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Chapter 29 History History Humanities (6)
Vocabulary
buttered ["b? t? d] adj. creamed, creamed;
v. buttered in... (past participle of butter)
mayonnaise ["mei?"neiz] n. mayonnaise

lettuce ["letis] n. [gardening] lettuce, lettuce

Cheddar["t? ed?] n. (British) Cheddar cheese (a type of cheese)
humble["h?mbl] adj. humble, respectful;
vt. to make humble, to sweep away the prestige

frequent ["fri:kw?nt, fri"kwent] adj. Frequent;
vt. Often to; often go; often in and out

Practice
1. What are the most famous sandwiches in the UK?

2. When and where the word “sandwich” appeared?

3. Why the Earl of Sandwich invent sandwiches?

Translation
British people usually eat sandwiches at lunch time, but they also eat them at other times.A sandwich is two slices of bread with stuffing between them, usually butter or mayonnaise on the bread, and the middle stuffing is usually meat or cheese, and some lettuce.

There are hundreds of types of sandwiches, each with its own unique flavor.Some of the most eaten and famous sandwiches in the UK include: the BLT (that is, bacon, lettuce and tomato, often with mayonnaise), the Bulgarian (from a farmhand tradition and topped with cheddar cheese , pickles and mayonnaise), and tuna and egg sandwiches.

Because sandwiches are easy and quick to eat, no matter what kind of sandwiches they are, they are very popular.British people eat 28 billion sandwiches every year, which is not a small number for a country with a population of only 6 million!Brits eat sandwiches today, but that wasn't the case back then.Unbelievably, the sandwich, which is so inconspicuous nowadays, was originally just a snack for the rich in Britain. The sandwich has an interesting and humorous history.

In 1762, the word "sandwich" first appeared in the diary of the British author Edward Gibbons.He recalled seeing the richest man in the country eating a small piece of cold meat sandwiched between slices of bread, which Gibbons thought was a bad way to eat it.

The snack is named after the [-]th Earl of Sandwich (the Earl was a wealthy aristocrat who owned a lot of land and held certain political rights).Sandwich used to gamble, and was so obsessed with gambling that he didn’t even want to eat. In order not to stop gambling, the Earl of Sandwich asked the cook of the gambling club to prepare some beef between two slices of bread for him to eat, so that he could eat it when he was free. Use one hand to play cards, and no longer have to dirty both hands to eat meat.

When other people saw how he ate it, they all started to order: "Here is the same as Sandwich!" So the sandwich was born.What started out as a snack for the wealthy in the UK quickly became a ubiquitous convenience food.

Exercise
1.What are the most famous sandwiches in the UK?
2. When and where did the word "sandwich" first appear?
3.Why did the Earl of Sandwich invent the sandwich?
1. BLT, Plowman's, Tuna, and Egg sandwiches
2. 1762, in the diary of the English author Edward Gibbons
3. Sandwich was a frequent gambler, to avoid having to stop gambling and his hands become dirty from the meat.

09 Mother's Day History

The history of Mother's Day is centuries old and goes back to the times of ancient Greeks, who held festivities to honor Rhea, the mother of the gods. The early Christians celebrated the Mother's festival on the fourth Sunday of Lent to honor Mary, the mother of Christ. Interestingly, later on a religious order stretched the holiday to include all mothers, and named it as the Mothering Sunday. The English colonists settled in America discontinued the tradition of Mothering Sunday because of lack of time. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe organized a day for mothers dedicated to peace. It is a landmark in the history of Mother's Day.
In 1907, Anna M. Jarvis (1864-1948), a Philadelphia schoolteacher, began a movement to set up a national Mother's Day in honor of her mother, Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis. She solicited the help of hundreds of legislators and prominent businessesmen to create a special day to honor mothers. The first Mother's Day observation was a church service honoring Anna's mother. Anna handed out her mother's favorite flowers, the white incarnations, on the occasion as they represent sweetness, purity, and patience. Anna's hard work final paid off in the year 1914, when President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the second Sunday in May as a national holiday in honor of mothers.
Slowly and gradually the Mother's day became very popular and gift giving activity increased. All this commercialization of the Mother's day infuriated Anna as she believed that the day's sentiment was being sacrificed at the expense of greed and profit.
Regardless of Jarvis's worries, Mother's Day has flourished in the United States. Actually, the second Sunday of May has become the most popular day of the year. Although Anna may not be with us but the Mother's day lives on and has spread to various countries of the world. Many countries throughout the world celebrate Mother's Day at various times during the year, but some such as Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia, and Belgium also celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday of May.
Vocabulary
Religious [ri"lid??s] adj. Religious, pious, rigorous;
n. monk, nun
observance[? b"z?: v?ns] n. observance, ceremony, convention, celebration

incarnations ["inkɑ:" nei? ? n] n. incarnation, incarnation, typical
commercialization [k? "m?:?? Lai" zei? ? n" -li"z-] n. Commercialization, commercialization

Flourished ["flauri?] n. Flourishing, showing off, Huashi;
(End of this chapter)