politics

Chapter 73 Volume (H) Seven (11)
As for those happy people who are particularly good and are envied by everyone, such as "on the happy islands" (ν μακρων νσοι) praised by the poet, "Happy Islands" refer to Shixiwotu's "Work and Season" 30: Prehistoric IV The spirits of demigods and human heroes who died in the early period were gathered by the great god Zeus and moved to the happy islands that are far away in the whirlpool deep sea and cannot be reached.For this matter, see Bindar's poem, "Olypionikai" (Olypionikai) ii 169, as "Happy Island" (μνσο).The "island" or "island" mentioned in the ancient poems does not specify its location.Herodotus later said that the Isle of Happiness was an "oasis" in the African desert (History of the Persian Wars iii 128).Or the islands in the Aegean like Lesbo, Kos or Themos.Aristophanes' "Knights" 26 and Xenophon's "History of Greece" iv 1319 believe that the island of happiness is between the Cyclades.Most Greeks believed that sailing westward from Libya into the Atlantic Ocean would find the location of the blessed archipelago.Of course, the inhabitants of the country have a higher degree of justice and temperance; since they are born in a comfortable and rich environment, the more leisure they have, the more they need wisdom, temperance, and justice.We have now seen why these three qualities must be present in a city-state that desires happiness and good karma.

If the world is ashamed of not being able to make good use of the good in and out of life, it is especially shameful not to make use of them when it is time for leisure; men show good qualities in industry and in war, but once they live in peace, In his leisure time, he degenerates into the generation of slaves, and he will inevitably be criticized by the world. 40 If people want to be virtuous and good, they should not implement the Spartan training method.The views of the Lacedaemonians on the good were originally just secular views, and 1334b regarded the goodness of external things as the most important good in life. The goodness of external things is different from that of Ned, see 1323a21- 38; Spartans pay attention to things outside their body, see Volume II 1271a41-b11. ; but they insist on obtaining these good things only by practicing one virtue, courage, which is different.

Since they regard external goods above all other goods, and regard the advantages of possessing them as more important than those obtained from the general practice of all goods, they raise courage alone as a means of obtaining these benefits. s method.In fact, all virtues, internal and external, should be cultivated. 5 On page 320 of "Translation and Interpretation of Aristotle's Politics and Economics" by Gamemelarius, the first notice is that there are omissions in sentence 1334b4.Newman speculates that this omission is due to the "similar words at the end of the line", so he copied the whole line. Based on the words "...the benefits of all good things" at the end of the upper line, it is speculated that the end of the missing line may be " . . . all goodness", thus filling the line in [].And, according to previous evidence, special attention should be paid to the inner good.Therefore, we must answer the question: "How, and on what grounds, can we achieve universal attainment of all virtues?"

We have already explained see Chapter 1332 39a2-bL10.Talent, habit, and reason are the foundations of the cultivation of the virtues of life; we have demonstrated that see Chapter VII.The first of these shows what gifts our citizens should possess.Here the last two terms are to be considered, and it shall be shown which comes first, the training of habits and the teaching of reason. 12 And these two modes of instruction must be in harmony with each other as far as possible; if they are not, then not only reason will fail to promote its best purpose, but the habits cultivated by training will show similar defects.After seeing these questions, we can say that this section first takes talent, habit, and rationality as the basis for arranging the education system, and answers the questions at the end of the previous section.At this point, it leads to the question of who comes first and how to coordinate the three terminals.Below, lines 17-17 indicate that rationality and thought are the standards for coordinating various educations, and lines 28-[-] demonstrate the educational procedures from the lower to the higher.Aristotle's educational program is based on the "natural ladder" (scala natura) of human physiology: ([-]) marriage and parenting focus on health and talent, focusing on physical education; ([-]) children and youth, focusing on passion and habit ([-]) Youth and adults should focus on speculation and rationality, and pay attention to philosophy education; if the three are coordinated, everyone will be able to possess various virtues.

See the above article 1332a39-b8. : First of all, the experience of life is like the creation process of all creatures. Birth must have a cause, starting with the marriage of parents, and then there is the consequence of the fetus. And each should have its consequences (purposes): 15 Manipulation and application of thought are precisely the highest purpose of life.Therefore, we should first rely on thought and reason to regulate the birth (marriage) and habitual training of citizens.Secondly, people have a distinction between the soul and the body, and the soul can be divided into two parts: rationality and irrationality; correspondingly, people have two realms (states)20—the realm of fantasy and the realm of lust.The body precedes the soul in the creation process, and the irrational part of the soul precedes the rational part.All the manifestations of passion, such as anger, love, hate, and desire, appear in childhood from the beginning of life; while the functions of reasoning and thinking, according to common sense, must wait until he grows up and grows with the years. Evolving: These can be evidence of the process of physical and mental development. 25 Therefore, our conclusion should be: we should pay attention to children's bodies first, then their erotic realm, and finally their souls.But just as the maintenance of the body must have a purpose for the souls, the discipline of their passions must also be for the benefit of the mind.

