young marshal spring and autumn

In the new cabinet, Zhang Hanqing's "Planning Committee" has the most power, not just because he is Zhang's ruling son.

As the name suggests, the "Planning Commission" is a department that integrates the overall planning of the country and conducts overall balance and distribution. At present, when major matters are under public ownership, this committee is actually the center of the country's political and economic operations.However, Zhang Hanqing's tentacles are even bigger. Not only did he arrange in detail the division of national administrative power, but he also made overall arrangements for the national constitution and national defense.

At the beginning of the founding of the Republic of China, it was announced that she was a republic integrating Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan and other ethnic groups. In January 1912, Sun Yat-sen, the interim president of the Republic of China, pointed out in the manifesto that: the foundation of a country lies in the people, and if the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan regions are combined into one country, then the Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan regions are united. The Tibetan ethnic groups are one, which is called national unity.It also gave a quintessential explanation of the declaration of independence by more than a dozen provinces after the Wuchang Uprising: the so-called independence refers to separation from the Qing court, and unity to the provinces. The same is true for Mongolia and Tibet. It is formed in the center, and the latitude and longitude are in the four directions, which is called the unity of the territory.He emphasized that the independence of the provinces does not mean an independent kingdom, but a joint action to get rid of the Qing court, and made special statements on Tibet, Mongolia and other places.The five-color flag used as the national flag at that time symbolized the unity of the five ethnic groups. In May 1, the "Constitution of the Republic of China" was reaffirmed: the territory of the Republic of China follows the territory owned by the former empire, and the people of the Republic of China have no distinctions in race, class, or religion, and are legally equal.

Because the country is still in the period of political training, Zhang Hanqing strongly demanded to amend the constitution, adding "the Republic of China is a democratic republic led by the Chinese People's Party" to the first article of the constitution, and revised the equality of the five ethnic groups to the equality of all ethnic groups in the country, and claimed that this It is the bottom line he can accept.In the case of peace and split, and the People's Army has de facto controlled the country, all parties chose peace as the most important thing and reluctantly agreed to amend this item.

The national flag is one of the symbols of the country.As early as after the Wuchang Uprising, the Provisional Senate of the Republic of China, which was established in Nanjing, caused disputes among representatives of various provinces because of the inconsistency in the military flags used by the revolutionary troops in each province.Among them, Hubei, Hunan, and Jiangxi provinces will use the Iron and Blood Eighteen-Star Banner to represent the eighteen provinces; the Union League in the three provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui will use five-color flags, with red, yellow, blue, white, and black representing Han, Manchu, and Han. The republic of the Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan ethnic groups; the five provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, and Guizhou followed the tradition of the Tongmenghui and used red flags all over the ground under the blue sky and white sun; use.After Yuan Shikai became the provisional president, the Senate decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag, the [-]-star flag as the army flag, the navy flag unchanged, and the commercial flag to be the national flag, which was promulgated by the provisional president Yuan Shikai.Fengjun uses this five-color flag, but there is no distinction between army and navy flags, while Zhang Hanqing uses the five-star red flag of the People's Party as the military flag of the People's Army.Sun Yat-sen's Northern Expedition used red flags all over the ground with blue sky and white sun.

Zhang Hanqing believes that the Republic of China is a big family of the Chinese nation composed of multiple ethnic groups. The five-color flag is the official flag of the former Manchu and Qing Dynasty, the distribution of the five colors represents the five major ethnic groups, the meaning of the distribution of the colors is incorrect, and the arrangement of the five colors violates the equality of the five races. Opposed to the five-color flag, and advocated that the five-star red flag represents the unity of the people of all ethnic groups in the four directions, and it also means that scholars, farmers, industry, and businessmen will all guard the country's big star.This opinion was endorsed by Sun Yat-sen, who was also an important pusher who actively opposed the theory of the five-color flag; of course, the Feng faction and the People's Party faction would not oppose it. They also have no objection. They also replaced the five-color flag with the blue sky and white sun flag when they launched the Beijing coup, but they have some criticisms about replacing it with the five-star red flag.

The national anthem will also be replaced.Originally, "Song of Qing Yun" was ordered by the Beiyang government as the national anthem, but this song has only 4 sentences and 16 characters, which is really "disgraceful to the image of the country". The "Song of Wuhan Military Academy" suggested by Zhang Hanqing is impassioned and embodies the There were still opinions from all parties about the strong and unyielding will of the nation not to fear foreign aggression, but when the military band arranged by Zhang Hanqing finished playing this song, there was a momentary silence.Everyone was moved by the majestic music, and Sun Yat-sen even waved his arms and said: "Good!" This set the tone.

The People's Party leads China and writes it into the constitution, which means that it has achieved an orthodox position and unparalleled advantages in politics.

Because Shenyang was the place where the Qing Dynasty started, Fengtian means "Fengtian Chengyun".Now that it has entered China, Zhang Zuolin changed Fengtian to Shenyang again because it was suspected of "crossing the border", and all Fengjun was renamed the People's Army.The names of the Northeast Road Guard Army and the Northeast Frontier Defense Army were revoked and merged into the Shenyang Military Region.

The People's Army and the original Fengjun had a total of 21 divisions. After the direct army was incorporated, it was reorganized into 4 divisions (designated as the 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 25th divisions), which were assigned to North China, East China, and Central Garrison Among the military regions, the People's Army has truly become a million-strong army with 25 divisions.Because the division of 4 people was too large, under the unified deployment of Zhang Hanqing, Chief of the General Staff of the People's Army, the division was expanded into an army, the brigade was promoted to a division, and the brigade system was abolished in the army.Equipment and logistics are dispatched in a unified manner to become a fully standardized army.

