Travel through the Qing Dynasty and become emperor

Chapter 880 Three Trials of Fu Sinian

Fu Sinian nodded, thought for about half a minute, cleared his voice, and began to say: "Traditional Chinese Confucianism believes that 'the people are the foundation of the state', and whether the people's support and support are the basis for the stability of the dynasty's rule. However, the basis of the legitimacy of the political power of the dynasty lies in the "sovereignty granted by God", which is clearly different from the "sovereignty of the people" insisted on by the creators of the ancient Athenian democracy. In addition, the ancient Athenians insisted on It believes that: political power is public, and all citizens enjoy political rights equally; sovereignty is limited and must be restricted; while ancient Confucianism believes that: people are different, sovereignty is unlimited, and sovereignty is a private privilege. But in political power In terms of reliance on public support and other aspects, the two civilizations also have coincidences and tones in a certain sense.”

Speaking of this, Fu Sinian looked up at the emperor's expression and saw that the emperor was calm and didn't seem to be angry at all, so he became more courageous and continued: "Sovereignty means the king's right to rule. Sovereignty declines, and the law hurts the evil door". Therefore, the view of "destiny" formed since the beginning of Zhou Dynasty can be regarded as a kind of thought of "sovereignty lies in heaven", that is, the king's power comes from "destiny", but in the early Zhou Dynasty thinkers In their minds, monarchy actually comes from the support of public opinion, because the king must be supervised by the people's hearts, and only the king can win the world if he wins the hearts of the people with virtue. However, in the practice of democracy in ancient Athens, the city-state's "sovereignty" 'It is a kind of public power, a supreme power that independently handles internal and external affairs on behalf of the interests of all citizens. Perhaps when the form of council was created in the Age of Agamemnon, it had already conceived power as a kind of public power. The concept of power. It is precisely because of the concept of "public power" that the ancient Athenians were able to invent the system of electing consuls by universal suffrage. This should be a major breakthrough in the history of human political civilization Solon's transformation made this civilization standardized and institutionalized. The publicization of political power was a unique phenomenon in a specific region under the specific historical conditions of ancient Greece. It was determined by the specific way of life of that specific ethnic group. She is a human A special case in the history of civilization. Because the ancient civilizations except ancient Greece, with few exceptions, regarded political power as a kind of hereditary private power."

"The reason why the ancient sages of China and Athens realized that there is a relationship of support and support between political power and public opinion, but the Athenians created the direct expression of public opinion such as universal suffrage, while the Chinese can only The most profound reason for the political ideal of "selecting the best and judging the best" is that the Chinese insist on "there are differences between people", while the Athenians regard people as equal individuals with no difference. In fact, In the Athenian society before Solon’s reformation, there were also hereditary privileges of the nobility. When Solon abolished the hereditary privileges, he had to replace the hereditary inequality of the nobility with the social inequality of legal property qualifications.

Solon divided the Athenians into four grades based on the size of the legal property of the Athenians: "five hundred buckets", "knights", "double bulls" and "poors". Only the Athenians above the "knights" , have the qualifications to be elected as members of the council, so the Athenians are unequal in the right to be elected, and they are suspected of gold power politics.But at the same time, Solon discovered an extremely far-reaching political concept, that is, the concept of "citizenship".Citizenship is the political identity of the free people of Athens. Regardless of the amount of property, as long as they meet the conditions of the free people of Athens, they have the right to vote politically and have the right to express their political will by voting at the Citizens' Assembly and decide The major issues of the city-state that concern their vital interests.And it is in this sense that the "sovereignty" of the city-state of Athens manifests itself in the implementation of sovereignty by the citizens of Athens.Therefore, the political sovereignty of Athens can also be interpreted by the people as: every citizen of Athens has the sovereignty of the city-state equally.

"In the perspective of traditional Chinese Confucianism, people are inferior people. In terms of their talents, there is a difference between 'virtuous and disdainful'. Therefore, "The Doctrine of the Mean" says that "the honest man is the way of heaven; People, the way of man', because of the difference between 'self-sincerity' and 'self-sincerity' in life, 'self-sincerity is called nature; self-sincerity is called teaching'. This kind of 'sincerity' and 'sincerity' The difference between a sage and a gentleman is the difference between a sage and a gentleman, and the sage is the natural ruler of the society. The ideal social politics should hand over the ruling power of the society to the sage, and let the sage rule and govern the country. It is in Under the control of this concept, they put forward the political principle of "students who are good at learning, and officials who are good at learning", and advocated that those "students who are good at learning" and gentlemen should manage the country and implement "literati rule". After the Sui and Tang dynasties The imperial examination system in China was developed on the basis of this well-known principle of Confucianism."

In front of the emperor and the ministers, Fu Sinian articulated his understanding of the Chinese and Western regimes, leaving everyone dumbfounded!

Guan Xuqing didn't expect the other party to have such knowledge, and he was stunned for a moment, but he knew that such a person is only open, and if he doesn't teach him well, he will hardly become a master in the future.Immediately sneered and said: "What you said is not bad, but it didn't hit the point. I will ask you another question at the end to see if you can answer it. You should also be familiar with classics and history. I will ask you what is in the "Four Books and Five Classics" How many 'Yangyang'?"

