Zi Zhi Tong Jian

Chapter 58 Late Jin Dynasty: The Rise of Khitan (1)
[Original text]

Liang Taizu Shenwu Yuan Shengxiao Emperor Kaiping First Year

At the beginning, there were eight tribes in Khitan, and each tribe had its own masters. They made an agreement with each other, elected one person to be king, set up banners and drums to command the tribes, and replaced each other every three years.At the end of Xiantong, those who have practiced Er are kings, and the earth and universe begin to grow.Afterwards, Chinde became king, took advantage of the many reasons in the Central Plains, and sometimes entered the border of robbers.And Abaoji is the king, You Xiongyong, five surnames Xi, seven surnames Shiwei, and Datar salty servants belong to him.Abaoji's surname was Yelu's, and he refused to accept his replacement because of his strength.After a long time, Abao attacked Huangtou Shiwei and returned, and the seven tribes robbed him on the border, begging to keep the promise.As a last resort, A Baoji spread the flag and drums, and said: "I have been king for nine years, and I have won many Han people. Please Shuaizhong settle down in ancient Seoul and guard it with the Han people. Don't be a part of yourself." The seven parts promised it.Seoul, so Huayan County in the Later Wei Dynasty.The land is suitable for five grains and has the benefit of salt ponds.Afterwards, A Baoji used his troops to destroy the seven tribes, and then merged into one country.He also invaded Shiwei and Jurchen in the north, took the old Turkic land in the west, attacked Xi, destroyed them, restored King Xi and made Khitan supervise his soldiers.All the barbarians in the Northeast are in awe of him.

This year, Abaoji commanded 30 people to Kou Yunzhou. King Jin reconciled with him, met Dongcheng face to face, and agreed to be brothers. In Yanzhi's tent, he drank and shook hands.Or persuade the king of Jin: "Because he came, he can be captured." The king said: "If the enemy is not destroyed and loses faith in Yidi, it is the way to perish."A Baoji kept [-] horses and thousands of miscellaneous animals in return.A Baoji returned and betrayed the alliance, and even attached himself to Liang, so Jin Wang hated him.

【Translation】

The first year of Kaiping, Emperor Taizu of Liang Dynasty (907 A.D.)
At the beginning, there were eight tribes in Khitan, and each tribe had its own master. They agreed with each other that they wanted to elect one person to be king, set up banners and drums to issue orders to all the tribes, and succeed each other in turn every three years.In the last years of Xiantong, a man named Xi'er became the king, and the territory was expanded from then on.Later, when Chinde became king, taking advantage of the continuous war in the Central Plains, he often invaded the border of the Central Plains to rob.After A Baoji became the great king, he was especially powerful and brave. The five surnames Xi and the seven surnames Shiwei and Datar all joined him.A Baoji's surname is Yelu's. Relying on his own strength, he refuses to step down at the end of his three-year term, let alone accept others' replacements.A long time later, Abaoji attacked Huangtou Shiwei and returned, and the other seven tribes threatened him on the border, ordering him to abide by the agreement of changing the king every three years.Abaoji had no choice but to pass the flag to the next king, and said: "I have been the king for nine years, and I have gained many Han people. Please allow me to lead a tribe of the same race to live in ancient Seoul and guard it with the Han people. In addition, it will become one by itself." The Seventh Department agreed to his request.Seoul is the ancient post-Wei Huayan County.The soil there is very suitable for the growth of grains, and there are things like salt ponds that generate wealth.Then Abaoji gradually sent troops to wipe out the other seven tribes and merged them all into one country.Abaoji then led his army to invade Shiwei and Jurchen to the north, captured the old Turkic land to the west, attacked the five surnames Xi, and wiped them out. Later, he appointed King Xi and asked Khitan to supervise his army.From then on, all Yi tribes in the Northeast respected and obeyed him.

This year, A Baoji led 30 troops to invade Yunzhou. Li Keyong, king of Jin, held peace talks with him. They met in Dongcheng of Yunzhou and became brothers. Yan Huan made an appointment to attack Houliang together in the winter of the same year.Someone persuaded the king of Jin to say: "A Baoji can be captured alive while he is here." The king of Jin said: "The enemy Zhu Quanzhong has not been eliminated, but I have broken my trust with Yidi. This is the way to destroy myself." Ji stayed in Yunzhou for ten days before leaving, and the king of Jin gave him tens of thousands of gold ribbons.A Baoji also left [-] horses and tens of thousands of various livestock as rewards to King Jin.After A Baoji returned, he immediately betrayed the oath and fell into the arms of Hou Liang. Jin Wang Li Keyong gritted his teeth with hatred for A Baoji.

