politics

Chapter 29 Volume (Γ) Three (9)
The "pottery exile law" is a similar measure, which keeps talented and virtuous people away from the mainland, 35 and their power in the state will gradually become weaker.The same tyranny will be exercised by a strong state against a small city or a weak people. The conquest of the Athenians against the people of Themos, Chiva and Lesbo is such an example.After Athens had consolidated her supremacy, she disregarded the covenant and imposed violence on her allies, Themos in 440 B.C., Mytilene on Lesbo in 428, and Chive in 412. Has defected from Athens.The Athenian navy conquered the three islands (see Chapter 24 of "Athens Political System").But the cause of this war was not Athens' breach of contract.These three islands are important allies of Athens, and Athens is quite polite to these three states. "New School" III 248-9, citing chapters i76 and vi76 of "Thucydides" and "Diodorus" 50 and 70, said that the Athens breach of contract and violence against the three states mentioned here should refer to 440 BC Years ago, when Athens had not yet concluded the Delian League with the states. . 40 Similarly, when the Medes, Babylonians, and other subjugated nations were inspired by the glory of their predecessors and wanted to work hard in 1284b, the Persian king repeatedly punished them by force. "Herodotus Volume 183 159, Volume 164 [-]:[-], it is recorded that the Kingdom of Persia severely punished the rebels of Babylon in Media after the Kingdom of Persia defeated them.See Arrian: Arrianas, Anabasis Alex, Vol. [-], [-]. .

The problem we have just discussed is common to both genuine and perverted regimes: perverted governments of all kinds must practice purges for the benefit of some of their populations,5 and proper governments must apply similar purges for the common good.This law of seeking order and symmetry can be found in Volume 1302, 34b1326; Volume 35, 420a10.And Plato: "Utopia" Volume IV [-].It can also be verified by general academic skills.When a painter paints a portrait on canvas, it is impossible to paint a particularly large foot. No matter how beautiful the foot is, if it loses its symmetry, it should not be.A shipwright does not make the stern or other parts of a ship particularly tall. [-] A musician cannot let one person in his entire chorus sing particularly loudly or slowly.

With the widespread adoption of this policy of purging, we can see that in a monarchy, if a royal family usually governs in the interests of the whole state, even if it is purged, this royal family may not necessarily lose its relationship with the people in the state. and.From the perspective of dealing with some obvious forces that can cause internal strife, the "law of exile of pottery pieces" also has a political theoretical basis. 15 Of course, it would be better for the legislator to construct a good system for his country at the earliest stage of creating laws, so that there will be no need to rely on this remedy later.But in order to preserve a regime that cannot be easily overthrown by someone in the state, it is still the next best thing to do.In fact, this method is often abused by the city-states, 20 which is not in line with the original intention of legislation, nor with the original intention of their respective regimes.For the sake of party struggle, they did not hesitate to use the "pottery exile law" repeatedly to achieve the selfish purpose of excluding dissidents.

In a perverted regime, it is natural for each to maintain its own position and to exclude dissidents, and it can even be said to be legal, although they are obviously not absolutely in line with justice. 25 But it would be a serious difficulty if this policy were adopted in the best regimes.The problem we are talking about here is not those who are particularly powerful in politics, or rich in wealth, or have many friends.Rather, what should we do if there is a person with particularly outstanding virtue in the state?We can neither say that such a person should be expelled and exiled from the state, but we cannot force him to submit as a subject.For to compel such a man to submit as a subject,30 it is like bringing Zeus into the political system of mankind and forcing him to take turns as ruler and ruled in the same way.

That being the case, the only solution, and perhaps the most natural, is for the whole nation to submit to such a ruler: so that in the end he becomes king of the city for life Chapters 12-13 The theme of this article is the just distribution of political rights, and two types of distribution basis are cited: (1279) in terms of the quality of citizens, they are three types of birth, wealth, and morality; (23) in terms of the number of citizens, they are three types: majority, minority, and one person . Chapters No. 25 and 7, in terms of quantity, have explained in great detail the meaning of advocating "majority"; according to the procedure drawn up in Chapter [-], [-]a[-]-[-], here we should discuss the three types of orthodox regimes in turn.The last section of this chapter suddenly puts forward the essentials of "one-man regime".The following five chapters of this volume follow this chapter and also Chapter [-], which are dedicated to the monarchy (royal system), which is the first type of the three authentic types.The first two sentences of the next chapter echo the first seven sentences of the chapter. .

