Shadow of the Tomb Raider: A Complete Record of the History of Tomb Raiders in China

Chapter 10 The Mystery of Site Selection for "Feng Shui Treasure Land": Tomb Robbery and Feng Shui (5)
After completion, the site selection, design, layout, and structure of the Eastern Qing Mausoleum are very careful and exquisite. The temples and tombs are well arranged, and the primary and secondary are clearly defined. It not only reflects the strict hierarchy of the feudal dynasty, but also possesses scientific and artistic qualities.Did it all start with the finger wrench of Emperor Shunzhi?This question finally had an answer during the Kangxi period.According to historical records, in July of the sixth year of Kangxi, that is, in July of 1688 AD.Suksaha, the auxiliary minister, proposed to guard Xiaoling, but Kangxi didn't understand his intention, so he sent someone to inquire.Suke Saha replied: "When Emperor Shizu made the land divination, he was told: 'After I live forever, it is good for the tombs of your ministers to be buried close to the ground. Saha also said: "I am not the only one who attends the Buyue Mausoleum. There used to be Sony and E Bilong, and I thanked the three of them together." This historical material proves that the geomantic omen of the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty was indeed the Emperor Shunzhi himself. Selected.

清东陵以她无可辩驳的魅力，以她重要的历史、艺术和科学价值于2000年11月30日被正式列入世界文化遗产名录。2001年1月被国家旅游局评定为国级AAAA级旅游景区。

The United Nations World Heritage experts said that the Dongling Tombs of the Qing Dynasty is a "creative masterpiece of human genius".A series of buildings were built in each mausoleum according to the regulations, and the overall layout is "the front court and the back bedroom". The aesthetic idea of ​​"a hundred feet is the shape, a thousand feet is the momentum" runs through every mausoleum building, making each single building achieve a nearly perfect space combination in terms of space combination.Looking from a distance, the palaces, city walls, gates, roads, bridges and culverts are golden and green, red and snow white, magnificent and profound.From far to near, the scene is easy to move, rich in changes, rigorous in order, complementary to each other, and fascinating. It is a model of ancient Chinese mausoleum architecture, and its architectural art has reached the pinnacle of ancient Chinese architecture.In this huge building group, the basic forms of the palace buildings of the Ming and Qing dynasties in China are included, the most advanced engineering technology is used, and the most precious building materials are used. Among the more than 580 single buildings in the mausoleum area, there are two The widest existing stone archway in the country that has remained unmoved for 330 years after the earthquake; there is a 5.5-kilometer-long main road to the Xiaoling Mausoleum, and the "Wuyin Bridge" that sounds like a golden bell. The Yuling Underground Palace of the Stone Sculpture Art Treasure House and the Underground Buddha Hall, the three halls of the Cixi Mausoleum built of the most precious huanghuali wood and decorated with gold, and the Danbi Stone of "the phoenix above the dragon below", visitors can see Later, she was overwhelmed by her exquisite art, and even more impressed by her magnificent momentum.

The Eastern Tombs of the Qing Dynasty is a history of the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty written in bricks, wood, tiles and stones.The architecture of the Xiaoling Mausoleum reflects the lack of financial resources in the early days of the Dingding Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty.Jingling Mausoleum and Yuling Mausoleum reflect the characteristics of the era of peace and prosperity in the "prosperous age of Kangxi and Qianlong". Dingling Mausoleum and Huiling Mausoleum reflect the gradual decline of the Qing Dynasty; The special history of listening to politics".

The Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty is the master of Chinese feudal imperial tombs and the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people in ancient my country. It comprehensively embodies the traditional Chinese geomantic omen, architecture, aesthetics, philosophy, landscape, funeral and sacrificial culture, religion, folk culture, etc. Culture has important historical value, artistic value and scientific value, and is the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and all mankind.