[Original text]

At the beginning of the second year of Zhenming, King Jun of the Later Liang Dynasty, Liu Shouguang was cruel to the people of Yan. Most of the soldiers belonged to Khitan, and Shouguang was besieged in Youzhou. Most of the soldiers and people in the north were plundered by Khitan; Khitan became stronger and stronger.King Abaoji of the Khitan claimed to be the emperor, and the people of the country called him the emperor of heaven.

Empress Shulu bravely decides many contingencies, A Baoji marches troops to resist the crowd, Empress Shulu often plans ahead of time.A Baoji tasted the moraine and attacked the party items, and left behind the law to guard his tent. Huangtou and Shoubo's second room Wei Chengxu joined forces to plunder them; The name shook the barbarians.After Shulu had a mother and an aunt, they all sat on the couch to be worshiped by him, saying: "I only worship the sky, not people." Jin Wang Fang ran Hebei, and wanted to tie Khitan for help. He often used his uncle to serve Abaoji and his aunt After the law.

Liu Shouguang was in decline in his last years, so he sent Han Yanhui, who joined the army, to ask for help from Khitan.Yanhui, a native of Youzhou, is wise and well-versed in literature.The postscript of the law said to the Lord of Khitan: "Yanhui can keep the festival and not yield. How can the sages of today humiliate the herds? Use it as a courtesy." How to move.Yanhui began to teach Khitan to build a government, build a city, and set up a city to deal with the Han people, so that each has a spouse and cultivates barren fields.Therefore, the Han people have their own livelihoods and jobs, and the number of fugitives is less.The Khitan conquered all countries, and the extension of the emblem will help.

【Translation】

At the beginning of the second year of Zhenming (916 A.D.), King Jun of Later Liang, the people of Yan were brutally abused by Liu Shouguang, and many soldiers in the army joined Khitan.When Liu Shouguang was besieged in Youzhou, many scholars and civilians in the north of Youzhou were plundered by the Khitans, and the Khitans have become stronger and stronger since then.King Abaoji of Khitan claimed to be the emperor, and the people of Khitan respectfully called him the Emperor of Heaven, called his wife Shulushi the Queen, and set up all civil and military officials.At this point, the Khitan king changed the title of the year to the book of gods.

Shulu empress is brave and decisive by nature, and has a lot of contingencies. Every time A Baoji mobilizes the crowd, Shulu empress often participates in the planning.A Baoji once crossed the desert to attack Dangxiang, and left Shulu Queen to guard the tent. Huangtou and Skunk Ershi Wei attempted to take advantage of Abaoji's absence and jointly lead troops to rob the tent.After hearing the news, the empress Shulu ordered the soldiers to wait for their arrival, and then personally led the troops to fight back against them, defeating Ershiwei's soldiers.From then on, the empress Shulu became famous among the barbarians.Empress Shulu has a mother and mother-in-law. Empress Shulu always sits on the bed to accept their prayers. Empress Shulu said: "I only worship the sky, not people." When Jin Wang Li Cunxu first took over the management of Hebei, he wanted to He made friends with Khitan as a backup, so he often served Abaoji as an uncle and Empress Shulu as an aunt.

Liu Shouguang was extremely poor in his later years. He once sent Han Yanhui, who joined the army, to the Khitan Kingdom to ask for help. The Khitan Lord was very angry that he could not pay homage to him, so he exiled Han Yanhui to the wild to graze horses.Han Yanhui is a native of Youzhou. He is very wise and strategic, and he also knows how to compose poems and essays.Therefore, the Empress Shulu said to the Khitan King: "Han Yanhui can stick to his integrity and not give in. He is a wise man today. How can he be insulted by such an errand as horse herding? You should treat him with courtesy and use him." So the Khitan King So he summoned Han Yanhui, and after talking with him, he liked his conversation very much, and immediately regarded him as the main adviser, and would go to discuss with him as long as he made a slight move.When Han Yanhui first arrived in Khitan, he taught Khitan to build teeth, build mansions, build city walls, and set up market lanes, so that they could be used to resettle the Han people, so that everyone had a spouse, and reclaimed and planted wasteland.Therefore, all Han people can live and work in peace and contentment, and the number of people fleeing is decreasing day by day.The reason why Khitan was able to conquer all countries is because of the great help of Han Yanhui.

