politics

Chapter 70 Volume (H) Seven (8)
Among the elements of earth, water, wind, and fire, the 10 most important to our health must be the most frequently used one: and both "water" and "wind (air)" have exactly such attributes Aristotle chose the location of the city from the point of view of people's health, which is the result of his medical education in drought years.Hippocrates's short story "Air, Water, and Habitation (Position)" is well-known all over the world, and the main points of this section are based on Hippocrates. .Therefore, in every city carefully planned and built, if all the streams or wells are not the same, whether they are clear or muddy, regulations must be drawn up to separate drinking water and water so that they do not contaminate each other, and people are not allowed to waste 15 Greek peninsula land It is located in the subtropical zone, with an average temperature of 17°C and little rainfall.Drought in some areas.Most streams dry up in summer.When the ancient Greeks opened up farmland, they first introduced water ponds and irrigation channels.Everyone attaches great importance to drinking water; when seeing off friends, they often wish "a safe journey and a clear spring".When the two states sign a treaty, it must be stated that "neither party shall block the other's water source."Therefore, this chapter of Aristotle also pays special attention to fountains. .

As for the fortification of the cities, it is better not to have the same plans for the various regimes.Oligarchies and monarchies (one chief) are suitable for a single acropolis built on high ground; commoners are suitable for fortifications on the plains; Forts that match 20 There are different reasons for the city fortification planning of various government types, which are not explained.The cities of the Greek states, such as Megalopolis and Mandineia, were built on the plains (Bursian, Geogvon Griechenland, Vol. 209, 244, 221), and they were all civilian city-states.Sparta ("Pulubo" v165), Carthage (Melza's "History of Carthage" volume 29614 324) and the city of Lokley in Abi Sui Ferry (Li Wei's "History of Rome" volume [-]) There are highlands in the urban area, each with a fort. .If the setting of private housing is based on Hippodama's new design, Holm's "History of Greece" (Holm, Griech, Gesch) Volume [-], page [-], pointed out that before the fifth century BC, some Greek cities had straight thoroughfares and right angles. Interactive streets.Hippodama cannot be regarded as the original expert in urban design, but because he has designed many famous cities, the world will give him the first credit.

After drawing up a square street, let each household line up in rows and build neat houses, which is naturally beneficial for viewing and convenient for daily activities.However, as far as defense in wartime is concerned, our requirements are exactly the opposite: the unevenness and twists and turns of ancient streets and alleys often make it difficult for enemy soldiers who invaded 25 to find a way to flee inside, and it is also difficult for strangers who break into the city to find his identity. way out.Therefore, the advantages of both should be taken into account: imitate the "(slanted) dense ridge" vineyard where farmers plant grapes, and plant five grapes in a cluster, such as the "five" (quincunx) on the dice, whose ridges are all slanted .Ancient Greek horticulturists believed that this furrow was both beautiful and easy to cultivate and operate. , In this way, it is possible to formulate an alley plan suitable for both wartime and peacetime.Another method that can be implemented is to set aside a part of the city for neat design, and reserve the rest for planning that is conducive to street fighting.In this way, 30 will not only consider safety, but also not lose the beauty of the city appearance "New School" III 396, analyze the whole chapter and sentence reading, the "four key points" mentioned in 1330a39 should be: (41) healthy; ([-]) suitable for politics life; ([-]) conducive to offense and defense; ([-]) beautiful.The Aristotelian manuscript is not refined and trimmed, so the fourth point is sloppy and vague, and does not state that it is one of the four points of urban engineering design. The original text of line a[-] is "the rest of the points", according to Newman's explanation, it is translated as "the other two points". .

There is a lot of controversy about using the wall as a facility to defend the city.Some people say that a country known for its aggressiveness in the world does not need to build a city There is no city wall? Answer: Sparta does not rely on trees and stones for solidity, but relies on the courage of its residents." Plato's "Laws" vi30D-778B said that the enemy should be driven out like the Spartans rely on their courage. National borders; instead of letting soldiers build trenches and moats every day, it is better to let them be vigilant and diligent in patrolling.If you believe that Jincheng Tangchi is enough to hide in it and sit back and relax, then the people will eventually wear down their energy and become cowardly and useless. .In fact, this kind of argument is an outdated (old-fashioned) statement (gift)-since everyone has witnessed the fact that those who claim it are hit by the facts, there is no need to talk about it. Bada was defeated and humiliated when he led an army to invade Epaminonda in Thebes (779 BC).