There is a secret in not entering the ancestral grave

The Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty is located at the foot of Yongning Mountain in the west of Lianggezhuang, 15 kilometers west of Yi County, Hebei Province. It is 140 kilometers away from Beijing and about 100 kilometers away from Baoding. It covers an area of ​​more than 100 square kilometers.Qingxi Mausoleum is one of the tombs of the Qing Dynasty royal family.Qingxi Mausoleum is the mausoleum of four emperors since Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty. There are 14 mausoleums in total, including Tailing Mausoleum of Yongzheng, Changling Mausoleum of Jiaqing, Muling Mausoleum of Daoguang and Chongling Mausoleum of Guangxu.In addition, there are 3 rear mausoleums, and several princesses and concubines' gardens.It is called Xiling because it is opposite to the East Mausoleum of Qing Dynasty.The mausoleum area is adjacent to Zijing Pass in the west, Yishui River in the south, and Langya Mountain across the water.The area around the mausoleum is surrounded by chaotic peaks, verdant pines and cypresses, and the scenery is quiet and elegant.In the Qing Dynasty, the mausoleum was first built in Malanyu, Zunhua, Hebei.After Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne, he originally selected the mausoleum site in Chaoyang Mountain, Jiufeng, Malanyu, and started construction. Later, because the soil in the cave contained a lot of sand and gravel, the mausoleum site was abandoned. "Auspicious year", build the Tailing Mausoleum.

The buildings of the Xiling Mausoleum are well preserved, with more than 1000 houses, more than 100 stone buildings and stone carvings, with a construction area of ​​503 million square meters and an area of ​​100 square kilometers. The wall of the mausoleum is 21 kilometers long.The Tailing and Taidong Tombs of Emperor Yongzheng and Empresses are located in the middle of the mausoleum area, on the west side are Changling and Changxi Mausoleums of Emperor Jiaqing, and to the west are Muling and Mudongling Mausoleums of Emperor Daoguang; On the side is the Chongling Mausoleum of Emperor Guangxu.Next to the emperor's mausoleum, there are seven garden dormitories for concubines, princes and princesses.A total of 76 empresses, concubines, princes, and princesses were buried in the entire Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty.Every year on the Qingming Festival, Zhongyuan, Winter Solstice, the end of the year and the anniversary of death, the Qing court will hold large-scale ancestor worship activities in Dongling and Xiling, which are called "big sacrifices";Ancestor worship activities are costly, and the ancestor worship activities in Dongling alone cost 103 million taels of silver every year.

The architectural form and layout of the Xiling Mausoleum are roughly the same as those of the Dongling Mausoleum, and they were all built according to the strict official standards of the Qing Dynasty, with strict hierarchy.The Hou Mausoleum is smaller than the Emperor Mausoleum, and the garden dormitory is smaller than the Hou Mausoleum.The emperor's mausoleum and the rear mausoleum are surrounded by red walls, and the buildings are covered with yellow glazed tiles; although the concubines and princesses' gardens are surrounded by red walls, they are all covered with green glazed tiles; the palaces and government offices are gray brick walls. They are all covered with cloth tiles.The main buildings of the mausoleums include stele towers, divine kitchen warehouses, court rooms, Longen Gate, supporting hall, Longen Hall, Ming Tower, treasure items, etc.

Emperor Yongzheng's Tai Mausoleum is the earliest, largest and most complete mausoleum in Xiling.The cemetery was first built in the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730) and completed in the second year of Qianlong (1737). Emperor Yongzheng and his empress and concubine were buried in this mausoleum.The sign at the entrance of the mausoleum is three huge stone archways. After the stone archways, there is a Shinto with a width of 10 meters and a length of 2.5 kilometers. The Shinto connects the buildings on both sides of the central axis.After entering Dahongmen, the north side is the Fufu Hall, and the north of the hall is the Shengde Lingong Stele Pavilion with a height of more than 30 meters, with double eaves on the top of the mountain. The steles in the pavilion record the achievements of Emperor Yongzheng in his life.At the four corners of the stele pavilion stands a Chinese white marble watch, full of reliefs engraved with cloud and dragon patterns, which is majestic.From here, when crossing the seven-hole stone bridge, the stone beasts and stone men lined up on both sides of the Shinto stand with their heads bowed and respectful.Further north behind Zhizhu Mountain is the Dragon and Phoenix Gate, with four walls and three gates, decorated with Yunlong flowers made of colored glaze.On both sides of the gate are stele pavilions, god kitchen warehouses, well pavilions and other buildings.Further to the north is the main hall, the Longen Hall. In the hall, the bright pillars are covered with gold, the top is decorated with scroll paintings, and the beams and beams are decorated with gold lines and dots of gold.Behind the hall are three gates, two pillar gates, five stone offerings, Fangcheng, Minglou and other buildings.

