress dowagers of the two palaces a long and healthy life.But there's always an end, and there's no one who decides what to do next, and everyone sits down and drinks and spanks.

The water-milled noodles of Niangziguan include corn flour, bean flour, wheat flour and all kinds of miscellaneous noodles.The food on the banquet is indispensable. It tastes chewy and sweet.

Fan Dahui fulfilled the responsibility of the master, stood up, raised his glass and said: "Everyone, Mr. Li has a shallow drinking capacity and is not strong enough to drink. It is really difficult for me to be bored. I hope you will forgive me. I will accompany you here first, and punish myself. Three cups."

This is Li Guolou's opening remarks every time he goes to a banquet. As for the effect, it is up to the benevolent to see the benevolent and the wise to see the wisdom.

The wine cup was not big, Fan Dahui drank three glasses of wine in a row, just sat down, and hadn't taken a breath yet.Liu Qiuzheng, the bad-spoken general of Datong, raised his glass and said, "Your Majesty Li can drink a lot, and his face won't change after three drinks. Come on! I'm toasting you, my brother. I'm deeply emotional."

What can Li Guolou say if Liu Qiuzheng acts first and respects him?He has a higher official title than him, but he is bored.The custom at this banquet is three cups as a round, which means that Liu Qiuzheng will toast twice.Who told Li Guolou and his party to rest in Niangziguan, and they couldn't even find a reason not to drink, so they were going to lie down at the banquet tonight, and no one would let him go.Just now, Fan Dahui's words had no effect at all, and the people who were supposed to come came forward to toast with Li Guolou one by one.

In the second round of toasting, Li Guolou shied away a bit and said: "The banquet has just begun, drink slowly, don't rush. Liu Zhentai, I am very concerned about the war in the Northwest. Write, I don’t know how the war is going these days?”

Liu Qiuzheng put down his wine glass, his face was as serious as ever, and he said slowly: "It is difficult for the army to move out in winter, Ma Wenlu, the leader of the rebellion, is still rampant in Suzhou, and Xu Zhanbiao, the Chu army, is besieging Dong Zhiyuan due to the difficulty of scheduling in winter, but there has been no progress. Li My lord, Zuo Zongtang is not in Lanzhou, but in Xi'an, and there is chaos around Lanzhou, how dare Zuo Zongtang put Governor Xingyuan there."

As the commander-in-chief of Datong, Liu Qiuzheng had no chance to participate in the suppression of the rebellion. He was full of complaints. He could not speak well of Zuo Zongtang.But who would dislike a lot of credit?Liu Qiuzheng, who used to cooperate with Zuo Zongtang in Shanxi, now calls Zuo Zongtang by his name directly, and doesn't talk about official etiquette at all.

When Li Guolou heard that the Qing army was besieging Dong Zhiyuan, he was very excited. He slapped the table, stood up, and shouted: "Li Ziying soldiers sent Dong Zhiyuan, let those bastards see the power of Li Ziying."

The people at the ten tables were all startled, this is not an envoy who came to escort the military supplies, but a court official who came to grab credit.Fan Dahui, as a teacher, always has to show his attitude. He looked at Li Guolou as if he was not drunk. This daughter's red wine is very low in strength. She should be fine after a few glasses of wine. It says to go to Lanzhou, if we change the destination, I'm afraid we won't be able to pay the job."

"Hey, read the full text of Rebirth: Campus Special Forces! Master Fan is fine! This imperial envoy has the emperor's imperial decree, and I have the right to do things freely, and I have the right to make decisions." Li Guolou has a life-saving talisman, and he carries a secret decree with him. Who dares to mess with him? When the official matter came to the Golden Luan Hall, some people dragged it aside, and at most the Emperor Tongzhi would beat him up again.Taking advantage of his alcoholism, his status was raised several levels, and he became an imperial envoy again.

Everyone suddenly realized that Li Guolou's status was really extraordinary. He was not an escort in the first place, and his identity as an imperial envoy was hidden. No wonder he was so arrogant and domineering.

******

Ma Wenlu, the leader of the Gansu Muslim Uprising Army, whose real name is Ma Si, is a Hui nationality.A native of Hezhou, Gansu.At the beginning, he was a small officer under Suowen, the admiral of Ganzhou (Zhangye) in the Qing Dynasty. In the spring of 1865, Hui uprisings broke out one after another in Shaanxi and Gansu. He led the Hui uprising in Suzhou (Jiuquan).It made Suzhou a base for the Hui uprising, and it was also the most powerful rebel army in Shaanxi-Gansu Hui, with a number of more than [-].

