41 Learning Methods That Benefit a Lifetime

Chapter 38 Reading notes are flexible in content and diverse in form (2)
"Gou Qixuan" is the key point for a book, but it is the choice for the vast sea of ​​books. Beveridge, an outstanding British physical pathologist, said: To make your reading valuable to people, You must pay attention to selection, only a small part of the works are worth your time to study carefully.In today's society, it is very unrealistic to rely on the word "diligence" to dominate the world.Those who have a poor head and poor scriptures will only end up drowning in the sea of ​​books, "sweating all over the place and gaining nothing" (Ren Jiyu's "Chinese Library Preface").You have to choose to read, not only because "haste makes waste", but also because there are so many good and bad books. Belinsky once said: "Reading a book that is not suitable for you is worse than not reading. We must learn to do this A skill to choose the most valuable and most suitable reading material for one's needs."

When we choose books for ourselves, we should pay special attention to those high-quality articles that can resonate with us. We should not only recite those articles repeatedly, but also draw inferences from one instance on this basis.When talking about his prose creation, Ba Jin said: "Now there are more than 200 articles stored in my mind. Although I haven't studied any of them well, so many specific things can at least make me feel better. Knowing what 'articles' are all about makes me understand that articles are not mysterious and inconceivable, they are also organized and connected along our lines of thought." Ba Jin, who was able to recite "Guwen Guanzhi" at the age of 13, told us humbly, It is precisely because of his "more than 200 article savings" that he understood the true meaning of "articles" and gained the mastery of "communicating three corners".Therefore, after reading "One" well, "Three" will naturally be formed, and it will achieve twice the result with half the effort in the true sense.

Gou Qixuan should take good notes and read "thin" books
"A good memory is not as good as a bad pen." Notes are excerpts, the process of recording the mind of reading, it is the basis of repeated reciting, and it is the best way to read thick books from thin to thin.I often hear people say something like this: I have read a lot of books, but why don’t I use them when it’s time to write?The reason is that when I was reading, I only wanted to be interested for a while and forgot to take notes, which resulted in the situation of "the heart is full of excitement while reading, and the time and space are empty".Writing reading notes can help us collect and accumulate knowledge extensively.After long-term accumulation and arrangement of sporadic knowledge, some can become systematic theories.

The "Compendium of Materia Medica" written by Li Shizhen, a famous ancient pharmacist, was sorted out on the basis of his notes of more than 1000 million words.Lu Xun used more than 5000 note cards in writing "A Brief History of Chinese Fiction".The accumulation of reading notes is very important for language learning and writing. The incisive expositions, allusions, aphorisms, wonderful fragments, statistical data, etc. of the excerpts can not only enrich one's own language, but also provide materials and reference for writing.

(Mao Zedong's reading notes) Mao Zedong's reading notes have the following forms:
Content excerpt.When Mao Zedong was young, he wrote "lecture records" for listening to lectures in class, and wrote reading records for self-study after class.Mao Zedong has maintained this habit of taking reading notes for a long time.During the Yan'an period, Mao Zedong read Ai Siqi's "Philosophy and Life", an excerpt of about [-] words.He wrote to the philosopher, saying: "Your "Philosophy and Life" is the most profound book in your writings. I have benefited a lot from reading it, and I have copied some of them. Please send them to see if there are any mistakes. There are some doubts (not fundamental differences), please think again..." In this way, reading is combined with research and discussion.

Marker symbol.Every time Mao Zedong read a book, he had to draw various symbols such as circles, bars, and dots on important places.In the "Principles of Ethics" written by German Bauersen and translated by Cai Yuanpei in the early years, the whole book was written word by word with a brush to add symbols such as circles, dots, horizontal bars, parallel bars, triangles, and crosses. The "Communist Manifesto", "Das Kapital", "Critique of the Gotha Program", "Selected Works of Lenin", "State and Revolution", "Lenin's Notes on Dialectics", "Selected Works of Stalin", many paragraphs and chapters are circled and outlined. Since the early 50s, he has been accompanying him with a set of thread-bound "12 Histories" in the Hall of Martial Arts in the 24th year of Qianlong. Each of the 850 volumes has marks circled and sketched by him.The existing Mao Zedong collection in Zhongnanhai, because many books are read repeatedly, they are circled and outlined with a pen of one color every time they are read, resulting in colorful ink and dotted lines.

