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Chapter 13 Hierarchical society under the domination of philosophers

Chapter 12 A Hierarchical Society Dominated by Philosophers: "Utopia"

Plato, the favorite student of the great philosopher Socrates, in order to express the commemoration and respect for his teacher Socrates, Plato
Based on Socrates' life and thoughts, he created the first huge philosophical system in the history of European philosophy.Plato's work
There are 36 articles in total, collectively called "Dialogue Records", among which "Utopia" is the most praised.

Russell once said: "Plato and Aristotle are the most influential people among all philosophers in ancient, medieval and modern times;

Of the two of them, Plato had the greatest influence on later generations. "Whitehead also said: "If for the whole of Europe

The safest generalization that characterizes this philosophical tradition is that it is nothing more than a series of footnotes to Plato's philosophy. "

Dreams disillusioned as "Utopia"

"Utopia" is the main philosophical work of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC).platonic origin
Yu Ya
He was well-educated in his youth, full of literary interests and talents, and became Socrates' disciple at the age of 20.

Students, since then dedicated to the cause of philosophy.In 399 BC, Socrates was sentenced to death by the decaying Athenian democracy
, Plato traveled abroad to seek a good way to govern the country.Returned to Athens in 387 BC, funded by friends in Academia outside Athens
Established the first comprehensive school in European history, the "Plato Academy", until it was converted to Christ in 529 AD

The church was closed by the Roman emperor Justinian, and it lasted for 900 years.Plato is the first in the history of philosophy

The philosopher who has handed down a large number of philosophical works and created a huge objective idealist philosophy system has left nearly 30 kinds of works,
Most of them are written in dialogue style, and the beauty of their style can also be called a model in the history of literature.

Plato lived in an era when the democratic system in Athens was going from prosperity to decline. He was determined to dedicate himself to politics from his youth, believing that only
Only under the guidance of correct philosophy can we distinguish between justice and injustice so as to govern the city-state fairly.the reality of athens disappointed him
, he tried to put his political ideals into reality during his three trips to Sicily, but ended in failure. In the deep contradiction between ideals and reality,

In Dunzhong, he had to retreat to writing, discussing the knowledge of governing the country, and establishing an ideal political blueprint. "Utopia" is here

written against a historical background.

"Utopia" is also translated as "Nation", "Republic", etc. Like most of Plato's works, Socrates is the protagonist

Written in a dialogue style, it is divided into 10 volumes. Its length is second only to "Laws", and it is generally considered to be Plato's mid-term work.

.This "Encyclopedia of Philosophy" is not only Plato's generalization and summary of his previous philosophical thoughts, but also a summary of various disciplines at that time.

It discusses various aspects of philosophy, politics, ethics, education, literature and art, etc., based on the premise of theory of ideas

Conditions to establish a system of ideal national programs.

ideal country philosopher world

"Utopia" is one of Plato's masterpieces. It expounds his philosophy, ethics, politics in the form of dialogues.

Its core is Plato's ideal political system.

Plato's pursuit of the most complete and noble rule in "Utopia" is to pin his hopes on the king of philosophers, not simply because philosophers

The King of Xue can govern the country with reason, even more because the King of Philosophy is a person whose eyes are fixed on the truth.They can know "goodness" itself,
That is, "idea".For this reason, it can be said that the "idea", as the most sacred and brilliant "source" in Plato's thought,
It is also facing the Utopia and ruling the Utopia.

Plato's "Theory of Ideas" as the main axis of his thought, runs through all the dialogues, and the exposition in "Utopia" serves as the main axis of his thought.
The mark of his mid-term cognition is more typical and concentrated, and its basic content is: "idea" should be independent of specific sensible things

The objective and real ontology should be the root cause of all things in the world. In "Utopia", "idea" is the ultimate cause of the world.

Purpose, a "just" country can only be established based on it.Plato's view of two worlds (ideal world and modern
Elephant world) gives a more complete and more sophisticated explanation of the whole system.

Plato pointed out that due to innate talent, human personality, human ability, and human wisdom are actually different.of them
The need relationship formed in a city-state must be based on each other's ability, rely on each other, and complement each other.Thus, Paula
The map divides the citizens of the country into three classes.The lowest level is the Producer, the middle level is the Guardian, and the highest level is the Commander.

ruler.These three levels embody the three components of the soul, and are specifically adapted to the three virtues: the lowest level
The soul is desire, and its virtue is temperance; the soul of the intermediate order is will, and its virtue is courage; the soul of the highest order is reason.
Sex, whose virtue is wisdom.Just as the three parts of the soul should exercise their respective virtues under the command of reason, so the three degrees of

Under the rule of the philosopher king, the people should abide by their own morality and practice their respective duties, so that the relationship between rule and obedience
obtain
Harmonize, achieve order, that is, the entire city-state "exists not only for producers, but also for rulers. Its goal is to
All provide the greatest happiness possible". Thus, the state of justice can be realized. This social structure based on the division of labor

It is Plato's great contribution to the theory of the state.

