Amazing knowledge

Chapter 10 The Great Collision of Heaven and Earth: Mother Earth's Careful Matters
* Where is the colder Antarctic or Arctic?
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The coldest places on earth are the poles. The South Pole and the North Pole are located at the two ends of the earth. It is difficult to see the sun all year round. But which of these two places is colder?

Judging from the various data we already have, the Antarctic is much colder than the North Pole. In terms of who is colder, the Antarctic beats the North Pole.

The latitudes of the Antarctic and the North Pole are the same, and the time to see the sun is the same every year. Half of the time of each year is a polar night without a trace of light, but the annual average temperature of the Antarctic is minus 25°C, while the annual average temperature of the North Pole is minus 8°C. At about [-]°C, the biggest reason for such a gap is the difference in the geomorphic characteristics of the North and South Poles.

Antarctica is known as the "seventh continent" in the world. The average altitude of Antarctica is above 2600 meters, while the average altitude of the other six continents is only about 100 meters.Antarctica is basically covered with very thick ice sheets. With high altitude and large ice sheets, even if the sunlight visits here, most of it is reflected back by the ice.These ice layers are difficult to store heat, even if they can get a little heat from the sun, it will soon be radiated into the air by these ice layers.

Compared with the Antarctic, the Arctic is almost entirely water, and the area of ​​the ice sheet is only one-tenth that of the Antarctic.The specific heat capacity of water is very large, which means that the Arctic Ocean can absorb a large amount of heat, and at the same time, this heat will be released slowly in a very slow process.

Compared with the Antarctic, the North Pole can not only "receive" the heat in summer, but also "hide" the heat, and release it slowly in the cold winter, so the North Pole is much warmer than the South Pole.

The final word: Antarctica's large ice sheet makes it difficult to store heat, while the North Pole has more water with a large specific heat capacity, which has a better heat storage capacity, so the Antarctic is much colder than the North Pole.

*Where is the colorful desert?

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Isn’t the desert just a desert full of yellow sand? At a glance, apart from the yellow color of the sand, only the color of the sky remains. Is it possible that there are colors in the desert?

There are really colorful deserts, white, red, black, and even colorful deserts.The magic of nature has created these amazing wonders.

Let me talk about the white desert first. In the Lusolo Basin in the United States, the seabed here was originally made of gypsum, but the sea has long since dried up, but the gypsum crystals have remained forever. Blowing and raining, these gypsum crystals were gradually corroded and turned into today's silver world.In order to adapt to the environment and better protect themselves in the white desert, the animals here have gradually evolved into the same color as the white sand.

In Australia, there is a fiery red desert. The formation here contains a large amount of iron minerals. Iron will be oxidized into red iron oxide after being exposed to air and moisture for a long time. Therefore, after a long period of weathering, the sand and stone are covered with iron. in a red coat.When the sun shines on this desert, the fiery red color occupies people's sight, so it is also called the "burning desert".

Among these colorful deserts, the most amazing one is the Lisun Desert in the United States.The Lisun Desert is a real colorful desert. Here you can find pink stones, blue stones, purple, yellow and white stones everywhere. It is like a colorful painting here. A masterpiece of nature.

The Lisun Desert used to be a volcano a long time ago. Although the volcano does not exist now, the lava material has been preserved, and the sand and rocks that follow it have remained until now.These minerals make the sand and stones colorful, making the Lisang Desert look like a colorful world.

The final word: the colorful desert is a miracle of nature, but the yellow desert may be caused by human beings. Only by protecting the environment can we curb the continued desertification of the land.

*Who is older, the moon or the earth?

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Since humans stepped out of the earth and began to explore the universe, the moon can be said to be the most studied celestial body by humans, but even so, the moon is still mysterious to humans.Do you know who is older, it or the earth?
If you want to explore the age of the moon, the first hurdle you need to pass is how the moon came about.Regarding the origin of the moon, scientists have always had two theories:

The first is that the moon was originally a part of the earth. When the earth first melted, the moon was thrown out. Since then, it has become a satellite and has been "guarding" the earth.If this statement is correct, then the moon, as a part of the earth, is naturally "younger" than the earth.