Marginal criticism. "Principles of Ethics" has more than 12100 characters in its entirety, but Mao Zedong's comments in the margins and between the lines in neat lower case letters have more than 13000 characters.In the two editions of "A Tutorial on Dialectical Materialism" read during the Yan'an period, Mao Zedong wrote a comment of 3 words in the header and margins. Among them, Chapter [-] "The Fundamental Principles of Dialectics", he wrote nearly [-] words in beautiful cursive script The comments in the book briefly summarized the original work, including comments of approval and extensions and developments of certain viewpoints in connection with the actual situation of the Chinese revolution.He wrote in the margins of "Li Yifu's Biography", "Yang Zaien's Biography" and "Liu Youqiu's Biography" in "Old Tang Book": "Li Yifu hides a knife in his smile", "Yang Zaien is a sycophant", "Liu Youqiu can stretch but not bend".In a few words, the "opinions and feelings" of reading are expressed quite brilliantly.

Reading diary. In 1937, Li Da sent the newly published "Outline of Sociology" to Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong was very happy to read it, thinking that it was the first Marxist philosophy textbook written by the Chinese themselves.He read this good book intensively over and over again, and continued to write the interrupted reading diary.The first entry in the diary reads: "I haven't written a diary for 20 years, and I will start again today, in order to urge myself to study a little knowledge." Since then, he has carefully recorded his reading progress every day.

Correct errors and correct errors.For incorrect viewpoints or improperly cited materials in the book, corrections are also made in the form of notes.For example, "The Biography of Kong Jing" in "Southern History" said, "You can become a thief at the age of ten, so why not do it when you grow up?" Mao Zedong pointed out that this statement is incorrect. Metaphysical inference, "it still exists today".In the side commentary of "A Tutorial on Dialectical Materialism", Mao Zedong pointed out the inaccuracies in simple words, such as: "This example is not very clear", "This statement is wrong", and so on.Mao Zedong read very carefully, and even corrected typos and inappropriate punctuation marks in the book one by one.This reflects Mao Zedong's rigorous academic spirit and assiduous study spirit.

Evaluation recommended.Mao Zedong was obsessed with learning, read extensively, and worked tirelessly. When he read an important article with practical significance, he enthusiastically recommended it to the whole party or the party's leading cadres.When he read "Zhang Lu Biography" and "Guo Jia Biography" in "Three Kingdoms", he made recommendations to the party.When recommending "Guo Jia's Biography", he hoped that leading cadres would get inspiration from it, and they should "think more" and "resourceful" when speaking and doing things, and oppose being less resourceful and arbitrary.After reading "Qi Fa" by Mei Cheng, a writer of the Han Dynasty, he wrote a book review of more than a thousand words, which was published and distributed within the party. In 1965, when he read "The Biography of Huang Qiong" and "The Biography of Li Gu" in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", he thought that their biographies were worth reading. ", "Send Comrade Chen Yi to read."Mao Zedong's unique reading notes are undoubtedly a powerful impetus to the formation of the whole party's study and study atmosphere.

"Gou Qi Xuan" should also be recited in large quantities

If you have read a lot of books, but you can't remember the essence of the book, and you will be stretched when you need to use it, that is a very sad thing.According to psychologists, if a person forgets while reading, it means that he will always be in the state when he was born.In order to improve the efficiency of learning, how should we fight against forgetting?
The famous Chinese scientist Mao Yisheng gave the best answer.Mao Lao's memory is quite amazing. Even in his seventies, he can still recite the exact value of pi to [-] digits below the decimal point.When someone asked him how to remember, he said: "My method is to repeat? Choose to repeat? Choose to repeat? Choose" (quoted from Chen Boan's "Resilience · Memory · Comprehension").Huang Yufeng, a teacher at the High School Attached to Fudan University, made it very clear about the "rote memorization" and other "rote memorization" reading methods: "What's wrong with 'rote memorization'? Some, memorize some hard. This is the foundation of the language, and this is the capital." With the "capital", why don't you worry about "winds from all directions"?Zhang Pu, the author of "The Tombstone of Five People", has a habit of reading: every time he reads an article, he must first copy it down and recite it, then burn it, then copy it again, recite it and burn it again.After repeating this seven times, the article was memorized, and the famous "Qilu Zhaiji" was produced.From this point of view, repeated reciting is not only an effective method of "applying what you have learned", but also one of the most practical methods to form your own rich literary accumulation.

