young marshal spring and autumn

The "unified military order" is a necessary policy to establish a centralized government. When the southeastern military is victorious, the call for international disarmament can no longer be ignored.Moreover, after successive battles, all parts of the Central Plains need to recuperate, and maintaining so many troops is indeed powerless in terms of national finances.According to Zhang Hanqing's opinion, the "National Defense Committee" held a meeting of all parties to discuss the issue of disarmament.

At the request of the dominant People's Army Headquarters and the "National Defense Commission," local forces in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou sent representatives to Beijing for talks.

Since the beginning of the Republic of China, Sichuan has experienced Yin Changheng’s supervision of Sichuan, Xiong Kewu’s rebellion against Yuan, Chen Huan Tuchuan, Liu Cunhou’s chaos in Sichuan, Xiong Kewu’s period, the rise of the Intensive Department, Liu Chengxun’s short-term administration, and after the war against thieves, the Beijing government appointed Yang Sen as Sichuan’s military affairs supervisor. , Deng Xihou was the governor of Sichuan, Liu Cunhou was the supervisor of the Sichuan-Shanxi border defense, and Liu Xiang was the supervisor of the Sichuan-Yunnan border defense.Yang Sen was appointed as the Sichuan Military Superintendent, with great power in his hands.As a result, the instant system split into two systems: Liu Xiang's Old Second Army and Yang Sen's New Second Army.Regarding Yang Sen's coming from behind, Liu Xiang remained calm on the surface, but secretly contacted Liu Chengxun, Liu Wenhui, Lai Xinhui, etc. to form an anti-Yang alliance of "three Lius and one Lai", and instigated rebellion against Yang Sen's Wang Yanxu and other ministries.The civil war in Sichuan is inevitable, Zhang Hanqing doesn't care about the chaos in central Sichuan, let it be chaos, he just happens to break it one by one.

After the Guizhou army responded to Sun Yat-sen's crusade against Lu Rongting of the Gui family, the Qian army returned to Yuan Zuming.After Yuan became the commander-in-chief of the Qian Army, he organized the Qian Army into 6 divisions.How can you bear to abandon the troops that have been expanded with great difficulty?It's just that the "Disarmament Commission" headed by Zhang Zuoxiang had unquestionable perseverance. Yuan Zuming had to swallow his saliva, but said that he had a small number of people and had to wait for the People's Army to disband first.

The predecessor of the Yunnan Army was the Yunnan New Army in the late Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing government set up two new army towns in Yunnan to guard the frontier and strengthen the rule, but unexpectedly they were overthrown by the new army.Later, under the leadership of General Cai E, the Dian Army took the lead in opposing Yuan Shikai's proclaiming emperor, fired the first shot in the War to Protect the Nation, and became famous all over the country for a while, achieving the earliest glory of the Dian Army.When Tang Jiyao took office as the governor of Yunnan, the Yunnan Army expanded from an army with only two divisions to three armies in a short period of time, with a number of about 10 people. The army was enriched with advanced military theory and technology and excellent military leaders.At that time, 80% of the backbone commanders of the Yunnan Army came from the Yunnan Lecture Hall. The significance of the Lecture Hall to the Yunnan Army is no less than that of the Whampoa Military Academy to the Kuomintang army.

After Tang Jiyao took office as the governor of Yunnan, he reorganized the army and managed the military. In the name of running a training regiment, he defrauded a lot of weapons and equipment from the Beiyang warlords (before the War to Protect the Nation).In addition, he also sent people around to purchase a lot of weapons from Germany, Japan, and France (French weapons were mainly transported to Yunnan from the then French colony of Vietnam). .

After Tang Jiyao took office, he also did a lot of things in administrative management, such as establishing a copper company in Huize, implementing unified management of the mining industry in the whole province, encouraging commercial activities, and so on.These measures effectively guaranteed the province's fiscal revenue and became an important economic support for the subsequent war to protect the country.Under such a situation, if they are unified in the central government, Tang will undoubtedly be unhappy for many years of painstaking efforts to make wedding clothes for others.