However, at the Lunar Symposium in 1973, it was determined that the age of a rock from the moon was "53 billion years old", and the oldest rock on the earth was only "46 billion years old". senior.

Based on this result, some scientists have put forward a second theory of the origin of the moon - "capture theory".Scientists who support this statement believe that the moon was originally a celestial body outside the solar system. Because it broke into the gravitational field of the earth, it was captured and became a satellite of the earth.

At present, the "capture theory" is the most reliable theory of the origin of the moon, but there is no actual scientific basis.According to the results of rock dating, the moon is definitely older than the earth. 99% of the rocks brought back from the moon are older than the oldest rocks on the earth.

The earth has existed since the birth of the solar system. The age of the earth is about the same as that of the solar system, but the age of the moon is much longer than that of the earth. It is even possible that the moon has existed for a long time before the birth of the solar system.

The final word: Although there is evidence that the moon is older than the earth, human exploration of the universe is just a drop in the ocean, and there are still many unknown things.

*Why are there few earthquakes in the north and south poles?
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Earthquakes are relatively serious natural disasters, but in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, there are very few earthquakes. This issue has always been a hot topic of debate in the field of geology. What is the truth behind it?

American scientists believe that the reason why there are few earthquakes in the North and South Poles is actually mainly due to the huge thick ice.We all know that most of the Arctic is covered by the Arctic Ocean, only Greenland is covered by a large area of ​​ice.

After years of observation and statistics, researchers finally determined that the ice and snow coverage of Antarctica is as high as 90%, while Greenland, the only continent with a relatively large area in the Arctic Ocean, although its ice and snow coverage area is not as high as Antarctica, it is as much as 80%. .

The thickness of these ice layers is very large, and the pressure that these huge ice layers exert on the rocks below the ice layer is also staggering.Such a huge pressure makes the rock at the bottom almost "melt", so there is no possibility of faults, and naturally it is impossible to cause earthquakes due to faults.

Moreover, the North and South Poles are not the junction of the plates. Without the mutual compression of the plates, earthquakes will naturally not occur.

However, scientists believe that if the ice sheets on the North and South Poles begin to melt, once this balance is broken, the North and South Poles will face a major earthquake.

The final word: The rare earthquakes in the North and South Poles are the result of the interaction between geographical location and climate environment. Once this balance is unsustainable, the "stability" of the North and South Poles will naturally be broken.

* Will the compass break at the north and south poles?
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The most powerful gadget for us to identify the direction is the compass. No matter what the situation, the compass will tell us the correct direction, but if it is at the north and south poles, can the compass still work normally?

The compass actually works based on the properties of magnets.The earth itself is a huge magnet. The earth also has a magnetic south pole and a magnetic north pole. Because of this, based on the basic principle that magnets of the same sex repel each other and opposite sexes attract each other, the compass can help us judge the direction.

But one thing everyone must remember is that the geographical north and south poles, which are what we usually call the north and south poles, are not the same concept as the geomagnetic north and south poles!
The magnetic South Pole is near the geographic North Pole, or rather within the United States.The magnetic North Pole is near the Geographic South Pole, which is near Antarctica.

A small magnet on a compass with the south pole of the magnet pointing to the magnetic north pole, which is near Antarctica.But because the geographical South Pole and the geomagnetic North Pole are not completely coincident, the south that the compass points to is not the true south, but has a certain declination angle, which is called the magnetic declination.

If you stand on the north pole or the south pole, the compass will still point to the magnetic north pole, so the direction we get from the compass is not 100% accurate. The closer to the pole, the error caused by the magnetic declination will be more obvious.

In fact, the compass has been working normally, but everyone has confused the geographic north and south poles with the geomagnetic poles.

The final word: the compass relies on the characteristics of the magnet to work. The only indicator of their work is the magnetic north and south poles, which has nothing to do with the geographic north and south poles. Even if they are in the north and south poles, the compass will work "normally", but the result of the work Not due south as we want.

*Where is "Beijing Time"?
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"Beijing time" is China's standard time, but this time is not the real local time in Beijing, so where is the standard "Beijing time"?