Just now Fu Sinian was satisfied with his answer, when he heard that the emperor had another problem, Gu Lu was stunned for a while. Although the question was tricky, it was not out of the scope of the exam. Saying "I don't know" is definitely not enough, so I had to search my guts. He pondered and replied: "There is a chapter of "Shi Zhi" that is foreign to me; there is a chapter of "The Doctrine of the Mean·Ghosts and Gods" that is foreign to it; there is a chapter that is foreign to "The Mean of the Mean·Da Zai"" He hesitated and stopped.

"Is there still 'Yangyang'?"

Fu Sinian was sweating profusely and couldn't say anything.

Guan Xuqing smiled lightly, and said: "It's hard for you, and there is another one that just happens to be 'less is more eloquent!'"

At this time, Li Hongzao had already found Fu Sinian's ink scroll. Guan Xuqing saw that it was a pair of thin gold characters, straight and steep, but the strokes concealed the strength of the front, so he couldn't help laughing: "The lack of energy in the middle must be shaped on the outside, it can be said that the characters are like the person." "Looking at it again, he asked: "Fu Sinian, I ask you what is the 'Zhong Weng' in your paper that is like the Wuli Tomb Road like Zhong Weng?"

Fu Sinian thought he was very talented, but he was discouraged by the emperor's test in person, and hurriedly said: "'Zhong Weng' is the stone statue standing on both sides of the tomb passage."

Guan Xuqing burst out laughing, and said, "Do you know that it's called 'Weng Zhong' and not 'Zhong Weng'?" As he spoke, Li Hongzao got close to Fu Sinian's paper and took a closer look. Write: How does Weng Zhong become Zhong Weng?Erzhi's article owes my husband work.Now he is not allowed to be Lin Han, and he will be sent to Shanxi as a punishment!
After finishing writing, he got up and stretched, and said to Zaifeng: "I'm gone, you guys have to take care of it for a few days, then hand over the sign and talk."

The two sent the emperor away, and immediately returned to the Supreme Court. Zaifeng said to the examiners with a cold face: "Let's return to their respective rooms first, and I will discuss with Master Li before releasing the Longmen."

At this time, Fu Sinian's arrogant temperament had been swept away, and he knelt straight, and said: "Second teacher..." He didn't know what the emperor wrote on his paper, and there was a trembling sound in his voice.

"Do you still dare to be arrogant now?" Li Hongzao asked sharply.

"Don't dare anymore." Fu Sinian's face turned pale, "It's not because of the dozen sticks taught by the teacher, it's because Si Nian felt that he was ignorant, humiliated in front of the emperor, and the scholar was too arrogant! Tell the truth. I Entered school at the age of 12, was the No.1 scholar in the county examination, and was the No.13 Jieyuan in the township examination at the age of 1. Only the Gong students failed in three subjects in a row! It turned out that I was just thinking about getting the first place in the youth and the Golden Temple strategy , Talking about the affairs of the world is a great joy in life, who knew that the test would be so difficult! The defeated general dare not speak out, and would like to go back to his hometown and study for another ten years!"

Li Hongzao smiled and said: "You don't have to blame yourself so much, it is your blessing to be taught by the emperor face to face, you go back first, we will discuss after reading your paper."

Zaifeng had been reading the emperor's poem, and when he saw Fu Sinian limping out with his hands in his hands, he sighed, "This man is blessed, he is a true Jinshi!"

Li Hongzao smiled and said, "Fifth Lord, how is his ranking!"

Zaifeng said: "He was originally unsuccessful, and he should have been punished for his foul play. The emperor fined him 'not to be an Hanlin' and went to Shanxi for a general sentence. The general sentence is the old system of the Qing Dynasty, from the seventh rank. Going to be a bureau chief in a certain county in Shanxi. In the past, it was only this position that the official brand Jinshi was handed out. Trying to figure out what the emperor meant, he must not be ranked among the candidates who were shortlisted for the exam, so the ranking is placed in the sixty or seventy. Good." As he spoke, he picked up the copy that the emperor had changed, and said, "This is naturally the first volume."

"That's right." Li Hongzao said: "The emperor's corrected test paper! What about the Nanyang Feng Youlan's?"

Zaifeng couldn't help laughing, and said: "I dare say that we presided over the least joints in this subject. Unexpectedly, the emperor personally selected three candidates. Since Feng Youlan's paper has been unsealed, there is no need to transcribe it, and put it in front of Fu Sian. that is."

The two chief examiners had a secret discussion on the list of recommended papers for a while.Apart from these three papers, nothing else has changed.Both of them used private seals on it, sealed it with wax paint, stamped it with the seal of the Gongyuan, and placed it in front of the tablet of Confucius.Zaifeng ordered the examination officer of the eighteenth room to be sent, and the chiefs of the second hall and the second hall of the five institutes came to the Zhigong Hall, kneeled three times and kowtowed nine times to the Confucius tablet, and handed over the sealed candidate list to the director of the examination institute and immediately handed it over to the Ministry of Education.So far, the Enke Grand Ceremony has come to an end.

Zaifeng led the examiners out of the Supreme Court, looked at the bright red sunset in the west, and said with a sigh of relief: "Open the dragon gate and let them go!"

(End of this chapter)