For the Guangxi faction, Li Zongren's Dinggui Army and Huang Shaohong's Guangxi Behavior Fighting Army once jointly formed the Dinggui Fighting Thieves Allied Forces, which defeated Lu Rongting and Shen Hongying's troops successively, ending the rule of the old Gui Clan warlords.The Gui army was later reorganized into the 1st and 2nd armies of the Guangxi Army. Li served as the supervisor of the Guangxi Appeasement Office and the commander of the 1st army, Huang served as the office and the commander of the 2nd army, and Bai Chongxi served as the chief of staff of the office.This army has a total of 12 columns, 1 independent brigade and 1 detachment, with about 3 people.

Although there are few soldiers, Guangxi soldiers are the most capable of fighting among the southern provinces. There is a saying that describes it well: "The Guizhou army has two sheep, and the Hunan army is a wolf; the Guangxi monkey is the Guangxi army, as fierce as a tiger and as evil as a wolf!" "The reason is that Guangxi is located in a corner of the border, and its economy and culture have been relatively backward since ancient times.After Qin Shihuang annexed the six countries, he sent troops to Baiyue. The Qin army fought hard for three years, but made no progress, forcing the first emperor to use all his national power to dig the Lingqu, and then conquered this "wild land".Due to being far away from the center of the empire, Guangxi became a place of exile. Coupled with the wars between dynasties and Vietnam, Guangxi's folk customs of being brave, ruthless, and strong were bred.In modern times, Guangxi soldiers gradually showed strong combat effectiveness: Hong Xiuquan initially relied on a "militia" composed of more than 2 men, women and children to sweep through China's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and fought all the way from Jintian, Guangxi to Nanjing, Jiangsu, almost overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty.But in the end, the "old brothers" in Guangxi were exhausted, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom also came to its final defeat.In the official history of World War II, even the famous American general Stilwell admitted that "Guangxi soldiers are the best soldiers in the world."

Regarding the central disarmament, everyone has the same mentality: the People's Army has 100 million people, and the newly recruited Yan, Feng, Sun, Lu and other ministries have a total of about 20 people and about 8 so-called "reserve troops" .If we want to disarm, we must first start with the disarmament of the people's army.The Disarmament Commission headed by Zhang Zuoxiang only requires proportional cuts. According to the plan, it will cut troops by 30% in the first period.The cropped military horses from all walks of life will be uniformly paid by the state. Of course, the provincial finances are no longer allowed to have military-related expenditures.

Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi first expressed their agreement: the People's Army will cut down 9 armies with a total of 36 people in proportion, which has clearly expressed the sincerity of the central government.The economy of their three provinces is not developed, especially the two provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan each have about 10 troops. This is a remote area, and the defense of the province is more than enough. I have long wanted to build an elite army and increase the proportion of artillery and other modern weapons in the army.The saved military expenses just fulfilled this wish, and the reduction of thousands of people has no major impact on the Gui army, which is at a numerical disadvantage of the South China People's Army.Chuan Governor Yang Sen also wanted to use this opportunity to cut off the strength of his political opponents, so he promised the Sichuan Army to cut 5 troops.

How could Zhang Zuoxiang and Zhang Hanqing not know their little thoughts?However, they had already made up their minds about disarmament, so amid the praise of the whole country, the People's Army started a major disarmament of 36 people in advance.

Zhang Hanqing would not be so stupid as to destroy the Great Wall himself. He first asked the "National Defense Commission" to pass the "Regulations on the Responsibilities of the Armed Police in Peacetime", which endowed the Armed Police Force with the right to garrison troops and security responsibilities in various provinces, so that the reduced officers and soldiers from all over the country could be incorporated into the Armed Police Force. under the name.This method made Beijing, Tianjin, Zhili (Hebei), Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Shandong under the control of the People's Army, plus the newly advanced Shanxi, Zhejiang, and Fujian Communists. 15 provinces and municipalities accommodate 15 non-staff personnel.

