politics

Chapter 66 Volume (H) Seven (4)
Combining the chapters of the book and their meanings in other historical records, it can be seen that in an "Esno", the people relied on intermarriage and trade to make their respective economies self-sufficient. At the same time, they established common rituals and believed in common gods. (1324b9), they handed power over to the monarch (1285b31).This "nation-state" consists of many villages or several cities and many villages.They are united in attacking and defending against the foreign enemy.This combination is the so-called "political group", also known as "combat group" (see note 1261a27).However, such a "nation-state" cannot constitute a "constitutional government" in which citizens are closely related to each other and share responsibility for everything, like a city-state, due to its large land area, overpopulated population, or excessive disorganization.See volume 1310, chapter 1 5b785 and notes, the four systems of "nobles, commoners, and oligarchy" are different from the "monarchy" (one-man system). . [-] Imagine how many people there are, and who can be their general and lead them?In addition to being stout and stout (Σνωρ) (see Homer's "Iliad" v [-]), he is a herald with a voice like Hong Zhong, whose sound is fifty times that of ordinary people.Apart from that voice, who else could give them orders?

Therefore, when the city-state was first established, it was sufficient as long as its population was large enough to allow the people to work and work easily and to be self-sufficient in a political system whose purpose was to achieve a good life.With the development of the city-state, when the population gradually exceeds the original base number and 10 becomes a larger group, although it is still a city-state, as mentioned above, the city-state must realize that this increase cannot continue without limit .It is not difficult to establish such limits, if we only look around at practice.The activities of a city-state originate partly from the rulers and partly from the ruled people.It is the duty of the rulers to decide cases and issue orders, and it is the duty of the ruled citizens to elect the rulers.In order to resolve disputes over rights and distribute administrative duties according to their functions, the citizens of each city-state must be familiar with each other with their own character. The statement that the electee and the elector must know each other is actually due to the political habits of small countries with few people in ancient times.In modern state organizations, it takes exactly the opposite meaning.

Modern judiciary requires "disinterested trial", which must be decided according to the facts of the case. The judge does not need to intervene in general matters unrelated to the case.The population of modern countries is tens of millions. Electors only want to have a rough understanding of the public life and official ability of the candidates. They have no time to inquire deeply about their private life and character, and they do not need to understand them in detail. .If they do not know each other, there will inevitably be some mistakes in the assignment of duties and the judgment of the case.There will always be more mistakes in handling such major incidents temporarily and casually, but if the population is too large, it is obviously impossible to use such thoughtful measures. 20 Also, in a city-state with a large population, it is not easy to detect aliens or foreigners once they mix with the masses, so that they can easily pass themselves off as citizens of the city-state. Its naturalized citizens are called "false citizens" (παργγραποι).Counterfeit citizens can be found in every society, especially in places near the harbor.During the reign of Pericles (445 BC), he checked the household registration and seized 36 counterfeiters (see Plutarch's "Biography of Pericles" 37-59).Demosynes's speech "Opilu" [-] also said that the cost of impersonation was five trachmas. , mixed with its political rights.

It can be seen from this that the most appropriate population limit of a city-state should be enough to meet the needs of self-sufficiency life, and the maximum population can be observed. Lines 25-8 of the article) is set as the upper limit, and the number of people who can "observe all over" (lines 9-15) is set as the lower limit, so as to educate people to seek an appropriate amount within these two limits. "Thucydides" viii20-65 said that in 66 BC, when the oligarchs were in power, there were only 411 citizens in Athens who did not know each other, and even if they knew each other, they did not trust each other.In this article, Aristotle did not specify the exact number, but according to the two limits shown, the number of citizens in a state is limited to 5000. , rich and poor, etc.When gathering in peacetime, they can return day and night; when called in wartime, they can unite day and night (see note 1326a37).This is equivalent to the population and realm of a small city or town in a modern country. .The question of the size of the city-state (the size of the population) has been adequately dealt with here, so I will stop here.

