Shadow of the Tomb Raider: A Complete Record of the History of Tomb Raiders in China

Chapter 3 Talking about the Origin of Tomb Raiders (2)
Take mountains as mausoleums.It uses the peak of the mountain as the tomb of the mausoleum.It took 38 years to build the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, using a labor force of up to 70 people. At that time, the population of Qin State was 2000 million, and the labor force was only 400 million. That is to say, one sixth of the labor force had to work Jianling works.The earthwork as large as the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang (the volume of the earthen enclosure of the Mausoleum of Qinshihuang’s Mausoleum is 11241375 cubic meters) requires a lot of labor (more than 170130000 man-days were used for the earthwork alone), and the project is so large that it is beyond the reach of ordinary emperors. , and it is not safe to build a high earth base, and it is easy to be stolen, so the form of using mountains as mausoleums appeared. For example, the mausoleum of Tang Dynasty emperors adopted this form from the beginning. He took the Jiuyi (zōng) mountain at an altitude of 1188 meters in Liquan County, northwest of Chang'an, as the tomb, and dug the mountain to build it.It is said that this burial method was proposed by Empress Changsun. Before she died, she said to Li Shimin: "For the sake of thrift, we should burial lightly. Please bury it because of the mountain, and don't need to raise the grave."This is actually Li Shimin's own proposition, which he put forward in the name of Empress Changsun. He wrote on the inscription for Empress Changsun: "The king regards the world as his home, so why bother to keep things in the mausoleum and keep them for himself. The mountain is a mausoleum, and gold, jade, men and horses, and utensils are not hidden. They are all made of earth and wood.Even so, in fact, Li Shimin was not buried lightly, but very thickly.Using mountains as mausoleums is just to use the majestic momentum of mountains that is difficult to create artificially to reflect the grandeur of the emperor, and it can also achieve the purpose of preventing robbery.Judging from the way that the emperors of the Tang Dynasty used mountains as mausoleums, the majesty of the tombs of the Tang Dynasty emperors can hardly be compared with the huge seal of Qin Shihuang.As for preventing piracy, Emperor Taizong's Zhaoling Mausoleum could not escape, and was excavated by the warlord Wen Tao when Tang died.However, the Qianling Mausoleum, where Empress Gaozong was buried together, has not been excavated so far, which has a lot to do with the solidity of the mountains and rocks and the fact that the huge stones are sealed with lead water.In fact, this method of using mountains as mausoleums did not start from the Tang Dynasty, but already existed in the Han Dynasty, such as the Baling Mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty Liu Heng in Bailuyuan, Xi'an, Shaanxi, and the tomb of Liu Sheng, King Jing of the Western Han Dynasty Zhongshan in Baoding, Hebei. There are many such examples of holes built, but they are not as grand as the emperors of the Tang Dynasty.

Baocheng Baoding.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the square shape of the emperor's mausoleum was prevalent, and it continued until the Song Dynasty.However, after the use of mountains as mausoleums in the Tang Dynasty, the emperors were touched by Fangshang and the form of mountain-as-mausoleums, because the sharp edges of square-shaped mounds are easily eroded by windshields and become round and blunt, and the shape of the mountain is difficult to follow. square.Therefore, at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, many imperial mausoleums appeared in the shape of a garden (that is, the shape of a steamed bun).For example, during the Five Dynasties in Nanjing, the Qin Tomb and Shun Tomb of the two emperors Li Sheng and Li Jing of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the Yongling Mausoleum built by the former Shu king in Chengdu, Sichuan, all adopted the shape of a garden.In order to protect the loss of the sealing soil, Wang Jian's tomb also built a stone foundation at the foot of the sealing soil. This form was also widely used on the mounds of general tombs in the future.

Although the imperial mausoleums in the Northern Song Dynasty have restored the old square tombs of the Qin and Han Dynasties (called mausoleums in the Song Dynasty), the scale has been much smaller, and it has developed into a form of multi-layered squares, such as the Shaohao Mausoleum built in the Song Dynasty in Qufu, Shandong. All of them are made of stone slabs, which are exactly the same as the pyramids in Egypt, which can be called a coincidence.In the Yuan Dynasty, it went back to the ancient system of tombs but not graves in ancient times. There was no sign of sealing soil on the ground. Until now, the tombs of the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty are only recorded in Qiren Valley, and the exact location has not been found yet.Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the seals of the emperor's mausoleums have completely changed the Fangshang system. The seals of more than 30 emperors and hundreds of concubines in the two dynasties have adopted the form of Baocheng and Baoding. This architectural form is located in the tomb. Build a tall brick city on it, and then fill the brick city with soil so that the soil is higher than the city wall to form a dome, and set crenels and parapets on the city wall, just like a small city. This kind of city wall is called "treasure city". The dome out of the city wall is called "Baoding".There are two forms of Baocheng: round and oblong. The Ming Dynasty emperor's mausoleum is generally round, and the Qing Dynasty emperor's mausoleum is mostly oblong.In front of Baocheng, there is also a square city platform protruding forward. On the platform, a square Minglou is built, called "Fangcheng Minglou". Union building.This kind of tomb composed of Baocheng, Baoding and Fangcheng Minglou is much more complicated in architectural structure than the previous one. It not only highlights the solemn atmosphere of the mausoleum, but also increases the artistry of the building. reached its peak.