After entering Xinjiang, the Northwest People's Army, together with the "Xinjiang Construction Corps" established earlier, was reorganized into a larger team entering Xinjiang to strengthen the country's control of the Northwest and to raise troops with soldiers.Different from a few years ago, the "Construction Corps" at this time had already controlled various places and major cities in Xinjiang, and successively built more than a dozen new Corps cities in northern and southern Xinjiang, such as Shihezi (later the second largest city in Xinjiang) ), Wujiaqu City, Alar, etc.For the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway under construction, a "Railway Corps" was set up to manage the construction with soldiers. This method absorbed a total of more than 10 redundant people.

The same approach was also applied to the Northeast.Zhang Hanqing established the "Northern Great Wilderness Construction Corps" to go deep into the northernmost tip of the Northeast and the Heilongjiang River Basin, and placed 2 people from two armies there. They can cultivate land in peacetime, and can quickly chemical industry and turn agriculture into soldiers in wartime to support the war situation in Northeast China---- He still regards Japan as the biggest imaginary enemy in his heart, and the four permanent armies stationed in the Northeast have not moved at all.

Mongolia has also formed a construction corps, but its main force is the Mongolian and Han people in Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe and other places.After the restrictions on the immigrant population in the interior were lifted, no less than [-] people flooded into this vast and sparsely populated northern barrier to reclaim wasteland and mine within a year.What the central government has done is to organize these people into major state-run farms and mines for organized production.

The rest were incorporated into the Bohai Fleet, Yangtze River Fleet, and South China Fleet as marine brigades to enrich the naval force.The other part was compiled into 4 aviation regiments, which were under the jurisdiction of the newly established aviation brigade (commanded by Liu Zuocheng).

In a word, these 36 people are quite a lot, but they are transferred from the army to the police or to armed forces, and they do not account for the national defense establishment.

然而其后张汉卿仍觉国家兵力太少，不能适应局势的需要，另组建了直属国防委员会的5个炮兵团，计划配备新生产的作为军级主战火力的105mm榴弹炮。后来这些炮兵团先后装备人民军/奉军精锐部队第1、4、27、28、29各军----后称野战军。

After expansion and integration, the Hanyang and Dezhou arsenals can already produce the 75mm mountain guns (a type of light howitzer) for the People’s Army as military-level support firepower. In addition, the Shenyang arsenal, which has received a lot of attention, has the ability to produce 30 such cannons per month. In this way, 10 artillery regiments can be equipped every year.In order to improve the division-level firepower, Zhang Hanqing organized the newly formed artillery regiments into the above-mentioned army division-level headquarters directly under the jurisdiction, forming a firepower network of army-level howitzers and division-level mountain artillery, which expanded the five armies to more than 5 people , with 4 cannons of various types, 5 small cannons (all armies are equipped with 144 machine guns and 324 mortars), 162 heavy machine guns, and 162 light machine guns. A standard division of 162 people and 729 cannons is not inferior.

5个野战军均部署在沿津浦线/京奉线（后称京沈线）一带（南京军区2个、华北济南1个、中央卫戍军区1个、沈阳军区1个，成为真正的机动兵力，拱卫着作为中华民国重要的工业、经济支柱的环渤海和长江流域的安全。

Therefore, comparing the strength gap between the People's Army and local warlords, it has not decreased but greatly expanded.Following the completion of the unified military order, the unified government order was also brought to the meeting hall.In line with the principle of separation of the military and the government, the governors of the provinces (the reputation of the governor of the Republic of China was stigmatized and changed to a new name) should no longer be civil affairs.This move is the most vicious. If you don't listen, the central government can justifiably send troops to crusade; if you obey, you will have pay but no soldiers.In order to prevent warlord provinces from arranging their own cronies to control the political situation, the provincial chairmen are elected by representatives of public opinion in each province and appointed by the central government.The People's Party successively established provincial party headquarters in Shanxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang, and gradually controlled public opinion and trade unions in each province, forming a huge force.