Since then, the imperial mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty were divided into two places in Guannei. The mausoleum area of ​​Zunhua County is located to the east of the capital, called Dongling; the mausoleum area of ​​Yi County is located to the west of the capital, known as Xiling.Starting from Emperor Yongzheng, the system of Zhaomu was implemented, one east and one west, gatherings every other generation, and grandparents and grandchildren were buried in one place.During Qianlong's reign, an edict was issued to stipulate that father and son should not be buried in the same place after death.

"Zhaomu" is the ancient patriarchal system, the order of the ancestral temple, the first ancestor lived in the temple, the following father and son were called Zhaomu, Zhao on the left, and Mu on the right.If the father is Zhao, the son is Mu, and if the father is Mu, the son is Zhao.This method is also used in the order of left and right burial positions in cemeteries.As early as in the ancient book "Zhou Li", there was a standard description of "the burial of the former king was in the middle, with Zhaomu as the left and right".

According to such records, Emperor Yongzheng obviously violated the "Zhaomu system".So, what caused Emperor Yongzheng to violate the "Zhaomu system" and choose another mausoleum site?Regarding this question, there have always been different opinions. One is that Emperor Yongzheng chose Xiling as his "auspicious place for ten thousand years" because he thought Dongling was not good in geomantic omen. Quyang County is very close to the stone source. The white marble materials used to build the imperial palace and mausoleum in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all produced in the Taihang Mountains of Quyang. Therefore, they decided to build their mausoleum in Xiling, which can save a lot of labor.There is also a saying that Yongzheng tampered with Kangxi's will and dared not see his father after his death, so he built another tomb in Xiling.So, which statement is the real intention of Emperor Yongzheng?

Through historical research, we can see that after Yongzheng ascended the throne, the regime became more and more stable, and the construction of mausoleums has been put on the agenda.In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), he handed over this important task to Yunxiang, a capable and loyal confidant, and ordered another confidant Zhang Tingyu to assist, and the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Internal Affairs were responsible for the specific handling of the mausoleum.

Because the mausoleums of Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi were built in Zunhua, Yunxiang and others regarded the Zunhua area as the first choice for finding auspicious places.After trekking through mountains and rivers, wearing stars and wearing moons, they searched carefully, and finally in April of the second year, they saw a mausoleum in Jiufeng Chaoyang Mountain, and Emperor Yongzheng nodded in agreement.But later, the bureaucrats and warlocks who were proficient in geomancy tried again and again, and believed that Jiufeng Chaoyang Mountain "although the scale is large, the shape is not complete, and the soil in the cave contains sand and gravel, so it is really unusable."Therefore, Yongzheng abolished this mausoleum site and asked his officials to investigate again.Yunxiang and the others turned to other places to look for it, and after scouting around, they confirmed that there was no place they wanted in the area of ​​Zunhua.So, I made a survey in the southwest direction of Beijing, and finally found a good mausoleum in Taiping Valley, Taining Mountain, Yi County.According to Yunxiang and others, this place is surrounded by Yunshan Mountain in the west, Taining Mountain in the north, hilly land in the east, and Yishui River in the south. Sand and gravel, there is no beauty and no harvest. The situation is in order, and Zhu Ji is ready."

