Super top students: the most efficient learning method for top students

Chapter 28: Easy to master because of subject memory (2)
There is a lot of knowledge in junior high school chemistry that has a large capacity, is difficult to remember, and is commonly used, but it is very suitable for memorizing by making up jingles.For example: when learning the relationship between valence and chemical formula, it can be recorded as "a row of order and two valences, absolute valence to cross, occasional corner codes to be simplified, and written formulas to be checked".Another example is when you first learn element symbols, you can memorize them like this: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus; potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, iron, zinc; bromine, iodine, manganese, barium, copper, Silicon, silver; helium, neon, argon, fluorine, platinum, and gold.Memorizing valence is also a troublesome problem for students. You can also make up such a jingle: Potassium, sodium, silver, hydrogen + 1 valence; calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc + 2 valence; oxygen, sulfur - 2 valence; aluminum + 3 valence.In this way, the chemical valences of the main elements are recorded clearly.

4. Categorize memory
Systematically classify the knowledge you have learned and grasp the characteristics.For example: when memorizing the properties of various acids, first classify them, remember the general properties of the acids, and add the characteristics of several common acids to know the chemical properties of the acids.

5. Contrast memory
Compare the relevant knowledge with similarities and opposites in the old and new knowledge, and find out the similarities and differences.

6. Associative memory
Compare the characteristics of things with the same, similar, and opposite properties, remember the differences and connections between them, and when you recall, as long as you think of one, you can think of others.For example: memorize the solubility laws of acids, alkalis, and salts, don't memorize them in isolation, but expand your associations.

Some chemical experiments or concepts can be memorized by association.In the process of learning chemistry, the characteristics of the problem should be grasped. For example, the experimental process of memorizing hydrogen, carbon, and carbon monoxide to reduce copper oxide can be used for experimental association and comparison association. Another example is to memorize the two concepts of simple substance and compound together: A pure substance composed of different) elements is called a simple substance (compound).

7. Memory of key words
This is one of the effective ways to memorize concepts. On the basis of understanding, find out a few keywords or words in the concept to memorize the whole concept, such as: can change the chemical reaction speed of other substances (one change) and its own quality and chemical properties The connotation of the catalyst that remains unchanged before and after the chemical reaction (two invariants) can be memorized by the keywords "one change, two invariance".

8. Image memory method

With the help of vivid metaphors, visualize those hard-to-remember concepts and use intuitive images to remember them.For example, the rule of arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus is: "Electrons with low energy usually have more opportunities to appear closer to the nucleus, and electrons with higher energy usually have more opportunities to appear at places farther from the nucleus." This question is relatively Abstract, not immediately understandable.

9. Summarize memory
Summarize the basic knowledge that should be memorized in chemistry, and write it down in a notebook, so that your memorization goals are clear, organized and easy to review in time.Such as summarizing the memory content of the first four chapters of the textbook; writing and reading of 27 element symbols; memorizing elements 1 to 10 in order; the content of several elements in the earth’s crust; the meaning of element symbols; atomic structure diagram and ion structure How to draw schematic diagrams; common chemical formulas and their meanings; chemical equations in the first four chapters.

The memory method of historical knowledge

Many students will have a strong interest in the history class, because its content runs through ancient and modern times, spans China and foreign countries, and involves the development and evolution of various fields such as economy, politics, military affairs, culture, and science and technology.Due to the complicated historical content and the large time span, it is difficult to remember, so many people have a mentality of "love to go to class, but afraid of exams".Here are several ways to memorize historical knowledge to help young people overcome this difficulty and master historical knowledge quickly.

1. Categorize memory method

Using the method of classifying memory to memorize history makes knowledge organized and systematized, which is not only easy to remember, but also cultivates one's inductive ability.This method is generally used for the best overall history review effect.

