young marshal spring and autumn

After settling in Mongolia, Zhang Hanqing formed the "Anding Northwest Army", referred to as "Anxi Army" for short, and served as the commander-in-chief himself, in the name of crusade against Zhang Guangjian and stabilizing the Northwest.He asked Han Linchun, Song Jiuling, and Qi Enming, two independent brigades of the 1st Division stationed on the front line of Dandong in Fengtian, to be the main force of the "Anxi Army".On November 11, the two-way army oath was held from the Wengjin River Valley in Mongolia.

Han Linchun is the first brave general in Fengjun, he is resourceful without sticking to trifles.He proposed to adopt "quick battle and quick decision" in strategy and "violent attack and hard attack" in tactics. The operational requirement is to "annihilate the main force of the enemy army" and the operational purpose is to "strive for all victories".

In order to make noise in the army, Zhang Hanqing oil-printed thousands of copies of "Letter to Generals and Soldiers in the Northwest". I lead a hundred thousand soldiers, and I am invincible. Now I see Shuofang in the palm of my hand, take Longban as a pouch, throw whips at the Yellow River, and I can cross the day, drink horses and Qinghai, and it will not be far away." Fengjun Han Linchun's whole division is the left army. , Attacked Yinchuan via Alxa League.Gather 2 cavalry regiments of Zhang Chengde's cavalry brigade from the "Anmeng Army", together with the Fengjun Song Jiuling Independent Brigade and Qi Enming Independent Brigade, about 2 people are the right-hand army, with Guo Songling as the commander-in-chief, living along Yanhai Attack Suzhou and Ganzhou via the Ruoshui River as a feint attack.Zhang Hanqing moved with the left army.

There is a reason for choosing the northwest direction as the breakthrough.

Before the Zhiwan War, the Anhui Clan owned Northern Zhili (Beijing, Tianjin, Rehe, Chahar), Shandong, Shanghai, Anhui, Shaanxi, Fujian, etc., and took advantage of the orthodoxy of the Central Committee. The central government is the enemy, and the strength is not enough.Therefore, going north to Hulunbeier is a good strategy. Solving the Mongolian issue is a move that wins the hearts of the people, but it has no significant effect on strengthening the strength.It wasn't until the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government took the "May [-]th Movement" as an opportunity to connect Kerehe and Chahar that Fengjun's strength was strengthened in the north, but it had not yet formed an overwhelming advantage over other faction warlords.

At this time, the Zhili was preparing for a thunderous blow to the Anhui: Zhili, Suiyuan, and the three governors of the Yangtze River, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Hubei, were brewing a huge war.As a person who has experienced it, Zhang Hanqing clearly knew that the Zhiwan War next year was inevitable, and then the first Zhifeng War in 1922 ended with the defeat of the Fengjun.Although the Feng faction made a comeback in 1924 and won in one fell swoop, they missed a good opportunity after all. At this time, the National Revolutionary Army in the South had already grown, and finally succeeded in the Northern Expedition. Then there was a new round of melee, which allowed Japan to take advantage of the opportunity.

How can we maximize the interests of the Feng family in this round of battle?Zhang Hanqing agreed on the follow-up strategy long before sending troops to Outer Mongolia: the main force of the Feng army bypassed Mongolia, took advantage of the great opportunity when the central and local governments were unable to take care of the northwest, decisively took Gansu, the hinterland of the northwest, and waited for the opportunity to spy on Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Xinjiang.

In history, after the Zhiwan War, Shaanxi was annexed by the Zhijun Feng Yuxiang, and later achieved the glory of Feng's "Northwest Army".And Sichuan, always known as the "Land of Abundance", is the barrier of the Southwest.Xinjiang has a vast territory, and during the civil war, it was the strategic rear.These three places are all good places to support war by fighting. As long as any one is captured, there is basically no need for the Northeast United Provincial Autonomous Government to travel thousands of miles for logistical supplies.Moreover, Zhang Zuolin used his troops in the northwest, no matter how bad Zhang Zuolin was, he would not dare to fight on two fronts and go out of the pass to be the failure of the first direct war.

In the early days of the Republic of China, Gansu was the Great Gansu, and it was not until 1928 that it was divided into the present three provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. In 1919, Zhang Guangjian, the governor of Gansu, had always supported the Anhui faction. In 1914, Zhang Guangjian was appointed by Yuan Shikai, with Yuan's support, and brought a mixed brigade of the Beiyang Army. He served as the governor and civil affairs chief of Gansu, supervising the military and political power in Gansu.He tightened the rule of the warlords and spared no effort for Yuan Shikai to control the Northwest and plot to restore the monarchy. He was awarded the first-class viscount on December 1, 1915 for his meritorious service in persuading him to advance. After Yuan Shikai's death in 12, the Anhui faction took control of the Beijing regime, and Duan Qirui, who was close to the Anhui faction with his hometown friendship, has been able to stay in office until now.

Lanzhou was the base of successive central governments to rule the Northwest. The previous governors of Gansu generally obeyed the central government and stayed out of the melee of warlords.Therefore, when the Anhui Clan was in power, Zhang Guangjian was considered a member of the Anhui Clan, and when the Zhili Clan was in power, his successor Lu Hongtao was considered a member of the Anhui Clan.