At this time, more than half of the second "Three-Year Plan" has been completed, and the fiscal revenue under the name of the former Northeast Autonomous Government has exceeded 10 billion yuan. The province and the Beijing-Tianjin region also have about 12 billion yuan.During the same period, the Japanese economy fell into a depression after the crisis in 6, and the famous Kanto Earthquake occurred again, which caused a sharp drop in finances that year, so that China's national income reached about 1920% of Japan's in the same period.At the same time, China's pig iron production has exceeded 90 million tons, and steel products have also exceeded 400 million tons, providing sufficient economic and material support for the railway construction.

Under such conditions, Sun Yat-sen devoted himself to the grand plan of building a 10-kilometer railway with great enthusiasm. Through communication with Zhang Hanqing, he conceived a four-vertical and four-horizontal transportation network across China from east to west, north to south:

1 Vertical: The Beijing-Han Railway connects with the Han-Yue Railway at the Wuchang and Hankou sections, becoming the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, which only depends on the construction of the Yangtze River Bridge. Before the construction of the Yangtze River Bridge is completed, it is currently planned to use the train ferry as the connection method;

2 Vertical: Connecting the Jinpu Line and the Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai Railway to become the Beijing-Shanghai Railway also relies on the construction of the Yangtze River Bridge; for the Yangtze River that restricts the Beijing-Guangzhou and Beijing-Shanghai Railways, it is planned to invite American experts to design the Yangtze River Bridge;

3. Vertical: starting from Beijing, passing through Bazhou and Hengshui in Zhili, Liaocheng and Heze in Shandong, Fuyang in Anhui to Jiujiang in Jiangxi, becoming the Xiaojing-Kowloon Railway, and then connecting Nanchang, Ji'an and Ganzhou, entering Longchuan, Dongguan and Shenzhen in Guangdong, Access to Kowloon, Hong Kong, and become the Greater Beijing-Kowloon;

4. Longitudinal: Starting from Beijing, build the Jing-Jia line on the same level as the South-Manchurian Railway, that is, through Huairou, Rehe Chengde, Chifeng, and Tongliao. The north-south line connects Harbin from Da'an. If there is spare capacity, it can directly connect to Jiamusi. Bypassing the South Manchuria Railway controlled by Japan can also enhance Beijing's strategic control over the Northeast.

Line 1: From Xuzhou eastward to Lianyungang, from Luoyang westbound to Xi'an, connected to the completed Xi'an-Baoji section, and then connected to Tianshui and Lanzhou, which became the later Longhai Railway, and then extended from the northwest of Lanzhou to Xinjiang Dihua (now Urumqi), became Lanxin Line;

2 Horizontal: From Jinhua, Zhejiang to Guiyang, Guizhou, passing through Yingtan, Jiangxi, Zhuzhou, Loudi, and Huaihua, Hunan, it becomes the main line Jingui Line that traverses the hinterland of South China;

3rd cross: The so-called "Tianlun" line from Tianjin via Beijing, Zhangyuan (Zhangjiakou), Jiehong, Erlianhot, and directly to Kulun, the capital of Outer Mongolia, has become a strategic communication line for the central control of the north;

4 Horizontal: On the basis of the "Jiaoji Line" connecting Qingdao to Jinan, it extends from Jinan to Dezhou, Hengshui, Shijiazhuang, and to Taiyuan and Yuci in Shanxi, making preparations for the use of Shanxi's rich coal resources in the future.

These 4 vertical and 4 horizontal runs through all directions and multiple provinces in China, and have become a major infrastructure project that has attracted the attention of all parties. Not counting the completed part, the newly built part is about 5000 kilometers long.According to the value of silver dollars in the early years of the Republic of China, about 10 yuan was needed to build a railway per kilometer. According to the standard wide gauge (English gauge, 6mm wide), about 1435 kilograms of steel was needed per meter of length.This project requires a total expenditure of 38 million yuan and 5 tons of steel (the total annual steel output in China at that time in official history was less than 3 tons). Without the industrial and financial foundation laid by the Feng Dynasty, such expenses are unimaginable .In order to realize the economic benefits as soon as possible, the method of operating a section after the completion of a section has been implemented.At the same time, in order to reduce the cost of road construction, the method of road construction by soldiers and engineers was also adopted, and troops were used to participate in road construction.

As the five-year compulsory education was carried out in all provinces controlled by the central government, hundreds of machine tools imported from Germany arrived in Hong Kong one after another, and the construction of the Hanyang Arsenal, the Xi'an Aircraft Manufacturing Factory, the Shenyang Aircraft Manufacturing Factory, and the Harbin Seaplane Manufacturing Factory were expanded. To support so many troops, the financial needs far exceed the income, which is really beyond what they can do.

The international community expressed support for Zhang Zuolin's ruling government, but also called for China's disarmament - a country that is not rich actually has an army of 120 million at this time!Zhang Hanqing also wanted to rest his troops during the rare peace period, but many local forces still remained, and the country had only completed the unification of the situation, but the southwestern provinces were still in the hands of warlords, the Japanese army in the northeast was still waiting to move, and the capital still had Feng and Sun's two armies seemed to be choked up in their throats, and Yan Xishan was still at ease as his native emperor of Shanxi. With all these things, it was not only impossible to cut troops, but also needed to be strengthened.On the one hand, he and Zhang Zuolin inserted Fengtian troops into various key departments of the country. On the other hand, he formed the first chariot (tank) team in Qinhuangdao, and transferred Major Li Zhenyuan, the commander of the first battalion of the Guards Regiment, as the captain. Soon after, he formed the It has China's earliest tank formation consisting of 30 t-20s.