learn to speak, learn etiquette

Chapter 14 Learning to speak sophistry (4)
Reduction to fallacy is based on the premise of the opponent's argument, and it is deduced to a very obvious absurd conclusion, so as to prove the falsity of the opponent's argument.

51．paradox
The so-called self-contradictory method is to induce the other party to fall into self-contradiction and make it walk on a road of self-denial.

52．Use the method of contradiction
Using the method of contradiction is a technique commonly used in debates.This method is to grasp and expose the contradictions of the other party in the debate, and use the spear of the son to attack the shield of the son, thereby exposing the absurdity of the opponent's argument. 53．Execution

If the question raised by the other party has not been elucidated, proved, or the argument is unreasonable, we can take this topic and take the opportunity to make use of it. Not only can we change the passive to active, but also receive unexpected results. This is the method of making use of the topic.

54．play hard to get
When speaking, he adopts the technique of playing hard to get, first letting go and then closing, and often wins by surprise.This attack is like a surprise soldier, making the other party be fooled in the relaxation of guard, and finally admit defeat helplessly.

55．advance by retreat

Taking retreat as the method of advancement is to use words and deeds that seem to be contrary to the original intention, that is, the method of retreating, gaining an advantage, and finally making greater progress.

56．brilliant praise
The clever praise method is to make a positive evaluation of a specific object through appropriate praise or full trust, so as to achieve the purpose of inspiring and stimulating debate.

57．question and answer method
The method of questioning and answering is to ask some questions and let some virtuous people help to answer them if you want to succeed in something.

58．Generalization
General conclusions are drawn only on the basis of individual circumstances. "Yanzi Chunqiu" records many stories about Yanzi.Once when Yan Zi was on a mission to the state of Chu, the king of Chu arranged a banquet for Yan Zi.While they were enjoying their meal, two petty officials tied a prisoner to the King of Chu. The King of Chu deliberately asked, "What crime did this man commit?" The petty official replied, "He's a bandit! He's from Qi. After hearing this, the King of Chu turned his head and said to Yan Zi: "The people of Qi State are used to being robbers."

59．rhetoric
The argument proves the topic, and there should be a necessary logical connection between the two.It is also a common sophistry technique to infer a topic from the evidence, and to use strong words to make sense.There is such an ancient joke: A and B fight, B bites off A's nose, A sues B to the county government, and B tells the county magistrate that A bit off A's nose himself.The county magistrate asked B: "The mouth is lower than the nose, how can you bite the nose?" B said: "A crawled on the bed and bit." 60．fake show
False play is another strategy of debate.In a debate, instead of attacking the opponent head-on, pretending to be confused, setting up traps, following the opponent's fake "play", using false hypotheses to lure the opponent into taking the bait, and then giving the opponent a deadly blow by surprise. one strike.The main characteristics of making a fake show real are: the play is fake, and the counterattack is real.

61．Haifa
To act unexpectedly when others are not paying attention or when they are already used to it and their guard is lax.

The method of confusing the real with the fake refers to treating the unreal and the incompetent as the real, so that it conforms to the objective things.

62．double entendre
A pun is reflected in a certain language environment, using the synonymous or homophonic relationship of the sentence to consciously make the sentence have double meanings, saying one thing but meaning the other.

When you encounter a difficult question, if you don't want to answer it directly, you can bypass this question and talk about related issues, that is, "embedding flowers and trees".

63．ambiguity
Ambiguity refers to the use of ambiguous, flexible, and ambiguous words to give the other party non-essential answer.

64．Drawing from the bottom
The method of drawing salary from the bottom of the pot refers to grasping the main contradiction, which is a metaphor for solving the problem fundamentally.No matter how complicated a problem is, there must be a core of great importance. If you find it, you will grasp the key that determines the overall situation.Learn to eliminate the interference of minor factors, gain insight into the main contradiction, and then you can take the initiative to control the overall situation.

65．False before reality
First take the initiative to reveal and blame one's own weaknesses, deficiencies, faults, and mistakes, and let the opponent understand and understand, and then use other means to start a substantive contest with the opponent.

66．Make use of strengths and avoid weaknesses
The method of promoting strengths and avoiding weaknesses means that in a debate, aiming at the opponent’s incomplete point of view, state the shortcomings of the opponent’s insistence on the original point of view from the negative side, publicize the strengths of correcting the original point of view from the front, and guide the opponent to weigh the overall interests, give up small interests, and avoid big ones. loss in order to obtain greater benefits, so as to achieve the purpose of continuing cooperation.