Ma Hualong, a native of Jinjibao in Ningxia, was the leader of another Hui uprising army. He was named Tobitula by name, and Said Shuhaidayi (meaning the leader of the martyrs).In the second year of Tongzhi, troops were raised in Jinji Fort in Ningxia, killing Ningxia Daotai Hou Yundeng, prefect Lu Jishao, magistrate Zhao Changgeng, etc., and occupied Jinji Fort.

Ma Zhenghe occupied the Dong Zhiyuan area to stand on his own, and he was the most powerful army in the Hui Rebellion.

The Hui chaos in the Shaanxi-Gansu region was caused by the chain reaction caused by the Taiping Rebellion. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital in Nanjing in 1853, most of the provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were controlled by the Taiping Army.

In order to raise huge military expenditures to suppress the uprising of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the people of various ethnic groups under its influence, the Qing Dynasty intensified its search for the so-called "perfect areas" that had not been damaged by the war, including the northwest region.

In addition to paying tens of thousands of taels of silver to the capital every month, Shaanxi also needs to assist the provinces with a large amount of military salaries. These burdens all fall on the heads of the people of all ethnic groups in Shaanxi.With the increase of cooperative rates, regular taxes are not enough to supply, and exorbitant and miscellaneous taxes have prospered one after another.Corrupt officials took the opportunity to extort and blackmail, disregarding human life.Under the cruel exploitation and oppression, the people could not make a living, and were forced to gather crowds to fight against officials and food.

Shaanxi is one of the areas where the Muslims are relatively concentrated (mainly distributed in the Jingshui and Weishui basins), with a population of about one million Huis in the province.Hui and Han ethnic groups live together, but they have different religious beliefs and customs, and do not intermarry with each other. In some places, Hui and Han each build a city, and the Hui landlord class governs the local Hui people and implements the local chieftain policy.

Because the Qing army originally stationed in Shaanxi was transferred to other provinces to fight against the Taiping Army and the Nian Army, in order to prevent the rebellion of the Hui people, the Shaanxi authorities ordered the prefectures and counties to vigorously set up regiment training.Zhang Fu, the minister who supervised the training of Shaanxi regiments, was the governor of Jiangxi. He was dismissed and stayed in his post because of his failure to suppress the Taiping Army in Jiujiang. In 1861, he returned to the province to guard the system.

In May 1862, the Taiping Army, which entered Shaanxi, joined forces with the Ministry of Fu Wang Chen Decai and the Nian Army to approach Xi'an.

Lan Chaozhu's uprising army has also entered Hanzhong from Sichuan, shaking the whole of Shaanxi.Shaanxi Governor Ying Qi and regiment training minister Zhang Fu hastily mobilized regiments from all over the country to Nanshan to block the Taiping Army.

The Taiping Army entered Shaanxi. In May of that year, hundreds of Huiyong soldiers in the training regiment of Zhao Quanzhong were trained to be unwilling to fight the Taiping Army. They killed the team leader and took refuge in Qinjia Village outside the city. Posts were distributed everywhere that "Shaanxi does not keep Hui people, God will destroy them".

The Hui people in Huazhou first revolted, and the Hui people on both sides of the Weihe River rushed to respond. Within ten days, the Hui people everywhere changed drastically.Since then, the massive Shaanxi Hui uprising developed rapidly.

In the face of the rapidly developing Hui uprising, Shaanxi civil and military officials headed by the governor Ying Chi "planned to suppress no soldiers" and "had to temporarily appease" and dispatched officials and gentry to various places to appease.When Zhang Fu and others negotiated with the Muslims in Lintong Youfang Street, the Hui people were very angry and took him to Cangtou Town for execution.

The flames of the Hui people's uprising quickly spread across eight hundred miles of Qinchuan, and the uprising team expanded to more than [-].At that time, in addition to Ren Wu, Hong Xing, and He Mingtang, the main leaders of the Hui army in Shaanxi included Ma Zhenghe, Ma Siyuan, Bai Yanhu, Ma Shengyan, Yu Deyan, Yu Yanlu, Sun Yubao, and Erhezhou.Some of them were rich landlords, businessmen, imams and other upper-class elements, and the leadership of the rebel army was in their hands.

The rapid development of the Shaanxi Hui uprising seriously threatened the rule of the Qing Dynasty in the Northwest.The Qing court urgently ordered Jingzhou General Duolong'a to lead his army into Shaanxi. In mid-January 1863, Duolong'a led his troops from Henan to Shaanxi.

At the beginning of September, Duolong'a arrived in Xi'an, used his tricks of appeasement, and sent people to the Hui uprising army to lure Xianhu farm to surrender.Taking advantage of the frequent Hui gentry in Xi'an to appease the leaders of the Hui army, Sun Yubao and others surrendered to the Qing army.