We can classify according to the following clues:
(1) Induction based on similar events at different times

比如：我国古代八项著名的水利工程、近代前期西方列强连续发动的5次大规模侵华战争、20世纪30年代日本侵略中国制造的5次事变、新航路开辟过程中的4次重大远航、“二战”中同盟国首脑召开的4次国际会议、中国工农红军5次反“围剿”、中国共产党召开的18次代表大会等等。

(2) Summarize different events at the same time

For example, in 1927: the third armed uprising of Shanghai workers, the "April [-]" counter-revolutionary coup, the murder of Li Dazhao, the "Ma-Day Incident", the "July [-]th" counter-revolutionary coup, the "Ning-Han Confluence", the Nanchang Uprising, the "August The Seventh Conference, the Autumn Harvest Uprising, the establishment of the Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base, and the Guangzhou Uprising.

The classification memory method is not only conducive to firmly remembering the basic knowledge of history, but also conducive to deepening the understanding of the overall picture and essence of historical development.

2. Comparative memory method

There are many events of the same nature that often occur in history, such as peasant wars, political reforms, unequal treaties, etc.There are many similarities between these events, and it is easy for middle school students to confuse them with each other when remembering.At this time, comparing memory is the best method.Comparison can clearly reveal the similarities and differences between historical events, highlight their respective characteristics, and facilitate memory.However, it should not be simple and sloppy, but should be carried out carefully from all aspects and angles, and it is especially important to pay attention to searching for the "difference" in the "similarity" and the "similarity" in the "difference".For example: during the Anti-Japanese War in China, the KMT and the Communist Party compared the anti-Japanese routes; the comparison between Zheng He's voyages and the opening of new sea routes; the comparison between the similarities and differences between the unification of Germany and Italy; , influence, etc.; the comparison between China and the budding capitalism in Western Europe; the similarities and differences of the three modern revolutions in China, etc.

Using the comparative method to memorize historical knowledge can not only strengthen the memory, but also deepen the understanding, killing two birds with one stone.

3. Ballad memory method

Some basic knowledge of history is suitable for memorization with ballad mnemonics.For example, remembering the route of the Long March of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants: Xiangjiang River, Wujiang River to Zunyi, crossing Chishui four times to chase the enemy, Dadu River in Jinsha Yi District, snow mountain grassland to Wuqi.Songs of Chinese dynasties: Xia, Shang, Western and Zhou inherited, Spring and Autumn and Warring States inherited; Qin and Han followed New Han, Three Kingdoms, West and East Jin; confrontation between the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang unified; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Liao, Song and Xia Jin; Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, unified territory.

It should be noted that the written ballads must be short and neat in form, accurate and comprehensive in content, and strive to be lively and lively.

4. Chart memory method

The feature of the chart memory method is to use charts to enhance the intuitive effect of memory, mobilize visual functions, inspire imagination, and achieve the purpose of enhancing memory.

The territories of Qin, Tang, Yuan, Ming, and Qing are divided into four directions, and a rectangular coordinate system can be drawn.Another example is the diagram of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty, the diagram of the revolutionary movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the diagram of the Long March of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants.

5. Skillfully use digital memory method

With a long history, different major events happen almost every year.If you want to have a comprehensive understanding of history, you must remember the age.The historical years themselves are dull and difficult to remember.Some historical eras, such as the beginning and end of feudal society, can only be memorized by rote, but there are also some historical eras, which can use some good methods.

(1) Capture the characteristic memory of the era itself
For example, when Mongolia destroyed gold, in 1234, the four numbers were arranged in the order of natural numbers.Marx was born, 4, two 1818.

(2) Grasp the distance memory of major events
For example: the failure of the first Civil Revolutionary War, 1927; the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, 1937;All three are 1947 years apart.

(3) Grasp the causal relationship of major historical events and record the chronology
For example: the October Revolution in 1917, the revolution stopped the war, and the end of the First World War in 1918; Pushing forward to a new stage, the dissemination of Marxism became the mainstream, and the Communist Party emerged in 1919; Marxism was combined with the labor movement, and the Communist Party of China was born in 1920.

(4) Summarized as one, two, three, four, five, six

For example, the main knowledge points of the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty: a traffic artery that runs through the north and the south; it took 200 million people to excavate, with a total length of more than 2000 kilometers; three points, the center point is Luoyang, the northeast to Zhuojun, and the southeast to Yuhang; four The section is Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River; it connects five rivers: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River; it passes through six provinces: Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

(5) Memory by time period

For example: the national liberation movement after World War II is divided into three periods. The first period is from 1945 to the mid-50s, the second period is from the mid-50s to the end of the 60s, and the third period is the last century. From the early 70s to the present.Summarize it into three numbers, that is, more than 10, 15, and 20; because it is the national liberation movement after the "World War II", remember that the "World War II" ended in 1945, then the three numbers of 10, 15, and 20 are arranged in a row, You can firmly remember the time of each period.