Chapter five
Similar arguments can also be applied to land (realm) issues.Take the nature of the soil as an example. Of course, everyone hopes to plant all the crops (agricultural products) as much as possible within their own limited boundaries, so that everyone can get what they need and have nothing to lack, so as to ensure a high degree of self-sufficiency in the whole state. . 30 As far as the size of the national border or land area is concerned, it should be based on allowing its residents to live a life of leisure, and all supplies should be kept in moderation on the basis of abundance. See Volume II 1265a20. .As for whether the limit we mentioned is correct, we will discuss it in detail later when we conduct research on the general issues of property and getting rich, as well as the management and utilization of property.The idea of ​​"property is private but public" mentioned in Volume 35 and Volume 1263 of this book can be regarded as the basic tenet of Aristotle on property issues.See Note 37a[-], Chapter [-], Volume [-]. .

This is a controversial issue: often people's life thoughts will tend to two extremes, either self-sufficient and frugal, or in the school of "frugality" (willing to be poor) in extravagant life, such as Aristophon ) such as the Pythagoreans (cf. Meinac's "Compilation of Fragments of the Greek Comedy" Volume III 362 "Fragments of Aristophanes"), such as the Cynics such as Diogenes (cf. Mullach's Fragments of Diogenes 273 et al.).At the beginning, the legislators or founders of some city-states, such as Crete (Volume II, 1272a22 of this book) and Sparta (see Xenophon's "Rageni Republic"), were also thrifty.Aristippus (Aristippus) is a person who advocates "abundance" in life (see Diogenes Laertius's "Biographies of Scholars" ii 68, 69, 84) and so on.See Müller's "Greek History Fragments" II 276 "Aristocles Xeno Fragments" about Archytas of the Pythagorean School and Syracuse Dionysius usurping a certain palace The part of the minister's debate on the topic of "richness and frugality". .Although some questions need to be consulted on the experience of military experts, "Soviet School" added <> to this clause.

, we can still provide such suggestions for the location of the land (the situation of the national border): the superior geographical environment of a city-state should be the kind of place where it is difficult for the enemy and easy for the residents to leave.The condition of "pervasive observation"40 mentioned in terms of population applies equally to the above-mentioned land aspect.The realm that is easy to see must also be conducive to defense. 1327ɑAccording to our ideal, the location of the central city should have sea and land access.Here, we should pay attention to two important points: first, as we have said before, the city is the military center of the whole state, and there are police around it, from which troops can be dispatched to help.Second, it should also be a commercial center with convenient transportation in the whole state, 5 making it easy to collect and distribute food, wood used in construction, and raw materials available for various crafts within the territory. Chapter 10 of this volume, 1303a7–b1330.Although Sparta and others were rich in inland agricultural products, they were a little farther from the sea.Algos and other cities are very close to the sea, separated by mountains, and the transportation with the inland is very inconvenient.Some inland city-states (such as Mandinea) were far from the sea, while other island city-states governed overland suburbs across the sea.These geographical environments are inconsistent with the requirements of Aristotle's land and sea convenience.The location of the city of Athens is relatively consistent. .

Chapter Six
There are very serious differences of opinion among the people as to whether sea traffic is beneficial or harmful to a well-governed city-state.Someone may refer to Plato, see "Laws" Volume IV 704D-705B, 949E, 952D.Insist on the belief that foreign citizens who were born and brought up in foreign etiquette to enter the country to increase the population of the state will definitely bring disadvantages to their own good etiquette. Plato said in "Laws" that a city-state should not be coastal, and its intention is only to Avoiding the disturbance of foreign customs and customs, does not mention the harm of increasing population.The self-sufficiency of the Greek states, especially Sparta, inevitably meant retreat.The "exclusion regulations" (xenelasia) established by Lycagus are to restrict the entry of foreigners in order to prevent the citizens of the state from being contaminated with foreign customs. .The cargo traffic in and out of the coastal port is very prosperous, and the gathering of business travelers will inevitably increase the population. They believe that this will eventually harm the peace of the internal government and be affected by the guests. The situation in many Greek city-states is obvious and it has caused many disasters.When Agrigenton was in its heyday, the number of guests actually exceeded the number of citizens of the state, which was quite overwhelming ("Diodorus" xiii 15); Byzantium was once attacked by the guests (Arian's "Miscellaneous History" iii 844) .