"Beijing Time" refers to the time released by the National Time Service Center, which is not in Beijing, but in Shaanxi.The reason why it is called "Beijing time" is because this is the district time of the East Eighth District of Beijing. The district time of the East Eighth District is the local time at 120° east longitude, and the longitude of Beijing is 116.4°.

The reason why Beijing's local time is not used as the national standard time is because the meridian where Beijing and Greenwich are located is 8 time zones away, and China has a vast territory, spanning 5 time zones from east to west. If Beijing's local time is used as the national standard time , will cause a "dissonance" in time.Therefore, the National Time Service Center built the time service station in the central area, that is, Lintong, Shaanxi.

In the early days of the founding of New China, our time service station was built in Shanghai, but the location of Shanghai is not in the central area, so the effect of time release is not good.Later, several major developed countries in the world successively established their own standard time and time service systems, and our country also began to actively seek technological reforms and breakthroughs in time service systems.

After a long discussion and careful comparison, the country decided to set up the time service center in Shaanxi, the hinterland of China. The signals transmitted here are easier to cover the whole country, and the inland safety factor is relatively high.

The final word: "Beijing time" is actually the time released by the National Time Service Center in Shaanxi. The reason why Beijing local time is not used is because of the vast area of ​​China.

*Why do you say "the morning glow does not go out, the evening glow travels thousands of miles"?
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As the saying goes: "If you don't go out in the morning, the sunset can travel a thousand miles." This is the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancients, and it does have some truth, but why is it so?Why can you know the weather just by looking at the clouds?

First of all, let's study how the rainbow is formed, and why it appears in the morning or evening.

In the morning and evening, the sun shines on the ground at a very deviating angle. Because the declination angle is relatively large, it takes more time for sunlight to reach the ground, and it has to pass through more atmosphere, which will greatly reduce the purple light in the light. , indigo light, but red light and orange light can survive, and these colored lights shine on the sky to form the rosy clouds we see.

If we see colorful clouds in the morning, it means that the water vapor in the east is relatively heavy, the clouds are thicker, and contain many water droplets.As time goes on, the sun gradually rises, thermal convection begins to develop towards the land, and the clouds become thicker and thicker, which means that rain is coming.

But if we see the clouds at night, combined with the dry air during the day, these sunset clouds should be caused by the dust in the air scattering sunlight.It shows that the west where the sun is located is relatively dry.The air flow moves from west to east, so the air in the east will also become drier, which means that there will be clearer weather.

If the sun has set, but there is still sunset in the west, it means that there are clouds in the west, the air is relatively humid, and there may be rain next.

The final word: "Morning clouds do not go out, sunset clouds travel thousands of miles", a short sentence contains a lot of meteorological knowledge, and colorful clouds can completely reflect the weather conditions.

*What is it like inside a black hole?
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Black holes are said to be able to absorb all objects that approach, so what is it like inside a black hole?Like a giant recycling plant with everything?

Black holes are actually not real "holes". When the stars in the universe come to an end, they no longer emit light and heat, and no energy can continue to be released.There are only three final destinations for it, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes.

After the star "death", it will be "squeezed" by gravity, and finally the entire star will collapse.

If the mass of the star is very small, it will shrink into a white dwarf made of supersolid matter. The white dwarf can maintain a certain volume and continue to stay in the universe as a star.

If the star is of moderate mass, it becomes a neutron star.Due to the compression of gravity, the original matter in the star becomes neutron state.That is to say, the electrons that should be on the periphery of the nucleus are all pressed into the nucleus, and the electrons combine with protons to form neutrons, so the atomic nuclei of matter are all composed of neutrons.

The last "way of death" is a black hole. The star first becomes a neutron star, but because the mass of the star is too large, the gravitational force is so strong that even the repulsion between neutrons will be cut off by the gravitational force, and these neutrons will be crushed by the gravitational force.Without neutrons, matter seems to "disappear", and gravity compresses the originally huge star into a point, which is a black hole.

The mass of the black hole is very large, which is the original mass of the star, but because the neutrons have been crushed by gravity, the volume of the black hole is very small.