[Original text]

After a while, Yanhui fled to Jinyang.The king of Jin wanted to set up the shogunate, and he was in charge of the shogunate. Yanhui was not at ease, and asked to return to the provincial mother in the east, so as to pass the truth. He stopped at the home of Wang Deming, a native of the country. Jin You, you should return to Khitan ears." Deming said: "If you rebel and go back, you will die if you have nothing!" Yanhui said: "He came from me, as if he lost his hands and eyes; now he has gone to him, and his hands and eyes After resuming, Anken will kill me!" As the governor's mother, he returned to Khitan.When the Khitan master heard of his arrival, he was overjoyed, as if descending from the sky, he scratched his back and said, "Where is the person who wants to go?" Be generous.He proclaimed himself emperor, took Yanhui as his prime minister, and moved to Zhongshu Ling.The king of Jin sent an envoy to Khitan, and Yanhui wrote to the king of Jin, explaining the meaning of going north, and said: "It's not because I don't love the British Lord, but because I don't miss my hometown, so I didn't stay, because I was afraid of the king's slander." The old mother was entrusted, and said: "Where Yanhui is here, Khitan will not go south." Therefore, in the world of the same light, if Khitan does not go deep into bandits, the power of Yanhui is also.

In the later Tang Dynasty, Mingzong Shengde and Wuqin Xiao Emperor Tiancheng Xinsi, the Khitan Lord Abaoji died in Fuyu City. After the law, he summoned the wives of the generals and chiefs who were difficult to control, saying: "I am now a widow, you must follow me. " He gathered his husband again and asked, "Do you think about the late emperor?" He said to him, "After accepting the kindness of the late emperor, how can you not think about it?" He said, "If you think about it, you should go and see him." Then he killed him.

【Translation】

Soon after, Han Yanhui fled to Jinyang.Jin Wang wanted to place him in his shogunate, and the secretary Wang Yan was very jealous of him.Han Yanhui felt very disturbed, so he asked to go back to Youzhou Province to see his mother. When he passed Zhenzhen, he stayed at the home of Wang Deming, a fellow villager.Wang Deming asked him where he planned to go next, and Han Yanhui said: "Now the entire Hebei area belongs to the Jin State, and I should return to the Khitan State." Wang Deming said: "You betrayed the Khitan State, and now you return. Didn't you go to die for nothing?" Han Yanhui said: "Since I escaped, the ruler of the Khitan Kingdom seemed to have lost his hands and eyes. What about me?" After he visited his mother, he returned to Khitan country again.The Lord of Khitan was overjoyed when he learned that Han Yanhui had returned, as if Han Yanhui had fallen from the sky. He stroked Han Yanhui's back and said, "Where have you been?" Han Yanhui said, "I miss my old mother very much. I planned to ask for leave to go back to visit my relatives, but I was afraid that the king would not allow it, so I went back privately." Since then, the king of Khitan has treated him more favorably.After the Khitan king became emperor, he made Han Yanhui the prime minister and promoted him to the position of Zhongshu Ling.The King of Jin sent envoys to the Khitan Kingdom, and Han Yanhui took the opportunity to write to the King of Jin, truthfully stating the reasons why he returned to Khitan back then, and said: "It's not that I don't miss the wise monarch, and it's not that I don't miss my hometown. So I couldn't stay in the state of Jin because I was afraid that Wang Yan would be jealous of me, so I slandered the king." So he entrusted his old mother to the king of Jin, and said in the letter: "With me, Han Yanhui, Khitan The country will definitely not invade the south again.” Therefore, when Li Cunxu became Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty, Khitan really did not invade the south further, all because of the existence of Han Yanhui.

On July 926, the first year of Tiancheng Emperor Mingzong of the Later Tang Dynasty (27 A.D.), Abaoji, the Lord of Khitan, died in Fuyu City.After Shulu summoned the wives of the generals and chiefs who were difficult to subdue, he said to them: "I am a widow now, you must follow my example." Then he summoned their husbands and asked them while crying: "You miss the late emperor. Is it?" These people replied: "We are all indebted to the great kindness and virtue of the late emperor, how can we not miss him?" The empress said: "If you really miss him, then you should go to see him." After saying that, they ordered to kill him. kill them.

[Original text]

In the first year of Tiancheng, Empress Khitan Shulu loved his neutron Deguang, and wanted to set him up, so he went to the west tower, where he and Tuyu both rode on horses and stood in front of the tent. He said to the chiefs, "I love you both, I don't know where to stand. You Cao chooses the one who can be established to hold his bridle." The chief knew what he meant, and after arguing with Deguang's bridle, he said happily: "I wish to be the prince of the marshal." Later he said: "What everyone wants, I dare to disobey." So he made him the emperor. .Suddenly wanting to be stunned, the handsome hundreds of riders wanted to go to Tang, but they were restrained by the logic; the queen was not guilty of the law, and was sent back to Dongdan.The Emperor of Heaven honored the empress dowager as the empress dowager, and all state affairs were decided.The queen mother accepted her nephew as the emperor and queen.The Emperor of Heaven is filial and respectful. When his mother is sick, he neither eats nor eats. When he serves his mother in front of him, if it is not suitable for him, his mother raises his eyebrows and looks at him.Take Han Yanhui as the political order.Hearing Yao Kun's return, he sent his minister, Asi Wugui, to express his condolences.