Nowadays, our information life has been greatly enriched, but the "quality of life" still makes people doubtful, because the quality of information life can not only look at "quantity", but also "quality". "Boring fast food" like "ten lines at a glance" will inevitably create a large group of "information giants + intelligent dwarfs".Ge Hong, a famous thinker in the Jin Dynasty, wrote the famous philosophical work "Baopuzi" by extracting the essence of books. Mr. Ye Shengtao analyzed the reason why the famous writers became famous: "They have a unique way, that is, they are familiar with famous texts. As you read and read, you will have an epiphany." Therefore, it is recommended to choose the most suitable book to read when you are reading at home, so that you can "see it"; record your thoughts while reading, so that you can "get it with your hands" and "heart"; recite The essence of the books I read, so that I can "speak".Such a step-by-step accumulation for the camp will eventually achieve the sublimation from quantity to quality.

Our learning is inseparable from reading - even we are doing reading activities every day: reading books, reading newspapers, browsing the web... How to effectively collect and extract useful information is the need of the times. The "knowledge explosion" forces us to increase our reading speed, and absorbing a lot of knowledge has become the dream of modern people.But our reading speed is simply too slow.

Improving reading speed has become the need of the times!
Quick reading brings a lot of knowledge and information.

Read quickly and set aside more time to devote yourself to social practice.

Time is money, and the speed reading method is our "cash cow".

"Efficient reading method" refers to how to use efficient reading skills to improve reading efficiency.

(Experimental support) According to the experimental observations of psychologists, in the process of reading, the eyeballs do not move continuously along each word, but often pause the eyeballs, that is, grab some words and read them quietly before moving to Some other words go up.Reading is a series of rapid jerks of eye movement.Words and sentences can only be perceived when the eyeballs stop looking. 90% to 95% of the time in the reading process belongs to eyeball stopping, and eye movement only accounts for 5% to 0% of the total reading time.The size of the text information obtained each time the eyeball stops is related to the visual breadth. If the visual breadth is large, only 6 to 7 words can be seen, and sometimes a word needs to be fixated 3 to 4 times. To repeat back looking, the more times you look back, the more time it will take.

The difference between fast reading and slow reading does not lie in the speed of eye movement, but in the material seen when the eyes are fixed. Experiments show that the two (equal intelligence and comprehension) have the same total amount of eye fixation in the same time, and the amount of reading is equal. The vocabulary of speed reading is 4 times that of slow reading.Such as vertical jumping, silent reading, that is to speed up the number of eyeball twitches, increase the range of eyeball twitches, and widen the distance between gaze points, so that a large amount of information can be collected.This kind of jumping reading method is a silent reading method, which directly transmits the text to the brain from the visual nerve, reduces the external pronunciation program, (the speed of silent reading is twice as fast as that of audio reading.) At the same time, it reduces the number of fixations and increases the breadth of vision.

Generally, traditional reading is to read words, words, and sentences, and read line by line from left to right. Because it is reading word by word, reading aloud and silently, and repeatedly looking back and reading backwards, it slows down the time.Efficient reading is not reading word by word, but gazing at more words at a time, reducing the number of fixations, expanding the breadth of vision, grasping more text information when the eyeball stops, and reducing the number of back gazes.Efficient reading adopts conceptual reading, grasps the main points, and wins a large amount of reading in less time.

There are methodological and technical issues in reading speed, which are related to a person's knowledge level, structure, ability, and cultural accomplishment.Every book and every article has a reading point, so we must correctly allocate our attention and focus on the key substantive issues.Do not focus on perceiving the structure of the article, which can increase the comprehension coefficient by 30% to 40%.

There are many methods of efficient reading, such as pre-reading, skimming, skipping, out-of-order reading, cross-reading, reverse reading, etc.

efficient reading method
So what should we do?

① Do not browse repeatedly.For any technical reading material, generally you only need to read it along the way.If necessary, wait until you have read the entire passage before going back and repeating something.Avoid constantly rolling your eyes back and forth.

②Adopt the "screening" reading method.Consciously read for the information you need for your major.

③ Read silently, not aloud.Reading aloud is the enemy of the fast method.

④ When reading, the line of sight should be perpendicular to the reading material, and give full play to the "peripheral light" function of the line of sight to see more content.