Chapter Fourteen

After the discussion above, 35 we can turn to discuss the monarchy (also known as "royal system").We once said that the system of one king is one of the authentic types of government.But the question which we should consider is whether the monarchy is entirely suitable for the enlightened government of any city or country, or is not at all inferior to other forms of government, or whether it is not suitable in some cases and not in others. on the contrary.First, we need to determine whether the monarchy has only one genus or several (ie, multiple).It is not difficult to see that the monarchy actually consists of several different species, each of which conducts government in different ways. 40ɑ
(5) There was a royal family in the Spartan regime.This royal family has always been called the true model of monarchy.However, the king of Sparta has no absolute power to rule except that he has the full power to command the military after leaving the country. 10 In addition, power over religious matters also vested in the royal family.So the king of Sparta is actually a "commander position" appointed for life.He can be independent in the military and issue orders.This kind of king does not have the power of life and death, but only certain royal families "certain royal families" (ν ινι βασιλεια), or "certain kinds of kingship", this phrase is not found in the Latin translations of Aretino and Gifani. Appeared, Becker's school version, etc. are marked as extensions.This may be a repetition of the word "royal family" in the previous two lines and it was misprinted in this line. [-] For example, in the epic era, kings could kill with authority during their expedition. Soldiers are not subject to military court interrogation procedures. .Here, we can cite Homer's poem as evidence: Agamemnon always endured the criticism he received in the civic assembly, but when he came to the battlefield, he exercised the power of life and death.

"Those who want to flee will never escape.

I hold the right of life and death, so I will feed him to the eagle dog. See "Iliad" ii391-393.The current "Iliad" manuscript lacks a sentence "holding the right to life and death".The Homer poems quoted in Aristotle's books are often different from the existing manuscripts; Bowitz: "Index" 507a29 and following pages provide a detailed list of such variants. . "

He said so.

What has been said is the tenure of military command, one of the varieties of monarchy. 15 There are two varieties of the royal family in this genus, one is hereditary and the other is public.

(ii) Another genus of monarchy, with powers similar to those of a tyrant (also called "despotism"), often found in nations regarded as barbarian (non-Greek) peoples.However, this type of monarchy also comes from established law, and the successive kings are hereditary.Because the barbarians are more servile than the Greeks, and the Asian barbarians are more servile than the European barbarians, 20 as a result, they often choose to endure autocratic rule rather than rebellion. See Volume VII 1327b27; August 1489, 27b25. .In this way, the barbarian monarchy evolved into a tyrannical monarchy.But since the established law is followed there and inherited from generation to generation, then this kind of monarchy is stable.At the same time, we can see differences between monarchies in terms of the source of guards.Unlike tyrants who often rely on foreign (that is, hired) warriors to protect themselves, the bodyguards of barbarian kings still come from their own subjects.The sovereign governs the voluntary subjects according to the laws of the state,[-] and therefore the subjects are also willing to serve as bodyguards.As for the usurped tyrant, since he is really against the will of the people, he is obliged to entrust himself to foreign (hired) guards for the protection of his own people.

Two species of monarchy have been described above,30 and (three) a form known as the elected president ("Ethionid") which was frequently found in the states of ancient Greece.The democratically elected president is roughly equivalent to a tyrant elected by public elections.The reason why this kind of power is different from that of barbarian monarchs is that it is not hereditary, and what it is similar to barbarian monarchs is that it is appointed according to law.This ruling position is sometimes for life, sometimes for several years, or for the completion of certain careers.For example, when the exiles took Antimenides and the poet Alcaio as leaders to attack Mytilene, the Mytilene people supported Pythagous as the "tyrant" (leader) to facilitate overall planning defend.Alcaio once expressed his regret in a chapter of "Drunken Songs":

Alas for this cowardly city, I enshrine this scumbag as "a scumbag" (κακοπριδα), which literally translates as "bad breed".According to "Thucydides" iv107, the surname of Pythagox came from Sereki, and it is possible that Pythagox's parents were slaves, so Alcao satirized him as a low-class.Diogenes Laertius: "Scholar's Biography" Volume 75 [-], it is mentioned that Pythagous was the president of Mytilene for ten years. ,
Curse the foolish people, and clamor for attachment.