Chapter Sixteen

If the legislator wishes to see thirty groups of the healthiest physiques in the nursery of this first ideal city-state, he must pay attention to the institution of marriage in advance, and in marriage he must take into account the ages and qualities of the spouses.The first thing to consider when formulating marriage laws should be the respective and common life stages of the couple, so that the start and end of their childbearing ages are compatible with each other. The man is still very energetic, or the man is old and the woman is still pregnant.Age-mismatched spouses are often the cause of marital discord and even constant quarrels in the home.Secondly, we have to consider the relationship between children and parents. The original translation is "between children and their parents". According to 30a35-1335 below, this actually refers to "between father and son".age difference. 32 On the one hand, this difference should not be too large—it is difficult for fathers who are too old to fully support their children, and children may not be able to show filial piety to their parents; however, 35ɑ On the other hand, This difference should not be too small.There are also many disadvantages of children being close to their parents in age: children of both parents can almost be regarded as peers, which naturally lacks due respect, and disputes are also prone to arise over housework management.The third thing40 which the legislator should consider--from the two just touched upon to return to the original subject--is the constitution of a large body of healthy children sufficient for the needs of his city.

Today, all of these requirements can be met once one measure is taken.According to common sense, the childbearing period ends for men until they are 70 years old, and for women until they are 50 years old; 10 years of marriage between the two parties should be stipulated in a period consistent with this (the age of the married couple should be 20 years older than the age of the married woman).Young men and women thus became parents to the detriment of the offspring.Throughout the animal kingdom, the offspring of early mating males and females usually have many disadvantages: they are weak in size, and often have many females. See Plato's Republic 459B.In addition, Aristotle's "Annals of Animals" Volume 544 14b582, Volume 16 766a29; "Animal Reproduction" Volume 15 482b407. .The same is true in the case of mankind, and this can be proved by the cases of the states. 408 In addition to the Troetzens (Tροιζηιοι) from all states where men and women are accustomed to marrying early, there are also Cretans here.Crete has the custom of early marriage, see page 12 of "Strebo" citing Afro's "History of the World"."Greek Judicial Inscriptions Collection" [-]-[-] by Daleste et al. researches Cretan customs, the marriage year of men is later, and the marriage year of daughters is after [-] years old.

"New School" III 464 notes, citing the 1889 report of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Korosi (GKorosi): "Influence of ParentsAges on the Vitality of Children" (Influence of ParentsAges on the Vitality of Children) analysis of 25 examples: Father's Year 24 Children born between 1123 and mother's age 6 to 1 are stronger than children born to father's age below 2 and mother's age below 20.Residents are usually short in stature. The Greeks not only regard short stature as weak but also not beautiful, see "Niron" Volume IV [-]b[-].And stunted.In addition, young mothers have difficulty giving birth, and many die in the puerperium.According to some records, Manuscripts P[-] and P[-] of the divine consciousness ("No Farming and Idle Land") obtained by the Troetzen people when they had a divine omen have annotations on the line of divine consciousness. Leisure fields"; according to the meaning of Aristotle's text here, this consciousness should refer to "uncultivated virgin land". , the intention is to warn them of the vulgarity of early marriage.The meaning of knowledge of language is not in the crops,[-] but in implying that the reason why many people in Troetzen die young is the early marriage of young girls.

Once a woman is married, she cannot be restrained, so if the family does not marry off the daughters early, it will help the self-control of the sexual desire.The man's seed "seed" refers to "sperm" in animal embryology, and most of the better manuscripts are here as σπρμαο, and the school editions after Victoria are the same.However, in some manuscripts and Gottling’s school version, here we use “constitution” (σμαο), and the whole sentence should be “If a man copulates before his constitution matures, it will hinder his constitution’s development.”The old Latin translation (Williams version) is "corpore", which is consistent with this. Manuscript P1 has a marginal note here: "another constitution", the commentator may think that the constitution of the semen in the body is different from the constitution of the man himself.It is said that it is not conducive to the development of his physique if he can mate before his growth is mature. 25——In the process of physiological development, the seed (sperm) also has its own growth period, and this period is usually similar to men, or the difference is very small. "Move to line 29. ——Therefore, the age of marriage for women should be around 27, and the age of marriage for men should be around 30.

