Travel through the Qing Dynasty and become emperor

Chapter 100 Five-Year Plan (1)
In December of the 12th year of Guangxu, at the request of Guan Xuqing, the cabinet headed by Prince Gong handed over the "Five Years of Zou Yizheng for Overall Planning". Appeared systematically, for the first time.Therefore, historians of later generations also regarded this memorial involving politics, economy, military affairs, culture and other fields as the initial document of "Guangxu Reform", although it can only be counted as a five-year plan.From this year onwards, China officially entered the "Guangxu New Deal" period.

Therefore, in the first five-year plan, in addition to the implementation of six-year compulsory education, like the 13th year of Guangxu next year, the provinces that accept six-year compulsory education will expand to nine provinces, namely: Vietnam, Vietnam, Myanmar, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi , Jilin and Heilongjiang, as well as reducing the adult illiteracy rate.This Guan Xuqing intends to implement it close to the graduates of Tsinghua University in a few years, and take the opportunity to expand the mass base and influence of Tsinghua University.

Guan Xuqing's plan is to increase the literacy rate to 30% within five years and complete the popularization of basic compulsory education in all provinces of the country.For this reason, he even insisted on increasing the proportion of education funds in the national fiscal expenditure to more than 20%, and he insisted no matter what happens.Education expenditures cannot fall below this ratio.

The local provincial, government, and county finances must also strictly follow this ratio, and the Ministry of Officials will include the promotion of education in the scope of evaluation of officials.Education is the foundation.I believe that this will never become obsolete no matter which dynasty, but after batch after batch of college students from Tsinghua University graduated, they were planted like spring seeds in various provinces, hoping that they would bloom everywhere in the future.Only with the improvement of the national quality can the country have inexhaustible talents.

In terms of increasing investment in education, Guan Xuqing also thought of some methods for later generations.Such as the establishment of non-compulsory education cost sharing mechanism and loan mechanism; restructuring of tax categories, collection of education tax; issuance of educational lottery; development of various types of private schools and private schools.What Guan Xuqing intends to adopt is the first and fourth.Of course, this is not to say that the second and third measures are bad.

The collection of education taxes has long existed in the West. For example, 28 states in the United States have set up education taxes with 12 types of taxes, and several sources for many.This is not only conducive to the full collection of education fees, but also conducive to the steady growth of education funds year by year.But in China.Under the influence of thousands of years of private ownership culture, the common people do not have a high understanding of taxation. In their view, a benevolent king is one who pays lightly and pays lightly.

Those who impose heavy taxes are tyrants, and it will not take a day or two to change the misunderstanding of tax land.In China, it is necessary to maintain national cohesion.

The ruler's personal prestige is a very important thing, especially when the people have begun to wake up, Guan Xuqing does not intend to destroy the hard-won image that has been rebuilt for the sake of education tax.

In the same way, the issuance of educational lottery tickets may only be a reflection in the mirror and a moon in the water for the time being.Although under the background of insufficient investment in education and great financial pressure in the whole country, issuing educational lottery is a feasible investment channel.

像后世英国每周彩票售额已达1亿英磅，美国仅德克萨斯州的年彩票销售就达到32亿美元。美国有13个州部分或全部把彩票收入投入到教育中。加利弗尼亚1美元的彩票就有34分用于教育。发行专门地教育彩票。能更好地吸收利用社会闲散资金。发展教育事业。是远比那种希望工程要好的多。

Therefore, Guan Xuqing can only pin his hope of expanding education investment on the other two measures. Fortunately, these two measures are very suitable for China's national conditions.

The establishment of a non-compulsory education cost-sharing mechanism and a loan mechanism means that the state puts the main investment in compulsory education, and non-compulsory education, under the condition that the state bears a certain amount of training costs, follows the principle of "who benefits, who bears" and cost sharing. charge in principle.

Considering the high cost of higher education, ensuring the principle of equal educational opportunities and the actual affordability of the common people, Guan Xuqing finally set the tuition and miscellaneous fees of universities within the range of 5% to 65% of the total cost of training a student.