Bai Yanhu, Ma Shengyan, Yu Deyan, and Yu Yanlu led their troops to retreat northwestward to Binzhou via Liquan and Qianzhou.Afterwards, most of the Hui uprising army retreated to Dong Zhiyuan in Longdong.Other Muslim armies also led by He Mingtang and others entered the eastern part of Gansu via Wugong, Meixian, Fengxiang, and Longzhou.Since then, the center of the Shaanxi-Gansu Hui uprising has shifted from Shaanxi to Gansu.

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty exclaimed: "Now Pingliang, Jingning, Longde, and Anding in Gansu, Gongchang, Qinzhou, Fuqiang, and Qingshui in the south of the province, and Ningxia, Pingluo, Lingzhou, and Guyuan in the north of the province, all of them have risen in rebellion. , bees and ants gather together, and it is difficult to grow and grow, stretching for thousands of miles."

Duolong'a planned to use Qin Dulong to suppress the Hui uprising in Gansu.In order to relieve his worries during the Western Expedition, he attempted to quickly capture the Shaanxi Province, which was firmly defended by the Lan Chaozhu Rebel Army. On March 3, Duo Long'a was wounded in the head by the rebel army when he personally commanded the siege, and died soon after.The Qing army lost its commander and could not advance westward with determination.

Between May and June 1864, the Qing Dynasty transferred Yang Yuebin, the admiral of the Fujian Navy, to serve as the Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu to "specialize" against the Gansu Muslim Army.

After the fall of Tianjing in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in July of the same year, the Qing Dynasty transferred the Qing army that suppressed the Taiping Army to the northwest to suppress the Hui uprising army. There are many", and the number of soldiers is 7 or 8.

However, the factions of these commanding generals are different, they act independently, and have different opinions, and they are deeply afraid that they will fight head-on with the Hui army, and victory or defeat is hard to guarantee.

Therefore, although the Qing army captured Guyuan, Yan Tea House, Pingliang and other places occupied by the Hui army, the strength of the rebel army did not suffer a major loss.The Shaanxi and Gansu Hui militias cooperated with each other, adopting the mobile tactics of avoiding the real and tending to the false, and still winning many battles.

The Hui uprising army continued to attack the Qing army, which blocked its literature and newspapers, food and wages were scarce, and the provincial capital Lanzhou was in an isolated position.The ruling power of the Qing Dynasty in Gansu was in a precarious state.

As a result, Yang Yuebin, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, lamented in the memorial: "Now the Hedi thieves are harassing the south, the Pinggu thieves are harassing the east, the Ningling thieves are harassing the north, and the Liangsu thieves are harassing the west. It is almost impossible to suppress them. It is impossible to defend against. If the ministers guard the provincial capital, the hungry army will be trapped; if they go out to suppress the province, the fundamental situation will be shaken. It is really not enough to allocate troops by observing the situation externally and internally.

In November of the same year, Zhang Zongyu, the leader of the Nian Army, led more than 11 Nian Army troops from Henan into Huayin and Weinan in Shaanxi in accordance with the strategic thinking of "advance into Gansu and Shaanxi, and connect Hui people".The Qing court feared that the Hui army would unite with the Nian army, and urgently ordered the Hunan army to aid Shaanxi.

Admiral Liu Songshan commanded the [-]th Battalion of the old Hunan Army to go from Henan, and at the same time moved the Mutushan troops defending the central defenders to Jingzhou at the junction of Gansu and Shaanxi to prevent the twists and turns. Longzhou and Binzhou went eastward, focusing on attacking twisting.

Although the Hui people's army and the Xini army fought independently, they still joined together from time to time, and to a certain extent played a role of strategic cooperation.

In the process of continuous development, the Gansu Muslim Army gradually formed four anti-Qing struggle centers:

One is the uprising area led by Ma Hualong centered on Jinji Fort, including Ningxia Prefecture and Longdong.

One is the Hui, Salar, and Dongxiang uprising areas led by Ma Zhanao and centered on Hezhou.

One is the uprising area centered on Xining led successively by Ma Wenyi, Ma Guiyuan and Ma Benyuan.

One is the uprising area centered on Suzhou led by Ma Wenlu.

Dong Zhiyuan in Longdong was the base of the Shaanxi Muslim Army.

Since Yang Yuebin, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, was helpless in suppressing the uprising of the Hui people in Shaanxi and Gansu, the Qing Dynasty sent Zuo Zongtang, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, to take over as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu.

In January 1867, Zuo Zongtang arrived in Hankou from Fuzhou via Jiangxi, and immediately carried out various preparations. In February, the Qing court appointed Zuo Zongtang as imperial envoy, urging him to go north quickly to supervise military affairs in Shaanxi and Gansu.