Haussoullier, Vie Municipale en Attique (Haussoullier, Vie Municipale en Attique) says on page 189 that the foreign customs and rituals of the residents of the port of Bairius were widely spread among the residents of Athens. .On the other hand, if the increase of population can be avoided, the sea is not only beneficial to the defense of the cities and the whole territory of a state, but also by means of the circulation of goods, 20 so that the territory can be fully supplied, which is undoubtedly the case. advantageous.In order to ensure safety and defeat the enemy, a city-state should have both coastal defense and land defense.The reason why Syracuse defeated the Athenian invading force also relied on the merger of the two armies.On the contrary, when Agrigendon was besieged by the Carthaginians, he was unable to relieve the siege because he had no navy in his army (Theodorus xiii 85).There are many other such facts. .As far as attack is concerned, if you have both land and sea armies, then even if you cannot deploy these two forces at the same time, it is easier to deal with the enemy in the Peloponnese if you attack by land and sea than by using only one army. During the war, if Athens did not have a strong navy, its land battles would definitely be in great trouble.When Sparta invaded Thebes, it did not have a navy to attack Thebes, which severely damaged its borders.These typical examples all show that the navy is conducive to attack. .

In addition, in order to obtain supplies, a city should take care to observe that all goods imported must not be produced in the state, and all goods exported must be those that the state has a surplus of.The purpose of engaging in trade is mainly to safeguard the interests of the state rather than the interests of others.City-states that have become international bazaars are engaged in trade for the purpose of taxation. Isocrates' "Pan-Athena Festival Speech" 25 said that the Barius of Athens was the gathering and distributing center of merchants from various states, which owed a lot to Greece.For matters of taxation in international trade, see Xenophon's The Revenue of Athens (De Vect) iii42, iv, 20.The entry and exit tax in Athens is one-fiftieth of the price of the goods, and the total tax collection is huge (see Gilbert's "Greek Political System" p. 40).

, If it is said that a city-state should not be greedy for profit, 30 then the city-state should not be made into a big shopping mall in the first place.If we carefully pay attention to the national conditions of the contemporary states, we will find that some city-states and cities have quite appropriate ports. They are not far from the urban area, but they are independent from the outside. Similar blockhouses are used as guarantees, 35 to make the city's armed forces sufficient to defend the safety of the port. This section obviously takes the city of Athens and the port of Bairius as examples.The distance between Bairius and the city is fifteen miles, and there is a long wall connected to it, which is garrisoned by the Athenian army.Therefore, the city of Athens can accept the supply of products from various states and is seldom influenced by foreign customs. .Obviously, through such an arrangement, the convenience of the port can be obtained, and the law can be used to prevent any adverse effects. The city-state can formulate certain regulations to limit the foreign business travelers entering the city for transactions. 40
1327b If a city-state has a considerable fleet, then this is undoubtedly particularly advantageous for naval operations.It is not only conducive to sufficient self-defense, but also plays an important role in international relations.The fleet is powerful enough to deter powerful neighbors, and when there is an alarm with friendly diplomacy, in addition to land, it can also send aid from the sea.As for the size of the strength, that is, the number of ships, the city-state should be measured in light of the national conditions, and the ambition of the country should be considered before formulating.If a city-state wants to take the initiative to deal with the nations and try to become a generation of leaders, 5 then its navy must be large enough to dominate (See Glote's "History of Greece" Volume 416 pp. 419-[-]).

"Diodorus" xi50 said that during the Persian War, the Greek states realized that a state that did not have a fleet and tried to dominate through the army could only become a "lame hegemony" in the end. .The gangsters compiled from this should not increase the household registration of the city-state, but the gangsters of the Spartan fleet should be selected from outside the citizen group as hired labor and serfs (see Xenophon's "History of Greece" vii112).Most of the hands of the Athenian navy are poor people, and a small part are recruited guests and slaves (see Isocrates' "On Peace" [De Pace] 48, 79, "Thucydides" i1433 and other chapters).The paupers of Athens were the main people who made the Athenian plebeian regime develop into an extreme form (see volume 1304, chapter 24, [-]a[-] and notes).Because Aristotle opposed the extreme civilian regime, he warned that it was not appropriate to recruit naval masters from poor households among citizens, and it was not appropriate to grant citizenship rights to slaves who had served as masters. .Differently, as the main body of the ship, sailors should be recruited from the free citizen class, and let them take on tasks such as combat, management, and command, and become part of the city-state's force like the army (infantry).However,
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