For those with special difficulties, the state has established a diversified funding system such as student loans and scholarships to ensure that talented but poor students can successfully complete their studies.This is exactly the international practice.For example, the United States implements "tuition fee discounts" to provide educational assistance to those students who cannot afford full educational expenses.

Since 1989, Australia has officially implemented the "Higher Education Contribution Program" student funding policy and Australian study grants.

In addition to increasing investment in education, education planning is also the top priority of this five-year plan.

First, there is the issue of determining the allocation of educational funds.Generally speaking, changes in the allocation of international education funds are in line with changes in economic and educational development.Countries with low levels of economic and educational development focus on compulsory education (generally referring to primary education and the junior high school stage of secondary education).

With the development of the economy, the development of secondary and higher education is gradually shifted, and the allocation of education funds is also adjusted accordingly.Zeng Manchao pointed out in "Research on Educational Costs in Developing Countries": "Public funds for primary education in developing countries account for half of the total funds, and secondary education accounts for 1/3 and 1/5. This distribution of public education funds is the key to stabilizing national investment. It is mainly used to popularize compulsory education, the annual compulsory education accounts for 59% of the total funds, and to open private schools. It is realized by gathering private financial resources. This is not without reference significance for China, which is short of all education funds and pursues a "catch-up strategy".

Since taking office, Guan Xuqing's investment in education has mainly focused on building universities.This kind of "elite education" is inseparable from Guan Xuqing's desire to quickly gather a group of useful talents to carry out socio-economic and political reforms.

However, Yung Wing, who was reused by Guan Xuqing, was very disapproving of such an education policy. In his opinion, this may quickly transform some educated people into new talents, but without basic education, it is tantamount to cutting off the source of these talents. .This is tantamount to counteracting the growth of seedlings, and in the end it will not be worth the candle.

Therefore, under his auspices, the education plan put forward by the Ministry of Rites listed the six-year compulsory education as the "top priority" of education funding.

Educational funds should be tilted toward compulsory education.Further strengthen the responsibility and behavior in terms of the burden of compulsory education funds.The Ministry of Household Finance should increase support for compulsory education in rural areas.It is necessary to increase the proportion of compulsory education in the total education expenditure, but also to increase the average level of funding for students.

Finally, this plan stipulates that primary education accounts for about 70% of the total education funding, and funding for non-compulsory education.Gradually establish a mechanism for reasonable sharing among society, families and individuals.Higher education expands the sharing of education costs by students and parents, and increases the proportion of self-financing in colleges and universities.

If the first item comes from Guan Xuqing's original wish to attach importance to education, and cabinet officials who are proficient in Confucianism can accept it, the second item is undoubtedly military planning.

Since the seven years of Guangxu, military investment has accounted for more than 50% of the fiscal revenue of the Qing Dynasty. This is rare in any country in the world. this ratio.There is also the current precarious international situation.

The cabinet ministers under Guan Xuqing have different personalities and morals, and selfishness is not ruled out, but in terms of ability, they can be said to be a temporary choice, especially when dealing with foreign powers.All experienced.

Now Britain, France, and Russia have been completely offended, although they have taken advantage of it in the short term.But it's really hard to say what will happen in the future. Germany and the United States can be relied on, an army that is invincible in the world.However, it is trapped by the heroes of Europe, and it is still unable to extend its tentacles to the distant Far East, while the other has the world's number one industrial strength, but has no matching military strength.Also can't help at critical times.So only when you are strong, you can be proud of the world.

Therefore, the military planning can be said to be the most detailed in this memorial.

The first is to add another 100 million reserve soldiers in addition to retaining the current 100 million regular professional soldiers.Domestic males aged 18 to 20 will serve in the military for a period of two years.Those who are particularly outstanding can turn into professional soldiers. This reserve army is responsible for the second-line defense of most cities in the inland.For a country as deep as the Qing Dynasty, it should be relatively stable if there are two lines of defense.

(End of this chapter)