If both men and women can abide by such regulations and become relatives on time, then both parties will start mating at the same healthy age of life, and there will not be much difference in the time when the reproductive ability disappears.The succession of the children is also exactly the same for the parents.According to this expectation, after marriage, you can reproduce immediately, and your son can be in his prime age. The prime age refers to the age of a man between thirty and thirty-five years old ("Rhetoric" Volume II Chapter 35 1390b9).Solon’s Fragments 27, stipulates that the age at which a man marries a wife is 4 or 5×7, that is, between 28 and 35 years old; his physical strength is in the fourth seventh period, that is, between 4 and 21 years old, and his mental strength is in the eighth period. There are seven periods, that is, between the ages of 28 and 8.Plato's "Laws" 49 stipulates that the age of marriage for men is 56 to 721 years old.Aristotle supports men’s marriage date around the age of 35, which is later than others, and women’s marriage date is later than what he said in "Annals of Animals" (Volume VII, Chapter 37, 582a29), women are 3×7, That is, 21 years old is the earliest for those who are suitable for reproduction.Here, Aristotle first set the age at which males and females would terminate childbearing at 50 and 35 years old, respectively, and then calculated the age of first marriage, so it was later or earlier.Inheriting my father's career, at this time my father is seventy years old, and he already feels exhausted and sunset. [-]
Now that we have elaborated on the appropriate age for marriage, we should further consider the reproductive season (when marrying, animals reproduce and human reproductive seasons, see Chapter 542 18a1-b40 and other chapters of Volume 1335 of Animal History.).Now, most people regard winter as a good time for men and women to run a family together. "Most people" (οπ ολλο) probably refers to most people in Attica, and may also refer to most people in the Greek states.Most of the ancient weddings of various ethnic groups were in winter.See Xiaoya's "Sigan" chapter in the Chinese "Book of Songs", chanting that the farmer manages the house in winter and has children. , this custom is quite desirable.Married couples should also consult physicians and naturalists to learn about procreation.Physicians will naturally explain in detail the physiological conditions that both parties should know; 574b naturalists will also inform them of auspicious wind directions-for example, naturalists believe that north winds are more conducive to reproduction than south winds. "Zhi" Volume Six Chapter 1 766a34: When the north wind mates, the flocks mate and produce more male lambs, and when the south wind mates, the flocks mate and produce more female lambs. "Procreation" Volume Four Chapter 747 [-]b[-] also said that this is true for ordinary animals.Plato's "Laws" [-]D, the direction of the wind has an impact on the character of various nations. .

What kind of physique should parents have to be the most beneficial to the future physique of their children?When we talk about "children's management", we will elaborate on Aristotle's theory of parent-child resemblance based on heredity. Please refer to Volume 539, 26a775, etc. of "Annals of Animals", which is in line with Plato's "Laws" 5B.Here, it is suspicious to talk about the topic of "child management" without mentioning marriage.This preconceived topic does not appear in this book today. , here is just a brief summary of it.The physique of competitive players (athletes) is not suitable for the daily life of ordinary citizens, and it may not be helpful for general health. Competitive training is too intense and hard. Unfavorable to health; see Fragments of Euripides, edited by Nock, 284, Plato's Republic, 7403E.Aristotle's "Annals of Animals" Volume 575 Chapter 3 1338a11, taking the Spartan hound as an example: the male dog hunts and chases the fox, and has a harder life than the female dog, so the life span is shorter than the female dog.Volume 768, Chapter 29, 33b10, competitive exercise is harmful to the beauty of the body (posture), see also "Reproduction" Volume [-], [-]b[-]-[-] and the reproduction of children.Delicate or delicate and heavy constitutions are not suitable.In fact, the physique is the best between the weak and competitive players.In this way, he must go through considerable training before he can be competent for the job; and these trainings cannot be too specialized and intense like athletes[-]; they should be in line with the general practice of all tasks in a free person's life, so that everyone's five senses and limbs can be balanced develop.

Women, like their husbands, should have the physique we just mentioned. Pregnant women should pay attention to their own bodies; they should exercise regularly. Pregnant women are not suitable for hard work and should do appropriate exercise. See "Reproduction" Volume Four Chapter VI 775a30; "Laws" vii 788-789. , intake of a rich and nourishing diet.Legislators can stipulate that pregnant women must go to the Goddess Altar Temple, which is dedicated to raising children, to offer incense once a day

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