Due to the large mass, the gravitational effect of the black hole is also very strong, so strong that even nearby light will be "captured" by the black hole and cannot leave, so the black hole in our eyes is pitch black, and there cannot be light here.

Everything inside a black hole is distorted. There is no time or space here. No one knows what it looks like inside, because once inside, it is impossible to get rid of the strong gravitational force of the black hole, and there is no "coming out". possibility.

The final word: In a black hole, almost all the concepts of physics we know do not work. Space and time are distorted here to make no sense. No one knows what it is like inside a black hole.

*Why is it so dark in space?
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If you have seen the photos sent back by astronauts from space, you will find that the space is completely dark. Why is space so dark even though there is a huge light source like the sun?

In fact, this has nothing to do with how bright the sun is. We can see light because after the light shines on the object, it will be diffusely reflected in multiple angles. After the reflected light enters our eyes, we can see it. object.If the light just "goes down" like this, and cannot meet an object that can reflect, then our eyes will not be able to catch this ray of light.

There are many celestial bodies in the universe, but compared with the vast universe, they are simply too rare.The distribution of matter in the universe is extremely scattered and the density is extremely low, and the light sources in the universe are only stars, and some celestial bodies cannot emit light.

The stars in the universe are generally far apart, so far away that they are calculated in light years.Although the light and heat emitted by stars are powerful enough, in such a vast space as the universe, such light and heat are like candles, and it is really difficult to illuminate the vast universe.

Besides, there is no object that can reflect light. Even if there is light, our eyes can't see anything, so space is pitch black to our eyes.

The final word: the vastness of the universe, coupled with the low density of matter, the light itself is weakened by the vast universe, and there are no objects that can reflect light, so in our view, the space is pitch black.

*Does the universe have a boundary?

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Everything has a boundary. Even the earth we live on is just a planet in the solar system, and the solar system is only a part of the Milky Way. The Milky Way is so ordinary in the universe. How big is the vast universe? Border?

The universe must have an age. No matter when the universe was born, there is always a birthday, but it is hard to say whether the universe has a boundary.

Because the universe we live in has been expanding, and the speed of the expansion of the universe is beyond our imagination. Any speed that humans can describe is not as fast as the expansion of the universe, including the speed of light in our cognition.

The speed of light is limited, and the place where light can reach can also be measured. This place is the "boundary" of the universe we know so far. The maximum that people can measure is 400 billion light-years, that is to say, a radius of about The 400 billion light-year sphere is the boundary of the universe that we can know.

But this doesn't mean that the universe is so big, it's just that outside this range, the light has not yet reached there, and we can't see it.Beyond what we can measure, how big is the universe and whether there is a boundary? No one can answer these questions.

Hawking believed that the universe has no boundaries.So far, the scientific community also thinks so. The universe has no boundaries, but there is a horizon, because light only reaches there, and human footsteps cannot exceed the speed of light.

The final word: the universe is constantly expanding, we can only see the horizon of the universe, and this horizon is also getting bigger.We have no way of knowing what the universe beyond the event horizon looks like and how big it is.

*Will the earth suddenly stop spinning one day?
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Although we can't feel it, the earth is indeed rotating and revolving all the time. I don't know if you have thought about what the world will look like if one day the earth stops rotating.

In fact, from the birth of the earth to the present, at least more than 40 billion years have passed.In such a long time, although the earth has never stopped rotating, the speed of rotation has slowed down bit by bit, but this change is very small, so small that we cannot feel it.

But if this trend continues, it is really possible that the earth will stop spinning one day.According to scientists' estimates, after 400 billion years, the earth may be completely static and no longer rotate.

The earth has been rotating, the speed of rotation is 1670 km/h, but the earth we feel is stationary.If the earth stops rotating, the atmosphere may not have time to stop, and it still rotates at a super high speed of 1670 km/h, then humans on the earth will become "super high-speed bullets", flying from the earth at a speed of 1670 km/h The surface flies out.

The earth's magnetic field will also be useless, and ionizing radiation will patronize the earth unscrupulously, and the radiation intensity will reach the maximum value, and the ocean and land on the earth will also be redistributed.