However, if the site of the mausoleum is chosen here, it obviously violates the system that the son is buried with the father. It is inconvenient for him to express his opinion immediately. Mausoleum and grandfather's Xiaoling Mausoleum are "hundreds of miles away from each other, and I can't bear it."It implies that the officials are looking for a basis for their violation of the system of "the son is buried with the father".

The officials understood it, and quickly quoted scriptures and found a lot of evidence that seemed quite reasonable.Yunxiang and the scholars of the University praised: "Although all the tombs of the Han and Tang Dynasties were built in Shaanxi, the tombs of Han Gaozu, Han Wendi, Jingdi, and Wudi were distributed in Xianyang, Chang'an, Gaoling, and Xingping counties. Tang Gaozu, Tang Taizong, etc. The mausoleums of Emperor Gaozong, Emperor Gaozong and Xuanzong are scattered in Sanyuan, Liquan, Qianxian County, Pucheng and other places. According to this code, the mausoleum built in Yizhou is not inconsistent with the ancient rituals. Moreover, both Zunhua and Yizhou belong to the land of Jifu , not far from the capital, it is possible to build a mausoleum.” Sure enough, the ministers lived up to their high expectations, and after citing scriptures, Yongzheng’s intention was successfully implemented.In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), the construction of the Tailing Mausoleum in Yizhou began, and it was completed in the second year of Qianlong (1737).So far, the funeral norms of the "Zhaomu Zhizhi" followed after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs were easily broken by Yongzheng, and history turned a silent corner here.After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the mausoleums of the emperors began to use the capital as the coordinate, and gradually divided into two mausoleum areas.That is the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty located near Malanyu, Zunhua County, east of Beijing, and the Western Tomb of the Qing Dynasty, located in Yi County, west of Beijing.

The most direct evidence against Yongzheng's construction of the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty in order to save labor is that when Kong Yushao, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, reported the procurement situation, Emperor Yongzheng said: "It is better to use money and food than to save money." That is to say, to build his own. As long as the mausoleum is run well, the cost of money and food can be ignored.

However, Yongzheng tampered with Kangxi's will, and he who admired Buddhism feared that his soul would be retaliated by Kangxi after his death and did not dare to be buried in Dongling.

The Tailing Mausoleum was built from 1730 to 1737. It took eight years to requisition boats and vehicles, carry tens of thousands of vehicles, employ tens of millions of migrant workers, and cause countless deaths. Due to the ups and downs of the Xiliangling area, he decided to rebuild his mausoleum in the Dongling area, and stated in the imperial decree in the 61st year of Qianlong (1796): "Because the mausoleum of Sihuangkao is in the west, I will set up the auspicious place for thousands of years and close to it." Huang Kao, after tens of thousands of years, my descendants will also think of being close to their grandfather, and they all choose Jijingxi, but they will be far away from Xiaoling and Jingling on the East Road, and they will not be able to show their filial piety and express their love."In order to prevent descendants from choosing another mausoleum site besides the eastern and western mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong also rigidly stipulated the "system of grave burials" in the imperial edict.That is to say, if the father is buried in Dongling, then the son is in Xiling; if the father is buried in Xiling, then the son must be in Dongling.However, what Qianlong did not expect was that within 30 years, his grandson Emperor Daoguang violated Qianlong's regulations and was buried in Xiling District.Fortunately for Daoguang, this violation escaped the warlord Sun Dianying, saving him from the bad luck of stealing and torturing his corpse.

In 2000, Qingxi Mausoleum was included in the "World Heritage List" according to the cultural heritage selection criteria C (I) (III) (IV) (V) (VI).Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee: According to Fengshui theory, the royal mausoleums of Ming and Qing Dynasties carefully selected their sites, and placed a large number of buildings skillfully underground.It is the product of human beings changing nature, embodies traditional architecture and decoration ideas, and explains the world outlook and power outlook of feudal China that lasted for more than [-] years.

(End of this chapter)