Athens was in power from 338 to 326 B.C. as the leader of the populist party, which was relatively revolutionary. When Aristotle wrote this book, Lychegus was rebuilding the long distance between the port of Bairius and Athens. wall.Aristotle expressed sympathy for the various measures of Lyricus, and fortification was one of them. . 35 If the two states at war are roughly alike, and the enemy's army is only slightly superior in numbers, an army that hides within walls and shelters itself with earth and rocks will certainly not be respected.

If it is the case--and it often is--that the attacking enemy possesses an advantage which cannot be resisted by the superhuman bravery of a few or a few,40 then it is best for a city-state to avoid catastrophic defeat, submission, and destruction. In 1331ɑ, stone cannons (重砮) and other siege machines were used in Carthage's war with Sicily, and the Carthaginians used "battering rams" to destroy the walls .Dionysius in Sicily created the "stone cannon" (throwing stone) with a long-distance hammer (see "Diodorus" xiv1450).Other siege machines like "Ladders" and "Swimming Tower Bridges" also appeared in this long war.Later, Philip of Macedonia used Sicilian Fado to build siege machines, which were of great help in defeating the enemy (see Droysen's "Greek War Story" [Droysen, GrKriegsalterth] pp. 209 and 211).In view of this, when Lycagus repaired the long wall of the city port of Athens, he not only changed the old brick battlements into stone battlements, but also built "city moats" to resist "ramming hammers".For details of Athens’ fortification from 334 to 326 B.C., see Escheny’s Anti-Cthysiphon 27 and 31 (see page 237 of De Royzen’s “Greek War Story”).

In the time of Aristotle, the Greeks were diligent in studying offensive and defensive machinery. "Pu Lubo" X44, once mentioned that the tactician Aeneas (Aeneas) wrote the book "Siege Law" (τ πολιορκητικ).So far, traces of Aeneas' work can still be seen from fragments.Created sequentially and can make highly accurate projections, city defense is the top priority.The idea of ​​requiring a city not to have any defensive concept, in the final analysis, all highland strongholds have to be razed to the ground, so that the enemy can invade at will.This intention is like asking people not to build walls, so as to prevent the residents from becoming cowards.We must understand that if a city has walls, it can take the initiative in the choice of offense and defense-it can attack if it has walls as if it has no walls, or it can hold on to them if it relies on walls-but if a city Without a city wall, the people in the city would feel like they are facing an enemy, and have no other thought but to fight immediately.If we understand these analysis and confirm that the city wall is beneficial to defense, then the city should not only build a city, but also need to build battlements frequently to make it grand and beautiful and suitable for defending against the enemy,5 enough to withstand all kinds of siege machines invented in modern times.People who deliberately attack often try to create new methods and new weapons, so as to break through the enemy and win the victory; then the defensive side, in addition to adopting some facilities that have been popular for a long time, must also be tireless in finding new methods and new weapons of defense.Raiders, when they encounter a well-defended and unassailable area, do not in fact want to try it lightly.

Chapter Twelve

If we assume that citizens should be assigned to various dining organizations (public canteens) and that fortresses and guards should be set up on the city walls in certain appropriate periods, then of course such a design would come to mind: some canteens should be arranged in various guards.This is one end of the cooperation between the banquet system and other institutions, and there are other cooperations.The canteens of the executives in charge of important affairs should be set up in some convenient and moderate areas, connected with the temples of public pilgrimage - but there were laws or Delphi (Apollo) 15 God's consciousness showed it, see Plato's "Laws" v25B-D, vi 738C, viii 178D-E.The urban design done by Plato: the city is located on a high ground, the market is in the city, and several temples are built around it, and the temples are also defensive fortresses.Government agencies and courts are located near the temple.There is no need for city walls on the periphery.Residential houses should have a unified design, and the houses of the peripheral households should be connected to each other so that they can be used as fortifications in wartime.Those shrines that should be separate and isolated from world affairs are naturally excluded.