Tombs are popular

Chinese tombs developed simultaneously with the birth of Chinese civilization.From the lower chamber burial in Zhoukoudian cave cave in Beijing in the late Paleolithic age to the public cemeteries in the north and south of the moat around the Yangshao settlement site in the Neolithic age; The remains of the Hongshan culture in the "Dawn of Eastern Civilization" and large-scale stone tombs with a strict system appeared. While creating Chinese civilization, the ancient Chinese ancestors were also writing the history of Chinese tomb culture.

The origin and development of Chinese tombs changed with the changes in people's way of thinking about the end of life at that time.Many people believe that the first burials were created out of the ancestors' concept of the immortality of the soul.In ancient China where burial was the mainstream, the tomb was the final destination of life, so the ancients said: It is safe to bury in the earth.For most people, noise is the theme of their life, no matter whether they are enjoying the glory and wealth, or living a poor life with no house and no land.It is precisely based on the vanity of being alive, it has become a dream of human beings to find rest and tranquility in the underground world.The aristocratic class who enjoyed privileges during their lifetime, besides dreaming of resting in the underground world, also wanted to continue to live the life of extravagance and lust, and the bells and bells and feasts. Building magnificent tombs and luxurious and spacious underground palaces became their pursuit goals.But in fact, the good wishes and the wishful thinking arranged during life do not always come true after death, and sometimes the opposite is true. "From ancient times to the present, there has been no country that will not perish, and every tomb will be dug", which is a historical footnote for this dream and behavior.

In ancient times, people did not have the habit of burying the dead.The way primitive humans deal with the death of their companions is either to eat them when they are about to starve to death, which can be called "belly burial"; or to discard the corpses in the wild, which can be called "wild burial". .As "Mencius Teng Wengong [-]" said: "In the world, there are those who do not bury their relatives. If their relatives die, they will be entrusted to the gully." In fact, "belly burial" and "wild burial" are both Not really a funeral.With the development of productivity and the stability of life, the phenomenon of burying the dead appeared, but at that time the tomb was not a grave, and there was no sign, "The ancient burials were paid generously, buried in the wild, and neither sealed nor treed. "

In China, the source of burials can be traced back to the generation of cavemen 1.8 years ago.This period was still in the early stage of human history - the Paleolithic Age, but people at that time buried their dead companions in caves and sprinkled hematite powder around the corpses to express their grief for the dead .This is the earliest tomb in China, and the dark red hematite powder is the earliest and simplest burial object for human beings.

The emergence of the burial system in the true sense came after the idea of ​​the immortality of the soul.The emergence of this concept has completely changed people's attitudes towards death.This kind of concept holds that when a person dies, he just moves to live another new life. Therefore, the deceased should be buried according to the way of life before his death. The so-called "death is like life".As the ancients said, "The funeral ceremony is to use the living to decorate the dead." It is under the domination of this concept that a grand and complicated funeral system has gradually formed after a long period of time.

As we all know, the Shang Dynasty was the representative of Chinese slave society, and it is the only dynasty that can prove that China has entered the "Civilization Age".But it was in such a big era that the first peak of thick burials in history emerged.The burials of the rulers during this period were extravagant, and a large number of slaves were buried.

Most of the tombs in the tomb area of ​​Shang kings have been excavated by generations.The huge scale of the royal tomb and the discovery of sporadic and exquisite funerary objects allow us to infer the luxury of the funeral at that time.

Fuhao’s Tomb was excavated in the northwest of Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province in 1976. It is the only tomb of a royal family and noble family that has not been looted since the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions in the 100 years since the discovery of the oracle bone inscriptions, and the only one that has not been robbed so far. A royal tomb of the Shang Dynasty.The tomb is more than five meters long, about four meters wide, and more than seven meters deep. There is a Xiangtang called "Mu Xinzong" by the oracle bone inscriptions on the tomb.It is said that Xiangtang was originally an ancestral temple building built by Shang Wang Wuding to worship his wife and wife, and his temple name is "Xin".