There is a theory of "three horses" in the northwest direction, but in the usual sense, these "three horses" are the new "three horses", which were later occupied by Ma Bufang in Qinghai, Ma Hongkui in Ningxia, and Ma Hongbin in Gansu.In 1919, there were also old "three horses", namely the three families of Ma Anliang, Ma Qianling and Ma Haiyan.In the early years of the Republic of China, among the eight towns in Gansu, the "three horses" once occupied the fourth place: Ma Tingyi from Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu), Ma Lin from Ganzhou (now Zhangye, Gansu), Ma Qi from Xining, and Ma Hongbin from Yinchuan.As well as Zhang Zhaojia of Pingliang (now Pingliang, Gansu) controlled by the government of the Republic of China, Kong Fanjin of Tianshui (now Tianshui, Gansu), Pei Jianzhun of Hezhou (now Linxia, ​​Gansu), and Wu Tongren of Suzhou (now Jiuquan, Gansu).

When Yuan Shikai was president, Ma Anliang was the admiral of Gansu, Ma Qi was the commander-in-chief of Xining, Ma Lin was the commander-in-chief of Liangzhou (later transferred to be the guardian envoy of Ganzhou, and Ma Tingyu was the guardian envoy of Liangzhou), Ma Zhankui was the commander of the Zhongying Association, and Ma Guoren was the commander-in-chief of the Central Battalion. Qinzhou General Soldier, Ma Fuxiang was Ningxia General Soldier (soon, changed to Ningxia Army Guard).At this time, Hui people accounted for five of the eight towns in Gansu, and they were hereditary.By the time of the Beiyang government, only the four towns of Ganzhou, Liangzhou, Xining and Ningxia remained.

The so-called protector envoys refers to special cases in some special areas where the administration is managed by the province and the military is under the central control. The military leaders in these areas are called protector envoys, and their rank is between the warlord and the guardian envoy.

Ma Fuxiang's father, Ma Qianling, was called "Lianghui" by Zuo Zongtang for persuading Ma Zhanao (Ma Qianling's niece-in-law of the same clan) to surrender to the Qing Dynasty during the Tongzhi Muslim uprising.This is why Ma Hongkui later boasted that his family "is not a rebellious Huihui".Yuan Shikai's government appointed Ma Fuxiang as the commander-in-chief of Ningxia Town. Ningxia benefited from the irrigation of the Yellow River and was known as "the south of the Yangtze River".Not long after taking office, he became brothers with different surnames with Chang Lian, the general of Ningxia Manying, and Tawang Zabu, the prince of Zasak in Alxa Banner.Ma Fuxiang served as the envoy of the Ningxia Army Guard, and also controlled the three banners of Lashan, Wushen and Etuoke, and was awarded the rank of lieutenant general.He took his nephew Ma Hongbin as the commander of the Gansu New Army (administrating the 2500th Battalion), and his son Ma Hongkui as the commander of the 5th Mixed Brigade, which actually determined Ningxia as the territory of Ma Fuxiang's clique.

After Ma Zhanao surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, the editorial office was Mabu Sanying Banner in Zhennan.The foundation was laid for the group's armed forces.After two generations of management by Ma Zhanao and Ma Anliang, the father and son developed and expanded, and passed on to their grandsons Ma Tingyi and Ma Tingxian. Their armed forces basically controlled Hezhou (now Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province) and Liangzhou (now Wuwei District, Gansu Province).And it has developed to Lanzhou, Tianshui area, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Tibetan areas, Shanxi and other places.At that time, Ma Tingyi was the strongest: as the commander-in-chief of Liangzhou Town, he had a team of 5000 infantry and 1000 cavalry with a total of 24 battalion flags-the elite army (commonly known as the Western Army).His father, Ma Anliang, was the commander of the Gansu elite army and the admiral of Gansu.At the beginning of the Republic of China, he served as the head of the Gansu branch of the Chinese Kuomintang and the rank of general of the army. On December 1915, 12, he was named a first-class baron.He used the Western Army as his capital, supported his own strength, manipulated the provincial government of Gansu Province, and became the "Supreme Emperor" of Gansu Province in the early Republic of China.

Ma Haiyan's son, Ma Qi, formed the "Ning Navy" after the Revolution of [-]. Finally, he split from Ma Anliang's elite Western Army and became the "Ning Navy".He and his sons Ma Buqing and Ma Bufang controlled Qinghai for more than [-] years.

In terms of religious awareness, although the three schools are all Islamic, they have different sects.Generally speaking, when Ma Zhanao and his son were in power, they generally held a balanced attitude towards the new and old religions, controlled the various eunuchs in Hezhou under their own influence, and excluded foreign sects of eunuchs from preaching in Hezhou.Ma Qianling and his descendants are under the eunuchs of Bijiachang, and tend to be old teachers.The descendants of Ma Haiyan later obeyed and supported Protestantism.

On the same day, Zhang Guangjian, the governor of Gansu, ordered the four counties in Hexi to stand by and wait for help, and mobilized the whole province to prepare for the establishment of a "provincial protection army".At the same time, the Ministry of Ma Hongkui and the Ministry of Ma Lin were ordered to provide emergency support.