6. Regular memory method

Historical development has its regularity.Prompting the law of historical development can help memory.For major historical events, we can analyze and compare them in terms of background, process, results, and impact to find out the laws.For example, although there are many reasons for the outbreak of the bourgeois revolution, the root cause is nothing more than the decadent feudal regime seriously hindering the development of capitalism.

In the process of learning, we can look for things with regularity. For example, in the process of bourgeois revolutions, the reasons for the outbreak of bourgeois revolutions in Britain, France, and the United States were all: reactionary political rule hindered the development of domestic capitalism, and To develop capitalism, it is necessary to rise up and overthrow reactionary political rule.The revolutions in the three countries all had fuses, outbreak signs, main leaders, and the promulgation of documents.In terms of the way of developing capitalism, Russia and Japan achieved it through top-down reforms, while Italy and Germany achieved national unification.

7. Absurd mnemonic

The more exotic the idea, the deeper the memory.For example: Chen Tianhua, a thinker of the democratic revolution, has two works, "Turning Back Suddenly" and "The Alarm Bell".When the warlords separated, the territory controlled by Cao Kun and Duan Qirui and their supporters can be thought of as: "Cao Kun leaned on a Japanese pear (Zhili) tree (Jiangsu), hungry (E-Hubei) so fast (Gan-Jiangxi). Duan Qirui is holding a large bowl of (Anhui-Anhui) stewed (Lu-Shandong) noodles (Fujian-Fujian), and this (Zhejiang) is all supported by Japan!"

Of course, there are various methods of memory, such as intuitive image memory, contact with actual memory, decomposition memory, repetitive memory, reasoning memory, signal memory, card memory, etc.In actual study, you should choose the memory method that suits you according to your actual situation.As long as everyone masters one or even several of these methods, learning history will no longer be elusive.

Method of Memorizing Physics Knowledge

Physical memory is mainly based on understanding. On the basis of understanding, we briefly introduce several physical memory methods here.

1. Observation and memory method

Physics is an experimental science. Physical experiments are vivid and intuitive. Through physical experiments, the understanding and memory of physical concepts can be deepened.For example, watch water boil.

(1) Observing the location and intensity of water boiling, we can see that during boiling, violent vaporization occurs in the water, forming a large number of bubbles, which rise and become larger, and burst when they reach the water surface, and the water vapor inside is released into the air , that is to say, boiling is a violent vaporization phenomenon simultaneously in the interior and surface of the liquid.

(2) Compare and observe the difference in physical phenomena before and after boiling.Before boiling, bubbles are formed inside the liquid and gradually become smaller during the rising process, so that they disappear before reaching the liquid surface; during boiling, the bubbles gradually become larger during the rising process, and burst when they reach the liquid surface.

(3) Through the quantitative analysis of the data, the boiling conditions can be obtained: ①Boiling only occurs at a certain temperature, and the temperature when the liquid boils is called the boiling point; ②The boiling of the liquid needs to absorb heat.If any one of the above two conditions is missing, the liquid will not boil.

2. Comparative memory method

The method of comparing and analyzing different physical concepts and physical laws, especially confusing physical knowledge, and grasping their similarities and differences, so as to memorize is called comparative memory method.For example, the two concepts of evaporation and boiling can be compared and memorized from the aspects of occurrence location, temperature conditions, intensity, and liquefaction temperature changes.Another example is series circuits and parallel circuits, which can be memorized from circuit diagrams, characteristics, laws, etc.

3. Graphic memory method

Physical knowledge is not isolated, but has an inevitable connection. Use some line segments or line segments with arrows to connect physical concepts and laws to establish connection points between knowledge. The block diagram formed in this way has the characteristics of simplicity, clarity and image. It can help us understand and remember knowledge.

4. Concentrated memory method

(End of this chapter)