In the second year of Tiancheng, Khitan was changed to Yuan Tianxian, and its master Abaoji was buried in Muye Mountain.There are cunning people around the Empress Dowager Shulu, and she often said: "Speak to the first emperor for me!" When they arrived at the tomb, they were killed, and hundreds of them were killed before and after.Finally, Zhao Siwen from Pingzhou should go, but Siwen can't do it. Later he said: "You have tried to get close to the emperor beforehand, why can't you?" If you don't want to follow the ancestors, you must go to the ground, because your heirs are young and weak, and the country has no owner, so you can't go to your ears." He cut off his wrist and ordered him to put it in the tomb.Siwen was also spared.

【Translation】

In the first year of Tiancheng (926 A.D.), Empress Shulu of Khitan loved Neutron Deguang very much and planned to make him Lord of Khitan.When they arrived at the West Building, let him and Tuyu stand in front of the tent together on horseback, and then she said to the chiefs: "I like these two sons very much, I don't know which one should be the Khitan Lord, you can choose one and you can immediately choose one." For Lord Khitan, then take the reins of his horse to express your decision." The chiefs knew her thoughts well, so they all rushed to get the reins of La Deguang's horse, and cheered and said: "I am willing to serve the marshal prince. "The empress said: "How dare I go against everyone's wish?" Immediately Li Deguang became the emperor.Feeling very dissatisfied, Tu Yu led hundreds of cavalrymen under his command in an attempt to defect to Houtang, but was stopped by patrolling people.The Empress Shulu did not punish him, but sent him back to Dongdan.The emperor respectfully called Empress Shulu the Empress Dowager, and all state affairs were arranged by her.The Empress Dowager accepted her niece as the Empress Dowager.The emperor was cautious and filial by nature. His mother could not eat or drink after she fell ill, so he also did not eat, and stayed by his mother's side every day.Faced with the fact that his mother sometimes did not conform to her wishes, his mother would stare at him, and at this time he would be so scared that he would run away quickly, and he would never dare to come in to see the queen mother again until he was called back.The Emperor asked Han Yanhui to serve as the political order, and allowed Yao Kun to return to Tang after his return. He also sent his minister, Asi Bone, to the Later Tang to report the news of the Khitan Lord's death.

In the second year of Tiancheng (927 A.D.), the Khitan Kingdom changed its reign name to Tianxian, and the Khitan master Abaoji was buried in Muye Mountain.Among the people around Empress Dowager Shulu were cruel and cunning people, and she said to them, "Please go and send a message to the first emperor for me." When they arrived at the tomb of the first emperor, she sent someone to kill them. More than 100 people.Finally, Zhao Siwen from Pingzhou should also go, but Zhao Siwen did not go.The queen mother said: "You used to be so close when you served the first emperor. Why don't you go now?" Zhao Siwen replied: "My closeness is not as close as the queen mother. If the queen mother goes, then I will go with you." He said: "It's not that I don't want to go underground with the late emperor, but because my son is weak and the country has no monarch for a while, so I can't go." Then he cut off a wrist and made people put it in the late emperor's tomb.Zhao Siwen also survived.

[Comment and Analysis]

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Khitan in the northeast rose.In 916 AD, Yelu Abaoji established the Khitan Kingdom. Thirty years later, Yelu Deguang attacked the Central Plains, destroyed the Later Jin Dynasty, and established the Liao Empire. History has since entered a period of confrontation between the North and the South.The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was an important period for the rise of the Khitan. In order to compete for power, the regimes of the Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin all tried their best to win over the Khitan, and even asked the Khitan to send troops on the terms of cede land, pay tribute, and become a minister.Khitan took the opportunity to continuously develop its strength, moving from the northern grasslands to the political and historical stage of the Central Plains.

Dejun's death
[Original text]

Later Jin Emperor Gaozu Shengwen Wuming Dexiao Emperor Tianfu First Year

At the beginning, Zhao Dejun harbored different ambitions, and wanted to take the Central Plains due to chaos, so he asked himself to save Jin'an Village; the Tang Lord ordered that after the flying fox followed the Khitan, he would mobilize the tribe, and Dejun asked the silver saddle Khitan to ride three thousand horses, and entered west from Tumen Road. Emperor Xuzhi.Liu Zaiming, the governor of Zhaozhou and the commander of the northern camp, first sent troops to Yizhou, and Dejun passed through Yizhou. He ordered Zaiming to follow him.In the Ming Dynasty, people from Youzhou were also born.

(End of this chapter)