Hello, wife of the tomb, it is Wu Ding's legal spouse (bǐ) Xin in the inscriptions of the Yi Xin Zhou Festival.The number and variety of burial objects unearthed from Yinxu Tomb No. 5, as well as the number of bronzes with inscriptions, are unprecedented.Among them, the number of "Simu Xin" bronze vessels is limited, but they are very important. For example, two of them are Dafang Ding, which is second only to the "Simuwu" Ding in size. The shapes of the two four-legged tongs are also extremely unique and rare.In addition, a stone carving of a lying cow was also unearthed, with the word "Si Xin" on it, which may be the provincial text of "Si Mu Xin".A total of 2 artifacts were unearthed from the tomb, including 2 bronze wares. They are complete in variety and shape, including almost all types of bronze wares unearthed from the Yin Ruins in the past.There are 1 burial jade wares with extremely high craftsmanship.There are also 2 pieces of green crystal, turquoise, malachite and agate beads, and 1928 pieces of crystal products.Precious ivory carvings, etc. also show the luxury of life in the upper class at that time.

Although Fuhao is a royal nobleman, she still has a different status from the Shang king.

Modern archaeological excavations have proved that the tomb of the King of Shang in Anyang has a tomb area of ​​about 330 square meters, and the total area of ​​the tomb passage is 1800 square meters; "Tomb", that is, a tomb passage is left in the north and south of the tomb; there is a "A-shaped tomb", that is, a tomb passage is left in the south.The tombs of middle-ranking nobles have no tomb passages, with an area of ​​about 300 square meters; the tombs of ordinary minor nobles, with an area of ​​less than 20 square meters;In the tombs of the rulers, there are a large number of bronzes and jades, and a large number of people and animals are buried.At that time, it was popular to dig a "waist pit" in the middle of the tomb to bury people, animals and funerary objects; to build houses on the tomb for sacrifices, which was called "Xiangtang". "Book of Rites Tan Gong Shang" records: there are tile coffins of Yu's family, Xiahou's family's Jiwei, and Yin people's coffins and outer coffins.In the large tombs of the Yin Dynasty, there were many coffins and outer coffins.The coffins are generally painted with one to several layers of red or yellow paint, and a few coffins are also painted.

The Western Zhou Dynasty was a turning point in the history of Chinese funerals.During this period, because the agricultural peoples paid more attention to etiquette and ethics than the nomadic and business peoples.More importantly, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, funeral etiquette began to be institutionalized and legalized.According to "Zhou Li", there was a special "Tomb Man" at that time, which was a "cemetery" for the royal family and nobles.He determined the size of the tomb, the standard of the hall (houses on the tomb) and the number of trees planted according to the class and rank of the nobles; he also set up a "tomb doctor" to take charge of the tombs of civilians.With the development of time, people pay more and more attention to burials, and the concept of immortality of the soul is also becoming stronger and stronger in people's ideology.Due to the very low level of productivity at that time, human activities often migrated along with the changes in the natural environment.Under the constraints of many circumstances, people have not planned to use the tomb as a permanent sacrifice, so when the dead are buried, no special marks are left on the ground.As the "Book of Rites Tan Gong" said: "In ancient times, tombs are not graves." It also explained: "Every tomb without a grave, without a seal or a tree, is called a tomb." It shows that the early tombs were neither. There are no trees or signs on the graves that are sealed with soil.This has been confirmed by archaeological excavations.

From about the Zhou Dynasty, seals began to appear on tombs. In the "Book of Rites", there is a story about Confucius looking for the tomb of his parents, which provides an extremely important information for later generations to study the transformation of tombs.The story says that when Confucius was three years old, his father, Shu Lianghe, died.When Confucius grew up, he wanted to sacrifice to his father, but he couldn't find a place to bury him.Later, through the memories of many old people, it took a long time to find it.Confucius was a person who valued "rituals". He believed that it was a necessary etiquette for descendants to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. In order to make it easier for them to come to worship frequently in the future without losing their bearings, he thought of a way, that is, to build a grave on the site of his father's burial, as a gift for his descendants. The searched sign.As for the method of building earth and building graves in the burial place, some people may have tried it before Confucius, but most of the later generations still use the time when this story happened as the origin of sealing the earth.According to the "Book of Rites Tan Gong No. [-]", when Confucius buried his parents together, he said: "I heard that there are no tombs in the ancient tombs, and there are no tombs in the present hills. People from east, west, north, south, and south cannot be known, so they sealed it." , Chong Si Chi."