For these verses, see Berger's compilation: "Greek Lyric Poets" and "Alcaio Fragments" 37.Alchae, the poet of Mytilene, was in his prime around 606 BC; Antimenides was the brother of Alchao, see Diogenes Laertius: "Biography of Scholars" Volume II 46.It is confirmed that the temporary ruling position of Pythagoras was elected by the people. 1285b This kind of system often shows two aspects of nature: it has an autocratic (autocratic) power similar to tyranny. Seen in "Aristotle Fragments" 258 1556b44, it is the general name of the consul of Cyme.The "elected president" system with great power mentioned here, the ancient times of Miletus ("Fragment of Nicholas of Damascus" 54, edited by Müller: "Fragments of Greek History" iii389) and the ancient times of Opia (Pluta K: "The Life of Solon" 14) has been there.Dionysius of Haliganasus: "DionHal, AntRom" v73 records that the elected president system of Greek city-states is the same as the "Dictatorial system" (dictatorship) of Rome, and the world often regards it as a tyrant . , and is appointed according to public opinion and supported by the masses, so it can only be called a monarchy.

(5) The fourth genus of monarchy is the royal system belonging to the epic (heroic) era: according to established law, if the rule is in accordance with the general will of the subjects, the throne is passed from father to son. 10 The ancestors of the royal family all started from military technology (military exploits), or united the people of the same family to create cities, open up territories, and establish immortal feats for the public.Therefore, everyone promoted him as the king and unanimously agreed on the traditional hereditary system.This kind of royal family has three ruling powers: 7 as the commander in war; as the chief priest during the sacrifice (except for religious affairs in charge of other priests, they are generally in charge of the clan's ceremonies); and as the final judge in legal disputes .Before deciding the case, they sometimes raise their royal scepters to take an oath first, and sometimes they don’t have to take an oath. .It is a symbol of higher royal power that the kings are not required to take an oath first and then decide the case. .In ancient times, they had permanent power over everything (including cities, countryside, and various important events such as dealing with foreign countries).Later, the situation gradually changed, they gave up certain privileges, and the 15 people gained some legal rights; the royal power has been weakened through generations, and today, most royal families have become vain thrones that can only preside over ordinary traditional rituals. The royal power has gradually weakened Examples of this can be found in the Molossian royal family in line 1313a23 of Juan VII and the Spartan royal family in line 26. .Although there are still real kings in some states, they only retain the power of military command when going abroad.

Here, we have described four types of monarchy: 20 First, the ancient system of the epic age, the throne is elected by the people, and the authority is limited to leaders, priests, and adjudicating laws.Second, the barbarian kings, out of heredity, have despotic powers, although they rule by laws.Third, the so-called democratically elected president can only be regarded as a kind of tyrant elected by the public. 25 Fourth, the Spartan-style kings are hereditary commanders who hold the power of military command for life. 1285a16 It is said that there are two types of this genus: hereditary and public.This section summarizes the above, and the order is not consistent with the previous ones. .As mentioned above, these four types of monarchy differ from each other.

(1284) There is also a fifth genus of monarchy that is completely different from the above four genus, that is, the monarch with absolute power is the monarch with absolute power, which is called the "monarch with full power" (παμβασλευ) in the next chapter.Newman notes that the plenipotentiary monarchs involved in 14a1287 and 1a30 of this volume should refer to the Persian royal family. , he alone represents the entire clan or city, and has full power to rule over the public affairs of all the people.This form is similar to the parent's management of the family. 1310 In fact, housekeeping management can be said to be the royal government in the family. In turn, this kind of monarchy is the housekeeping management of a city-state, a nation or several nations. (37) whether it has full power to rule, ([-]) whether it is elected or hereditary, and ([-]) whether it is a permanent or temporary position.These four bases, Aristotle did not make a priority, in the listed five species of monarchy, these bases alternate. For the difference between "city-state" and "nation", please refer to Note [-]b[-] of Volume [-]. .

Chapter Fifteen

(End of this chapter)