politics

Chapter 4 Volume (A) One (4)
From the above analysis, we can already see that the authority of the master is different from that of the statesman15. Various authorities (government systems) are not as some thinkers say. .Some thinkers refer to Plato and others.Plato believed that government affairs and housework are both connected.Here Aristotle analyzes the common people and republics of the Greek city-states as the governance of free people, which is different from the master-slave system.The head of the family is like a king, and is only suitable for a king's state. Most of the "barbaric" peoples practiced the monarchy; the Greek city-states had very few royal families in the classical era., are all the same.Politicians rule over free men; masters rule over slaves.Housework The "housework" mentioned here, in addition to the master and slave, also includes husband and wife, father and son, and the three are all managed by the "parent".Management is controlled by a monarchy patriarch, and each patriarch is in the form of monarchs and ministers in command of their subordinate families; as for the politicians, it is the authority entrusted among equal free people.Therefore, the patriarch is the patriarch because of his duty, not because he has patriarchal knowledge. , slaves and freemen also become slaves and freemen according to their 1252 duties, but here they can still have one science of master and one science of slave.

The so-called slave learning seems to be the 45th page of "Camerarius, Politicorum et Oeconomicorum Aristotelis Interpretationes et explanationes" written by the Syracuseian Gamelarius. The Ragu teacher should be someone like the "slave teacher" who is the protagonist of a play created by the satirical poet Pherecrates (Pherecrates, in his prime, 438 BC).The skills imparted, the teacher taught the slaves how to do the daily work, and received a small reward.

Slave learning can be extended from daily labor to specialized skills, such as cooking. See page 287 of Mahaffy, Social Life in Greece, saying that the doctors and cooks of the rich families in Macedonia were all served by slaves Yes, the same wind prevailed afterwards in all the states of Greece.Wait for housework subjects.Among the duties of slaves, some jobs, such as handyman, are indispensable, but they are not valued as much as others, such as special skills; High and low." This proverb is also found in the comedy Pancratiastes (Pancratiastes) by Philemon (a contemporary of Aristotle) ​​and in Fragments of the Greek Comedy, edited by Meineke. Compilation" 25.Of course, all this scholarship is still the contempt of slaves.

As for the academic of the master, the focus is on how to use slaves. The master does not become a master just because he owns 30 slaves. Only by knowing how to use slaves can he truly become a master.Since the so-called homeownership is about using slaves, you only need to know how to command the slaves so that they can do their best. In fact, this kind of scholarship is not very profound or broad. Aristotle does not pay attention to homeownership (housekeeping management) , his argument differs from that of Xenophon.Xenophon's "Economic Theory" No.13, 21 and other chapters say that managing a family is like governing a country, enslaving a group of slaves, making their brothers and feet diligent, making their parents rich and rich, and ordering their courts. It is an academic subject to be valued. .Therefore, some people need to get rid of the tedious chores of housework35 and engage in political business or philosophical research, entrusting as much as possible to a housekeeper (deacon) to manage slaves.

When it comes to how to obtain slaves according to legal procedures, this is completely different from the science of mastering slaves; this should belong to a part of war technology and hunting technology. Men and women were used as slaves, and Aristotle regarded them as "natural slaves".See volume seven chapter fourteen 1333b38. .Enough has been said here about the definition of master and slave and their differences. 40
Chapter eight
Chapter 1256 of this volume has already been explained earlier. , the slave is a part of the property, then according to our customary method 1252α, the "customary method" mentioned by Aristotle refers to the "analytical" method from the part to the whole (17a1252) and the method from the embryo The research method of tracing the genetics formed by it, that is, the "tracing" method (25a[-]). , it is now time to further study the general problem of property, and to give a general theory of the methods of getting rich. Two basic techniques in economics.In this book, the meaning of this term is not very clear: ([-]) Sometimes wealth is equated with the needs of life (property), which is equivalent to the natural "acquisition of property technology" (κηικη).

(1256) It is often used to refer to unnatural "methods of obtaining money" (such as 40b1253 in the next chapter). (iii) Sometimes all means of enrichment, natural or unnatural, just or unjust, are included. .The first thing that should be examined is whether the technique of acquiring property is housekeeping, or is it a part of housework, or is it just a side of housework. This question has been mentioned in Chapter 10, 14b5-10. ; If it is of a subsidiary nature, then we should also distinguish whether it is subordinate to the weaving technology and similar to the shuttle-making technology, or it is subordinate to the sculpture technology and similar to the bronze casting technology.The nature of these two sub-arts attached to the main art is different, one of which is the tool of the main art, while the other is the material of the main art.The so-called "material" refers to the raw materials used to make things, such as wool, cloth for weavers, bronze, and cast images for sculptors.The art of housekeeping, then, is distinct from the art of acquiring property.The job of the latter is to supply tools or materials, and the job of the former is to use them. Housekeeping skills are exactly what is supplied by using the wealth of the family.