⑤ Read attentively.Speed ​​reading must have "intensified" attention.

⑥ Promote reading with understanding.When reading, grasp the substantive key words.The essence of the content of the reading material is the key point that should be understood when reading.To understand is to explore the ideological meaning of the reading.

⑦In reading, use the basic method of essential memory to memorize purposefully.Don't have to memorize irrelevant words and sentences, but remember the author's intention and content.

Cultivate efficient reading habits and enter a new learning style

All in all, whether it is reading or memorizing the content of reading, it is necessary to use the "efficient reading method" for scientific training and self-training in accordance with the fast-paced spirit of the times.For example, how to maintain a high concentration of attention in reading, how to make the movement of the eyes fast and capture more useful information during reading, how to improve the ability to synthesize and summarize different types of reading content, how to improve the ability of reading Analyze them from time to time, how to quickly enter the writing intention and thought content of the reading object, how to overcome the bad habit of reading slowly and repeatedly, how to overcome the fear and unconfident attitude when reading... ...all kinds of things.

In fact, the series of adjustments and training from reading habits to reading skills, from reading mentality to reading goals requires a whole set of scientific training.Many books that introduce memory and reading skills explain that effective reading method training must start from the practical application of systematic training, with special emphasis on systematic, scientific and practical training and training.We must change such a deep-rooted concept that the slower you read, the better you will understand the meaning of the article, and the better you will remember it.Just like emphasizing the need to chew slowly when eating.Scientific analysis has long pointed out that the faster you read, the better you can understand.When we use the efficient reading method to learn to read fast, we have already started a new way of learning.

The method of reciprocal return between thickness and thickness refers to the reading method of mastering the true meaning of the whole book through "from thin to thick" and then "from thick to thin".This is a law and method of reading summed up by the famous mathematician Hua Luogeng. "From thin to thick" is the process of learning and acceptance; "from thick to thin" is the process of digestion and refining.

From thin to thick and then to thin is the process of acceptance and digestion. The "thin-thick mutual transformation" method is carried out in two stages:
The first stage is from thin to thick.

That is to say, when reading a book, it must be down-to-earth, and every concept must be thoroughly understood.For example, a theorem, what are the known conditions, what is the conclusion, and whether other concepts and conclusions are involved in the proof, etc., must be clarified one by one.If you encounter other concepts and conclusions, you should clarify their ins and outs.If you don't understand, go after it, go to the source, and if you don't understand it, you will never withdraw.In this way, a book that was originally not too thick may become quite thick after being chased after it.This is from thin to thick.

The second stage is from thick to thin.

From thin to thick, this is only the first step in reading, and there is a more important step, that is to go from thick to thin.To read a book is not just to understand individual concepts and individual theorems, but also to be able to analyze and summarize, grasp the main essential things, and achieve mastery.After going through my own in-depth analysis, I will feel that there are not many things to remember. The original thick book seems to have become quite thin by this time.For example, after finishing high school, look back and think about the primary school arithmetic and junior high school algebra that I have learned before. Although there are still a few books, after summarizing now, is it still so thick?Buds are definitely gone.This is from thick to thin.

When using the method of "thickness and return" to read books, the stage of "from thick to thin" must depend on the previous stage of "from thin to thick", which is insurmountable, but the second stage can make up for the shortcomings of the first stage .

From thin to thick and from thick to thin are not unrelated, but complementary.Without the step from thin to thick, there can be no further step from thick to thin.Conversely, if you only do it from thin to thick, but not from thick to thin, then the more books you read, the more troublesome you will be, and you will fall into the sea of ​​smoke of books and be at a loss without a clue. It is also impossible to really understand and understand the book.

From thin to thick, from thick to thin, so constantly "thin and thick" reading, is the speed too slow?Bud is good, it may be slower to read the beginning this way, but if after a period of training, you really practice a set of hard skills from thin to thick and then from thick to thin, then when you read similar books, after studying a book seriously, After reading the rest of the books, you will find that you already understand this part very well, and that part is actually exactly the same as what you read in the first book, and there are only a few things that are really new and need to be learned. up.Wouldn't it be much faster to read like this?Therefore, using this method of "interchange between thickness and thickness" to read books is to slow first and then fast, and to hide fast in the slow, which can often get twice the result with half the effort.

(End of this chapter)