67．Hidden Needle Method
The needle hidden in the cotton, in an easy-to-understand phrase, is soft but hard.Soft means that the tone and attitude are relatively gentle when speaking; hard means that the content expressed in it has a relatively strong element.

68．smacking east and west
To make a fuss about something is to achieve a certain purpose, not to speak directly from the front of this purpose, but to start from the opposite side, which is actually to say the purpose achieved positively.

69．Swapping concept method
Cleverly changing concepts refers to deliberately misinterpreting the meaning of a word in the opponent's words against the opponent's unreasonable claims in the debate, and refute the opponent by surprise.

70．unspeakable suggestion

In interpersonal communication, there are often many things or words that are inconvenient to speak directly.In this case, one party consciously borrows other things or language to send a signal to the other party, so that the other party accepts the signal consciously or unconsciously, so as to achieve the expected purpose, which is the method of unspeakable suggestion.

71．personal attack
In a debate, instead of using the scientific method of presenting facts and reasoning to argue the topic, but leaving the topic, unreasonably attacking the other party's personal qualities, or even abusing the other party, this is called personal attack.A German philosopher once mentioned such an example in the article "Who Is Abstract Thinking": There is a female vendor selling eggs in the market.After picking it, a female customer said: "The eggs you sell are stinky!"

This sentence annoyed the female merchant, she replied to the female customer:

"What? My eggs are stinky? You are the one who stinks! How dare you say that about my eggs?..." The female vendor scolded the customers like hell, of course, to prove that the eggs she sold were not stinky .This is a personal attack.This is a very bad sophistry.

Sophistry is an argument that violates the laws of logic and rules in an attempt to make falsehoods true and defend fallacies.This kind of erroneous argument is not due to lack of logical knowledge and lack of logical literacy, but a conscious and deliberate violation of logical laws and rules, which is a kind of logical error.It seems correct, paradoxical, highly deceptive, and must be ruthlessly exposed.As for the clever use of sophistry in the debate to defend one's own views and positions, it is allowed.In short, it must be analyzed in detail and cannot be generalized.

72．hit the nail on the head
As the saying goes: "To hit a snake, you have to hit seven inches." Similarly, the refutation of sophistry must grasp the essence and hit the vital point.Substantive issues are always key issues, the essence determines the problem, and the essence determines the basic tendency of the problem, grasping it can put sophistry to death.For example: Trotsky, a traitor to the proletariat, made this statement when he joined the Bolshevik Party led by Lenin: "The very fact that I joined the Bolshevik Party has proved that I have put aside all those things that separated me from Bolshevikism in the past." Stuff was left at the party's door."His anti-Party things are either discarded or kept, the two must be one of them, why do they say "put at the door of the party"?This is a political sophistry of ambiguity and ambiguity.Comrade Stalin refuted this matter: "Did he put these things at the gate of the party in order to store them for future struggles in the party, or did he simply take them and burn them? It seems that Trotsky Ki put them at the party gates for storage. Otherwise, how would one explain the continuous disagreements with the party that Trotsky entered into shortly after joining the party and have not ceased to this day?" Stalin's rebuttal hits the nail on the head. Pointed out the essence of Trotsky's political sophistry and exposed the true face of his anti-Bolshevik party.

73．advance by retreat

It is certainly a powerful rebuttal to positively point out the essence, but for those extremely absurd topics, sometimes it seems powerless to point out the essence alone.At this time, if the "reduction to absurdity" is properly used, the absurd theories of the sophists can be easily revealed to the world.The characteristic of reductio absurdum is: first assume that the thesis of the opponent is established, and then extend it according to the logic of the thesis, obtain an absurd result, and use the absurd result to prove the absurdity of the thesis.For example, during the ten years of turmoil, Zhang Chunqiao once criticized the old cadres' demand for trains to run on time as "Leftist overturning the verdict".He said: "Hitler's trains are the most punctual, every second is not bad." The implication is: "Whoever asks the train to be on time is the same as Hitler."Later someone retorted: "Since Hitler wanted the train to be on time, then it was Hitler who wanted the train to be on time. Hitler also wanted to eat. To draw a line, it is better not to eat." This is obviously absurd.Since this conclusion is derived from the premise of Zhang Chunqiao's thesis, the absurdity of Zhang Chunqiao's thesis is self-evident.

74．trade-offs
As one of the strategies of the debate, the method of weighing the pros and cons is to make the other party seek a certain goal that meets the needs by analyzing the stakes of the event in the process of the debate, so as to stimulate or stop the other party's behavior.