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the system of "closing trees" for tombs was gradually formed and perfected.The so-called "sealing" means that the mounds are piled up with soil, which is what people usually call a grave bag.The formation of the tree seal undoubtedly added a lot of solemnity to the tomb. It clearly indicated the location and level of the tomb, and even the number and value of the burial objects in the interim. Of course, this conveyed information to the tomb robbers virtually.

The mausoleum system centered on the monarch appeared in the middle and late Warring States period.In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the tombs of emperors were still called tombs, and some were called mounds in the Spring and Autumn Period.From the literature records, after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the soil around the tombs gradually became taller, and the larger ones were shaped like hills, so some people called this kind of burial place Qiu.For example, the tombs of King Zhao Wuling and King Yanzhao at that time were called Zhaoqiu, Zhaoqiu and so on.Later, the mausoleums of emperors, generals and feudal nobles appeared.Since King Qin Hui of the Warring States period began to be called the mausoleum, the Mausoleum of King Qin Hui of the Warring States Period has become a watershed in the history of emperor funerals.

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, in addition to earth pit tombs, stone chamber tombs and brick chamber tombs gradually became popular, and the shapes of tombs also tended to be diversified.This gradually entered the second climax of heavy burial.During this period, the tombs of the rulers were naturally extravagant and extravagant, and the common people were also very particular, and new types of tombs continued to emerge.The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang can be called the "Super Tomb of the Emperor".Its underground palace facilities are the same as those on the ground. The interior of the tomb is low to see water, reinforced with copper, and placed on top of the coffin. More than 300 burial pits and more than 3 important cultural relics have been discovered in the mausoleum area.However, in such an era of diversified development, the burial objects in tombs are becoming more and more unified, forming a fixed burial pattern.The Qin and Han Dynasties were the perfect period for burial warriors, especially the excavation of terracotta warriors, known as "the eighth wonder of the world".

After the Han Dynasty, the shape of the tombs was gradually unified. The larger tombs generally have long slopes. The inner walls of the relic tombs on both sides of the slope are painted with colorful murals. The themes are very wide, ranging from myths and legends, historical stories, to The tomb owner's experience, family life, labor production, etc. are all involved.The long-standing custom of killing people for burial and offering human sacrifices was basically abolished in the Han Dynasty.Among the funerary objects, the custom of killing slaves and maidservants in the past was replaced by wooden figurines and pottery figurines; Warehouses, stoves, wells, pigpens, fields, pavilions, etc.The emperor of the Han Dynasty began to build his own mausoleum one year after he ascended the throne.The cost of it is unimaginable.The 11 imperial mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty are relatively concentrated, and 9 of them are on the Xianyang plateau. In addition, the Baling plateau of Emperor Wenwen of the Han Dynasty is on the Baling plateau in the eastern suburb of Xi’an, and the Du Ling is on the Duling plateau in the southern suburb of Xi’an. .Except for the Ba Mausoleum, which was "hidden because of the mountain" due to the thin burial, the rest all have tall mounds.There are also rules for the joint burial of the emperor and queen.After they were buried together, although they were in the same tomb, they were in different mausoleums.The emperor's tomb is in the west, and the queen's tomb is in the east.Next to the cemetery at that time, there was a sleeping hall.There are east and west steps, god seats, etc. in the bedroom hall, displaying the tomb owner's clothes, hats and sticks and other daily necessities; the palace people must arrange the quilt pillows, prepare water, and arrange dressing utensils on time every day just like the owner did before his death.There is another characteristic of the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty. Generally, there are burial cemeteries for senior officials and favorite ministers to the east of the emperor's tombs.There are many burial persons, each with a large mound, and the entire mausoleum area is dotted with dots.Zhang Zai of the Jin Dynasty wrote in "Poems of Seven Sorrows": "Where are the tombs in Beimang?

In order to symbolize the deceased's ownership of the cemetery, "land coupons" became popular in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty.With the impact of the monetary economy, "cash cows" also appeared in the funeral objects in some areas.In the shape of the tomb, there are tombstones that record the surname of the deceased, the year of burial, the burial person, and easy identification; there are tombs that indicate the identity and rank of the deceased and make the tomb more like an official government; Auspicious stone beast.There is a kind of tomb-suppressing inscription commonly found in tombs, either written on pottery vases or lead coupons, or carved in stone or brick inside the tomb.Its content includes recording the year, month and day, reporting to the family of the deceased or the tomb of Qiu Cheng in the name of the envoy of the Emperor of Heaven, exorcising disasters for the living, and apologizing for the dead.It is worth noting that there are many lead people buried in the tomb, which are said to serve in the underworld instead of the dead.

(End of this chapter)