Another point is that the earth without rotation will not have the alternation of day and night, only the whole year of day or 365 days of night.

The final word: It is indeed possible that the earth will stop rotating, and the earth after it stops rotating will no longer be suitable for human habitation, but that will be a long time later. The earth is less than 50 billion years old, and it will be at least 400 billion years before it stops rotating Year.

*Why is sea water salty?

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The water we usually drink is fresh water, and only fresh water can sustain human life. Just a sip of the water in the sea is full of salty taste. Why is sea water so salty?

Most of the salt we usually eat comes from the ocean, which is rich in salt. The main component of table salt—sodium chloride accounts for 9/10 of it, and the remaining 1/10 is magnesium chloride and magnesium carbonate. and salts of various other elements.

We all know that the taste of sodium chloride is very salty. You may not be familiar with magnesium chloride, but you should be familiar with brine. The brine used to order tofu is basically magnesium chloride.Because seawater contains a lot of sodium chloride and magnesium chloride, seawater tastes very salty and has a slightly bitter taste.

In fact, although the earliest seawater also contained salt, it was not completely inaccessible as it is now.The water in the seawater evaporates continuously, and then forms rainfall and falls on the ground. The water on the ground collects in rivers and lakes and then flows back to the sea one after another. At the same time, it brings back various soluble substances from the land, and most of them It's all salt.

About 30 billion tons of salt flow into the sea with rivers and lakes every year, and the evaporation of seawater cannot take away the salt. Over time, the salt in the sea increases, and the seawater becomes the current taste.

The final word: The reason why seawater is so salty is because the salt content in seawater is very high. When rivers and lakes flow into the sea, they will bring salt, but when the sea evaporates, the salt will not leave.Over time, more and more salt remains in the sea, which is why the sea is so salty.

*Have Americans landed on the moon?

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Since the moment Apollo landed on the moon, the voice of doubt has not stopped. Many people think that Apollo did not really go to the moon. It was just a big scam by the United States. What is the truth? ?

Many people who think that landing on the moon is a hoax swear by a series of evidence, trying to prove that Americans in the 20s did not go to the moon, but these evidences have been overturned time and time again, Americans have There is no moon landing, we must rely on facts to speak.Now let's talk about it.

First of all, the biggest controversy should be the American flag planted on the moon.We all know that there is no air on the moon, and without air there is no convection, but judging from the photos released by the United States, the American flag is actually floating, so many people think that the moon landing is fake based on this.

In fact, the real state of the American flag is not "floating". Apollo walked off the space vehicle with the flag. The flag was affected by inertia along the way, and there would be some ups and downs on the flag.And it is precisely because there is no air on the moon that these fluctuations will "stay" for a period of time, which will cause the visual error of the flag floating.

Second, some people question why Apollo's footprints are so clear. There is no water on the moon, and dust should not be "imprinted" so easily.People who have this idea think about this issue from the perspective of the earth. The drier the dust, the less likely it is to form, so it is difficult to step on the footprints.But on the moon, for hundreds of millions of years, there has been no wind or rain, and the sand has always maintained its original shape. It has not been weathered or worn out. It is too easy to step on such sand.

Even if these are not taken into account, the moon rock samples brought back by the countries that landed on the moon one after another are very similar to those brought back by the United States. Even if the United States can fake a moon landing scam, can they still predict in advance what the moon rock is? Can't do it?
The final word: The moon landing hoax is a conspiracy theory, and the US has enough evidence to show that they did land on the moon.

*What is the probability of "meteorite falling from the sky"?
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The probability of falling pies in the sky is small, and the probability of free pies is even smaller, but no matter how small the probability is, it is greater than the probability of falling meteorites in the sky!So what is the probability of a meteorite falling from the sky?
There are countless meteoroids in our solar system. These meteoroids may be as small as dust, but they may also be huge fragments.If these meteoroids pass through the earth's atmosphere and then fall on the earth's surface, their status will change, from meteoroids to meteorites.

But the road to promotion is very difficult.First of all, there are so many meteoroids in the solar system, and the destinations of these meteoroids are different. It is possible to accurately choose the earth as the landing destination among the eight planets, more than 100 satellites, and countless small celestial bodies in the solar system. The probability of this itself is very small.