75．allegory
Implicit allegory is to express in a soft and implicit way what is inconvenient or unnecessary to be said directly in a specific environment, so as to express one's own opinions and subtly persuade the other party. 76．sowing discord
The method of sowing dissension refers to sowing right and wrong under certain circumstances, causing estrangement, and destroying the unity of opponents, so as to achieve the beneficial purpose of one's own side.

77．go with the flow
The method of pushing boats with the flow refers to following the other party's stumbles in a conversation, continuing to speak naturally, letting them develop toward a goal that is beneficial to oneself, and finally convincing the other party.

78．Contrastive Argumentation
Contrastive argumentation is a method of reasoning by comparing things with relevant aspects of things.By comparison, the profound can be turned into the simple, the truth can be made clear and easy to understand, and the image can be made more vivid to attract people's attention and interest, and enhance persuasion and appeal.

79．diversion of sight
When the other party asks you to answer a certain point of view during the debate, if you are not easy to answer, you can switch to another topic, which is called the method of diverting attention.

80．from small to large
From the small to the big, it means that the debater, with his observation ability and sensitivity to see the subtleties, selects the most typical and most reflective point in the truth as a breakthrough point, and then rises and extends, seeing from the abstract. profound.

81．paraphrase
In the process of debate, the debate itself is arbitrary, so arbitrarily citing a method sometimes produces novel effects that are both solemn and humorous, and refined and interesting.

82．banter counterattack
Joking is just a kind of eloquence to adjust the atmosphere and change the situation in a specific verbal confrontation, it cannot replace logical argumentation.

83．story suggestion
The story hint method refers to not directly telling the criticism to the criticized, but to borrow other euphemistic and hidden language forms, saying that there is an overtone.

84．isomorphism
The so-called isomorphism method refers to the counterattack technique of constructing a point of view with the same structure as the opponent's discourse but with opposite semantics according to the discourse structure of the opponent.

85．mobile transposition
Moving and transposition is to adjust the language order of the opponent according to the intentions that the debater needs to express in the course of the debate, so that the words are placed in the "only required position".

86．false insanity
The method of false ignorance without insanity refers to being confused on the surface but clear in the heart, using false ignorance to paralyze the enemy, turning defense into offense, and defeating the enemy to win.

87．surprise
Debates use this method, which means that the debate should be before the debate on the other party's thoughts, and it is unexpected.

88．Attacker's Shield
Absurd thesis is always impeccable. As long as we carefully analyze it, grasp its self-contradiction, and adopt the tactics of "using the spear of the son to attack the shield of the son", we can let the sophists slap themselves in the face .

For example: In the late Warring States period, the fallacy of "no victory in debate" was popular, and it was believed that neither party participating in the debate could win.Mozi retorted, "May I ask if your argument of invincibility is correct or not?"If your statement is correct, then you have won the argument; if your method is wrong, then you have lost the argument, and others have won the argument, how can you say "the debate is invincible"?In this way, the self-contradictory part of the argument "debate is invincible" is grasped.

89．retaliation
When we refute sophisms, we can sometimes use the method of fighting poison with poison, that is, "treat others in the same way." There is such a story: the famous ancient Greek sophist Obrid was a counselor to a certain archduke , one day, he said to his colleague: "You have nothing to lose, so you have this thing, right?" His colleague replied: "Yes!" Lose the horns on your head, and you will have horns on your head.” As we all know, people don’t grow horns on their heads, but Obrid plausibly “argued” that his colleague had horns.He used the word "not lost" twice in different meanings. The former "not lost" refers to what he had originally, that is, he did not lose what he originally had; the latter "not lost" refers to what he did not have originally. The point is that he did not lose the horns that he did not have. His colleagues refused to accept this absurd conclusion, so they dragged him to the Grand Duke for comment. The Grand Duke was very smart and said to Obrid: "In this castle, You haven't lost your chance of going to jail, so enjoy three days. "Grand Duke" used his own way to treat his own body" refuted very cleverly.

understand etiquette
Even though "you can't be judged by your appearance", people often judge your ability and charm by your clothes and demeanor.In general social occasions, a person's clothing, language, and etiquette are all very important.Workplace etiquette refers to a series of etiquette norms that people should follow in the workplace.Learning these etiquette norms will greatly improve a person's professional image.Professional image includes two main factors, internal and external, and everyone in the workplace needs to establish awareness of shaping and maintaining their professional image.Understanding, mastering and properly applying workplace etiquette helps to improve and maintain the professional image of the workplace, which will make your work smooth, make your career flourish, and be a successful professional.All of these are necessary for an entrepreneur and practitioner.

(End of this chapter)