The theme discussed in "Utopia" is the issue of justice, so that later generations added a subtitle "On the Text" to this work.and
Unlike previous dialogues with few positive results, in this dialogue Plato makes a positive and relevant discussion on issues such as justice.

Systematic explanation.Justice is that people of different classes make the best contribution to the country according to their respective virtues, that is, they do their best

Responsibility without interference with others is the principle of justice.Therefore, justice is not apart from the three virtues of wisdom, courage and self-control.

There is another virtue beside them, but above them, a virtue which is universally applicable to them.individual justice and national
Justice is the same, rather, the moral character of the country comes from the individual.The human soul has three parts: reason, passion and desire

of which reason is wisdom and plays the leading role, passion is subordinate to it and is its assistant, desire occupies the greatest part, and it

Insatiable greed must be controlled by reason and passion.Being able to recognize the respective interests of these three parts is wisdom, which can make fast

Pleasure and pain are subject to the control of reason. Passion is courage. These three parts live in harmony led by reason.
Parts perform their duties, keep their responsibilities, coordinate and coordinate, so that the soul can dominate itself. This is the justice and justice of the individual soul.

healthy.Otherwise, if the parts fight against each other, it will cause injustice to the soul.Thus individual justice and national justice
is consistent.Plato believed that there is only one way to achieve the justice of the country, and that is to make the philosopher king, because the philosopher

A scholar is a person who truly loves wisdom.

Plato divided the world into the world of senses and the world of ideas, and those who only love concrete things, such as beautiful tones or images, only
Opinion without knowledge, only those ideas that recognize beauty as beauty in itself, and distinguish it from concrete things without confusing them with each other.

He who is confused is a man of knowledge.The object of knowledge is the real existence, the world of ideas, while the object of opinion is the
The phenomenal world between being and non-existence.He further divides the two worlds into four parts through the metaphor of "line": the first
, the image; second, the object that the image resembles; third, the mathematical object, the soul studies the object of the image as an image, it
It can only start from assumptions and descend to conclusions; fourth, ideas.The soul pushes up from assumptions to first principles, it no longer uses shadows

Like using concepts to do systematic research.

Plato not only proved the existence of a national idea, that is, Utopia, with the theory of ideas, but also examined the four kinds of political

Institutions, namely honorary regimes, oligarchies, democracies, and tyranny.In Plato's Republic, the law
It is useless to advocate the rule of man, expecting the emergence of a philosopher king to rule the country.

Plato firmly believed that the real utopia must be a country dominated by rational wisdom, and the real ruler must be a country with

A wise man with insight, so power, morality and knowledge must also be combined.That is to say, without knowledge there is no
If you can't tell right from wrong, you can't become a "philosopher king".It is in this sense that the entire system of a "Utopia" is
It was built around the center of how to educate and promote rulers.

Plato's focus on the entire educational program is how to shape the correct character and mentality of the "Philosopher King".Plato's education

Views are completely deduced from his social and political system dominated by "ideas" and modeled on "Utopia".

So that the entire teaching system, teaching plan, teaching content, teaching methods, etc. are highly consciously serving the construction of Utopia, serving the

From the will of the Idea.It should also be pointed out that Plato's educational theory involves a very broad system, ranging from

From preschool education to university education, from physical education theory, aesthetic education theory to moral education theory, and teaching theory, there are comprehensive and original discussions, which are indeed for future generations.
The development of education in the world has set up a monument of reflection.

Plato also spent a lot of space in "The Republic" discussing art issues.

Pan-idealized color sets a precedent for Utopia

The book "Utopia" has had a wide-ranging and far-reaching influence on the history of philosophy and even the history of human thought. Anyone who knows Plato almost

Almost everyone knows this work.Plato's "Utopia" not only made the most complete system of his previous idealist philosophy,
The traditional expression, and for the first time in the history of human thought put forward a complete and systematic ideal country plan, which constitutes the future
The beginnings of a utopian project proposed as a socio-political ideal.

Plato's philosophy is objective idealism.Plato applied his philosophy of idealism to social politics and created his
"Utopia".

The influence of "Utopia" is far-reaching, and many analyzes on political ethics in the book also play a role of reference and in many fields.

The role of guidance.The separation of powers and representative system proposed by Locke in the United Kingdom, and the legislation, administration, and judiciary proposed by Montesquieu in France

The principle of separation and restriction, etc., have absorbed the nutrition of Plato's state theory.

Plato's political theory fully showed a color of idealism, which inspired "Utopianism" in the history of political thought.
"Theory is the first of its kind.

In short, "Utopia" is based on idealist philosophy, and discusses the plan to strengthen the rule of the slavery country, which is the foundation for the time and future.
The state doctrine of the exploiting classes laid the foundations.Marx once gave a very high evaluation to "Utopia".until the 20th century
, Western philosophers still regard "Utopia" as "the highest representative work of the culture of his (Plato) era",
"represents the best secular thought of its time".

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