If it is true that the technique of acquiring property is distinct from housekeeping, it is doubtful whether this is a separate technique or another part of housekeeping.There are many types of wealth, so if a 15th person who strives to get rich wants to find the source of various goods, he will first consider "first" and "think all over", adding the word "consider".Occasionally, Aristotelian has such missing words. The missing words are implied in the context, different from the original text filled in [] square brackets, and do not indicate the meaning of the word.Chinese characters are filled in according to Newman's annotations, and will not be specified below.Whether farming is part of the method of getting rich, or another independent technology.In fact we shall thus inquire of all trades which are sufficient to earn a living and accumulate wealth.The problem leads to another aspect: both animals and human beings need food to sustain life, and there are many types of food to sustain life, and different food makes them form different lifestyles.

In the animal kingdom, we see some animals live in groups, some animals live alone (scattered), and we also see their feeding methods, some eat grass, some eat meat, and some eat all meat and vegetables. In fact, their way of making a living is to gather Scattered, depending on the way of feeding. Plant-eating animals mostly live in groups, while carnivorous raptors live alone. See chapters 488a1-15, 563a12 and other chapters in "Zoology of Animals". .The habits of life which nature has given to the animals, according to the convenience of the food for which they forage, and their subsistence, will vary widely, vary widely even among animals of the same kind.Different species of carnivorous animals choose different meat materials, and different species of herbivorous animals also have their own preferences for vegetation and seeds.In the same way, the way of life of man is similar to that of various animals,25 and is also very different from each other.The laziest of mankind is the shepherd (nomadic people).

The ease and leisure with which they lived was due to their food being domesticated animals; and when their herds moved from the pastures to the abundance and decline of the forage, they were obliged to follow them, as in farming" A field where living things grow”, while others make a living from hunting, and the way of hunting (catching wild animals)35 is also very different.Some lived by plundering; some lived by rivers, lakes, swamps, or seashores, and fished; others lived by hunting animals.Most people, however, till the land, cultivate the plants, and supply the harvest.

Therefore, all people who rely on their own labor and do not rely on exchange and retail (business) to obtain means of subsistence can be summarized into five different ways based on the above content: nomadic, farming, plundering the Mediterranean, until Aristotle The custom of piracy as a career still remains from the times.The custom of plundering nomads lasted longer. For example, before Muhammad, there are also such records in the so-called "savage period" in the Arabian Peninsula.However, the juxtaposition of "looting" with the four industries of agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, and hunting always feels rather abrupt. , fishing and hunting.Some people operate two ways of making a living at the same time in order to maintain prosperity for a long time. When one of the ways is unfavorable or lacking, they use the other way to find food: for example, nomads often do plundering, and Farmers also often go out to hunt; human beings always carry out similar side jobs according to different interests and different needs of life in different places, so as to adapt to their own way of life. 40
This kind of goods (foodstuffs) on which to grow, all animals are naturally prepared from the initial stage of birth (embryo) to the formation.For example, maggots (such as insects) and oviparous animals (such as fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians) have larval development in the maggots and eggs they lay until they can fend for themselves (adults, small fish, chicks, etc. ) before, all the nutrients needed; viviparous animals secrete milk naturally from the 10 o'clock of delivery, and feed their babies within a certain period of time. For the basis of animal classification, see chapters 48935-b12 of Animal History and volumes 15 to [-] of Reproduction. .In this way, it naturally makes careful arrangements for the young, so it can be inferred that it must also take care of various animals that have grown into adults.In the same way that the fruitful plants that grow naturally are for the animals, and the many animals that are bred are for the people, [-] so as to provide their subsistence separately.

We can see that domesticated animals can be used not only by humans, but also by people; most wild animals can also be eaten by humans, and their fur can be used to make people's clothes and shoes, and their bone horns can be used for human consumption. to make man's implements, which contribute in no small way to the life and comfort of man.If it is said that "what nature does is neither incomplete nor wasteful", then all animals should be available for human use by nature.Originally, a certain meaning of war technology can be said to be obtaining means of living (property) in nature; war originated from hunting, and hunting later became a part of generalized war; If we are familiar with the technology, then, if the lowly tribes who are supposed to obey others are unwilling to obey, it should be justified and natural for human beings to launch wars against them, that is, wars to plunder natural slaves. See 20b25 and 1255b38 below. .

Therefore, this natural way of obtaining property (hunting in a broad sense) should indeed be a part of housework technology.Therefore, a householder should be familiar with and use these means to obtain all kinds of household items necessary, and not only to obtain enough quantities needed at the time, but also to have an appropriate amount of savings for future use.This technique and method of enrichment benefited both the city-state group and the family group.These items are real wealth.Solon once said in a verse,
People's wealth has not set limits. See Bergk's "Greek Lyric Poets" (LyriciGr), "Solon Poems" 13, 71.The Theognis (Theognis), 227, written by Sisiwotu, has the same meaning and slightly different text. .

Such real wealth should not really be unlimited insofar as it is concerned to provide for a good life for a family.For example, there are limits to the means or tools needed for technology in other industries, and all the needs for household chores (subsistence materials and tools used to obtain them)35 also have their limits.Since these tools are limited in number and size, wealth can be explained as the sum of the tools used by a city-state or a family. JSMill, Principles of Political Economy" Foreword", the definition of "wealth" discussed is based on the interpretation of "wealth" in this section.Two conditions for wealth proposed by Mill (1773-1836): The first is that it can be "stored", which can be found in 1256b30 of this section.The second is to have "exchange value". This condition is not explained in this section. For details, see Chapter 1119 26b[-] of Volume [-] of Neilon.

(End of this chapter)