This area should be located in a position that everyone can see from a distance, so that those who yearn for it can look up at its solemnity and worship the holy place where this kindness is placed. Of course, such an area should be on a high slope of the whole city, occupying a terrain overlooking the four sides.Below this position, a public square should be reserved, its nature and function are like the square named "Freedom" by the Thessaly.No merchants, craftsmen, farmers, or other similar people are allowed to enter here, except those called by the administrative staff. 30 It would be better if there are places for the elderly to exercise and relax in this square.Physical exercise should be like public canteens, divided into several groups according to age and make their own arrangements; They should also go to the gymnasiums near each health center to do physical exercise with the young people.When the officials are present, the young people will be more solemn, and some of the emotions that people are often prone to looseness will naturally be reduced. In the rest field, if there is no vigilance, it is easy to breed this kind of bad habit; see Note 35a40 in Volume 1331.

The "gym" (or "stadium") is for people to practice sports and recreation, and there are public bathrooms attached to it. The main function is military coaches.In the era of Aristotle, gyms in Athens were mostly located outside the city.There are both the inner city and the suburbs of Thebes.And Sparta and Eris are only seen in the city (Xenophon's "History of Greece" v 225, 30).Plato's "Laws" 804C supports the establishment of gymnasiums in the city.Xenophon's "Cyrus' Early Childhood Education" i 24, in his fictional Persian country, set up stadiums for the elderly, middle-aged, youth and children. .The market where everyone sells and buys should be located in a place far away from the public square γορ, "square", γορζω, "going to the square" means "buying and selling", so "square" is also interpreted as "market".The "square" in Athens is divided into two parts, the north is where merchants trade (see Holm's "History of Greece" Volume II, page 309), and the south is where political gatherings are held.The Thessalys segregated the gatherings and gatherings of officials and citizens from the merchants.Here αγορα only refers to the "square", not the market.Spartan political rallies and markets were also split into two locations.Below, 1331b11 refers to the market as "commercial square" ("περ ναγκααν áγοραν") (corresponding to "Freedom Square" in 1331a32 above), and the original word refers to "necessities square". First, the market should choose a good location suitable for commercial operation, so that the goods imported from overseas and the goods collected from the inland can be easily traded.

The ruling and priests are the chief personnel of the city-state. In the original text πγθο, "citizens", according to "New School" (Ⅲ, collation notes, page 112), it was changed to "prime personnel" προεστó (or "leadership personnel"). .We have already mentioned the banquet arrangement of the rulers, and the banquet organization of the priests (clergy), 5 is also similar to other people's functions subordinate to their jurisdiction, so it is naturally suitable to be set up in temple houses .Public agencies that deal with lawsuits, contracts, court summons, and the like, as well as those so-called "supervisors of shopping malls" and "city guardians"—that is, the titles and functions of the city-state officials listed in row 9 that manage commercial squares and public buildings in the city , see Volume 1321, Chapter 13, 16b15-1321; see 27b30-[-] for those listed in row [-].Here, the writing seems to refer back to the chapter of volume six; this is also a proof that modern collationists advocate keeping the old volumes and not moving volumes four, five, and six to volumes seven and eight.All locations should be arranged around areas where the public gathers.The most appropriate is naturally within the market range required for exchange life.

10 According to our plan, the public square located on a high place is dedicated to leisurely recreation, while the commercial square is the activity center where everyone welcomes and sends off in their daily lives.Here, the general system we are talking about is generally applicable in the suburbs.There are also different administrative agencies—15 officials are sometimes called "forest guardians" and sometimes "rural guardians"—they also correspond to their respective industries, and each has guards and canteens. According to the planning of this chapter, the city The high slopes of the city are dedicated to the gods, and the city-state government is also set up here; the dining tables of the older rulers and the priests of Qiqi are also set here: this is the center of gravity of the whole state's military administration.A little lower is the square where citizens and politics gather, where the elderly can rest and relax after work.There is a market on the slopes or on the seashore where the transportation is convenient; the institutions and canteens of the sub-administrators are arranged near the market, and citizens, businesses and businesses also gather here to buy daily necessities. This is also the center of people's life.Aristotle does not say where the courts should be set up in this chapter.Ordinary youths are grouped separately and live in the guards in various sections of the city wall and the surrounding suburbs. Their canteens and stadiums are located in the guards.

(End of this chapter)