That's not to mention, even if the meteoroids choose the earth, they may not be able to land on the earth safely, and the atmosphere outside the earth is not a decoration. The meteoroids want to pass through this layer, invisible but intangible. It is not easy to have an unusually "solid" barrier. If you are not careful, the atmosphere will rub these meteoroids until there is no residue left. The last bit of light can only be contributed to the people on earth, who died here. Meteoroids are called meteors.

If it can pass the test of the atmosphere and reach the surface of the earth safely after many hardships, it is a meteorite.Until 2011, there were only more than 1000 meteorite specimens in the world.Meteorites are also divided into discovery meteorites and falling meteorites. Some meteorites fell to the uninhabited corners of the earth and were discovered after many years. This is called discovery meteorites. The rest were observed when they fell. It's called a meteorite.

The probability of meteorites falling from the sky may not be small, but some meteorites are too dim, some meteorite particles are too small, and some landing sites are so remote that no one can find them.According to statistics, nearly [-] meteorites fall on the earth every year, but only a few hundred or even dozens of them can be found by humans.

The final word: Compared with the probability of meteorites falling from the sky, the probability of people finding meteorites is even smaller, because some meteorites are as big as a grain of sand.

*Is there a quadrilateral sun?
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The sun itself is a sphere, but because of the limited range of vision of the eyes, the sun we see is round, but in some places the sun is quadrangular. Does the sun come out from the west?Why did the shape change?

In fact, the shape of the sun itself has not changed, but the sun seen by people has become a quadrilateral. This is a phenomenon of atmospheric light, which can sometimes be seen in high latitudes, but generally rarely occurs in low latitudes.

In high latitudes, especially in areas close to the North and South Poles, the density of the air may change slightly due to the cold temperature. When the sun’s light passes through the atmosphere, the uneven density causes the light to be refracted, so the sun The shape becomes a rare quadrilateral.

To see such a spectacle, three conditions must be met: first, the ambient temperature must be below minus 20°C; second, it must be sunny and sunny; third, there should be no clouds in the sky, especially the horizon , there must be no clouds.Only when these three conditions are met, it is possible to see the quadrilateral sun.

The Inuit people living near the North Pole once saw a quadrangular sun, and Hokkaido, Japan is said to have seen such a landscape.

The final word: the sun is a sphere, which is an unchangeable fact, but if it is because of the light, the sun in our eyes looks like a quadrilateral, which is also very possible.

*Is the temperature of the sun measurable?

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The sun is like a super giant furnace, providing light and heat for the solar system. Billions of people on the earth get heat from the sun every day. What is the temperature of the sun?Can this be measured?
If you just take a thermometer to measure the temperature of the sun, it is definitely impossible.The earth is 1.5 million kilometers away from the sun, and the heat from the sun is still so "powerful" when it is transmitted from such a distant place. It is obviously impossible to measure the temperature of the sun with ordinary methods, because the hope of human beings approaching the sun is too slim .

However, instead of going directly to the sun, we can measure the temperature of the sun indirectly.Earlier, some scientists wanted to measure the temperature of the sun through the sunlight we can touch.

At the beginning of the experiment, the researchers placed a concave lens with a diameter of up to 1 meter in a position facing the sun, and then adjusted the focus of the concave lens so that sunlight could be concentrated on one point.After focusing successfully, the researchers put a piece of metal in the center of the focus, and then observed the melting time of the metal.

Putting the metal on the focal point, it melted completely in a short time. The researchers immediately measured the temperature of the focal point as high as 3500°C, which is only the temperature of sunlight that we can touch. The real temperature of the sun is definitely much higher than this value.

Nowadays, people analyze the spectrum of the sun according to the amount of solar radiation. Based on radio technology, using the dialectical relationship between light and heat, it is inferred that the surface temperature of the golden-yellow sun should be around 6200°C.

The final word: the sun is an indispensable light source for our survival, and the temperature of the sun we know today is only a speculative value, which is calculated based on various phenomena and methods.

(End of this chapter)